● Isolation, death anxiety, lack of freedom and meaninglessness can predict anxiety symptoms.
● Prediction of anxiety symptoms based on confrontation with isolation and responsibility can be moderated by mature and immature defense mechanisms. 
● Prediction of anxiety symptoms based on confrontation with death anxiety, isolation, and responsibility can be moderated by neurotic defense mechanism.

Plain Language Summary 
Existential concerns  (death, freedom, meaninglessness, and isolation ) are common in all humans. This confrontation naturally produces anxiety. If the anxiety is higher than normal, a variety of mental disorders may develop. Hence, it is important to examine how we confront with existential concerns. Different defense mechanisms reflect how we confront with existential concerns. Defense mechanisms are strategies that we use against problems. Some of them including mature defense mechanism (e.g. humor and optimism) can lead to our health, while other mechanisms like immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (e.g. denial of problems) can lead to various psychological problems. In this study, we found that mature defense mechanisms can reduce the level of anxiety created by isolation and responsibility. In contrast, other defense mechanisms may lead to higher anxiety. There, we can protect ourselves from the burden of responsibility and isolation by using mature defense mechanism. In other words, we can reduce the burden of responsibility, isolation and death anxiety by reducing the use of other defense mechanisms.

● Students with physical disability were significantly different in using emotion regulation strategies  of repression and re-evaluation.
● Students with physical disability had significantly different social and emotional adjustments compared to the healthy samples.
● There was no significant difference between students with and without physical disability in terms of educational adjustment.

Plain Language Summary 
Disability deprives individuals from participation in personal and social activities. Moreover, it causes impaired balance due to damaging and disruption of development and coordination processes in the human body. This study compared emotion regulation strategies and adjustment between students with and without physical disabilities. The obtained results revealed that students with physical disability were significantly different in using emotion regulation  strategies of repression and re-evaluation compared to the healthy ones. In addition, students with a physical disability indicated significant differences in social and emotional adjustments compared to the healthy samples. However, there was no significant difference between the two study groups in terms of educational adjustment.

• The Persian version of the MODDI-F has acceptable validity and reliability.
• A Cronbach’s alpha of higher than 0.70 were found for all of the subscales of MODDI-F, expect for the subscale of death denial.
• A significant relationship was found between the scores of the MODDI-F components and the scores of convergent and divergent factors in the EAS, OHQ, GHQ, and DAS questionnaires.

Plain Language Summary 
Many previous instruments about death were not based on true theory and well-explained conceptual assumptions. Besides, most of the existing instruments are only focused on anxiety related to death and dying. Few instruments are available to assess death acceptance, and none is appropriate for assessing the constructs of acceptance and fear of death in a multidimensional way. The Multidimensional Orientation Toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F) is the only instrument assessing death acceptance and death denial, along with death anxiety. The MODDI-F is based on the main assumption that people’ reactions toward dying can be divided into three dimensions of fear, acceptance, and denial. These dimensions are the most important ways of thinking and feeling about death. MODDI-F consists of 8 subscales of fear of one’s own dying, fear of one’s own death, fear of another person’s dying, fear of another person’s death, fear of corpses, acceptance of one’s own dying and death, acceptance of another person’s death, and denial of one’s own death. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the MODDI-F. Results showed the acceptable validity and reliability of its Persian version. A Cronbach’s alpha of higher than 0.70 were found for all of the subscales of MODDI-F, expect for the subscale of death denial. A significant relationship was found between the scores of the MODDI-F components and the scores of convergent and divergent factors in the EAS, OHQ, GHQ, and DAS questionnaires.

● Persian version of DCQ can be used as a useful tool to measure dysmorphic concerns in Iranian population. 
● The internal consistency of the items in the Persian version of DCQ had acceptable Cronbach’s alpha coefficient value (α=0.78).
● Dysmorphic concern was positively and significantly correlated with external shame scale, perfectionism, and negative affect.
● Dysmorphic concern negatively and significantly correlated with self-compassion.

Plain Language Summary 
Dysmorphic concerns are defined as excessive preoccupations with a slight or perceived defect in physical appearance. Many studies have suggested that a higher rate of negative affect is associated with body image dissatisfaction. Some instruments have been used to screen body dysmorphic concern including the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ). It is a self-report scale with 7 items based on a 4-point scale measuring concerns about physical appearance. The present study aimed at examining the psychometric properties of the DCQ among Iranian samples. To investigate the psychometric properties of this scale, 210 university students were selected by a convenience sampling method. This questionnaire had high internal consistency and had good divergence and convergence validity. The results suggested acceptable psychometric properties of this tool in university student population in Iran. This scale has appropriate psychometric properties to be used for research and clinical practice.

● The problems associated with MS significantly affect the patients’ psychological well-being.
● The frequency and impact of pain and depression have been long neglected in MS patients.
● MBT can reduce pain and depression in patients with MS. 

Plain Language Summary 
The frequency and impact of pain and depression have been long neglected in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Therefore, systematic screening and management of pain and depression are recommended for these patients. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Therapy (MBT) program in reducing pain and depression in patients with MS. The results revealed that MBT program could significantly reduce pain and depression in these patients compared to the controls.

● Four transdiagnostic cognitive factors including worry, cognitive avoidance, intolerance of uncertainty, and metacognitive beliefs were investigated in GAD and/or OCD patients.
● Patients with both GAD and OCD showed significantly higher scores in all transdiagnostic factors compared to the patients with GAD or OCD only.
● Transdiagnostic  cognitive factors can be used in transdignostic approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Plain Language Summary 
Mental disorders sometimes include several symptoms which can be caused by different clinical conditions. One of these symptoms is anxiety which can cause generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). These two disorders are common in worry, cognitive avoidance, intolerance of uncertainty and metacognitive beliefs. These components are known as transdiagnostic factors. The present study examined these transdiagnostic factors in a sample of patients with GAD and OCD. Findings showed that when GAD and OCD are present separately, their symptoms seem similar in terms of transdiagnostic cognitive factors; however, when they both are present as comorbid disorders, these factors seems more prevalent and severe. It can be concluded that transdiagnostic factors have a potential for developing comorbidity which requires more attention at prevention phase in clinical settings.

• The Persian version of the MODDI-F has acceptable validity and reliability.
• A Cronbach’s alpha of higher than 0.70 were found for all of the subscales of MODDI-F, expect for the subscale of death denial.
• A significant relationship was found between the scores of the MODDI-F components and the scores of convergent and divergent factors in the EAS, OHQ, GHQ, and DAS questionnaires.

Plain Language Summary 
Many previous instruments about death were not based on true theory and well-explained conceptual assumptions. Besides, most of the existing instruments are only focused on anxiety related to death and dying. Few instruments are available to assess death acceptance, and none is appropriate for assessing the constructs of acceptance and fear of death in a multidimensional way. The Multidimensional Orientation Toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F) is the only instrument assessing death acceptance and death denial, along with death anxiety. The MODDI-F is based on the main assumption that people’ reactions toward dying can be divided into three dimensions of fear, acceptance, and denial. These dimensions are the most important ways of thinking and feeling about death. MODDI-F consists of 8 subscales of fear of one’s own dying, fear of one’s own death, fear of another person’s dying, fear of another person’s death, fear of corpses, acceptance of one’s own dying and death, acceptance of another person’s death, and denial of one’s own death. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the MODDI-F. Results showed the acceptable validity and reliability of its Persian version. A Cronbach’s alpha of higher than 0.70 were found for all of the subscales of MODDI-F, expect for the subscale of death denial. A significant relationship was found between the scores of the MODDI-F components and the scores of convergent and divergent factors in the EAS, OHQ, GHQ, and DAS questionnaires.

● Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short) has acceptable psychometric properties.
● It is easy to administrate and has suitable validity and reliability.
● It is a proper instrument for the assessment of autistic traits in non-clinical population.

Plain Language Summary 
Broad Autism Phenotype (BAP) is a term used to refer to the milder forms of autism and express the sub-clinical symptoms of autism like pragmatic problems in using their language and communicating, social interactions, visual attention, and sensory perception, and also in the obsessive behaviors, which extend to cognitive, behavioral, and personality areas. Since autistic traits symptoms have also found in normal population with normal distribution, it is so important to have a proper instrument to assess these traits. There is a good quotient for measuring BAP is autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) which is abridged in some countries. This study was evaluated the psychometric properties of AQ-Short. The result indicated that AQ-S is a proper instrument for assessing autistic traits.