Volume 6, Issue 1 (Winter 2018- 2018)
PCP 2018, 6(1): 9-20 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Kamalinasab Z, Mohammadkhani P. A Comparison of Self-Compassion and Self-Esteem Based on Their Relationship With Adaptive and Maladaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies. PCP 2018; 6 (1) :9-20
URL: http://jpcp.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-378-en.html
URL: http://jpcp.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-378-en.html
1- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,parmohamir@yahoo.com
2- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,
Abstract: (8246 Views)
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, self-compassion, and self-esteem; and to determine whether self-compassion compared to self-esteem, was a better predictor of the scores on the adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population included all students of the University of Applied Science and Technology (unit 47 in Tehran), in the education year 2015-2016. A total of 146 students were selected using a convenient sampling method. After explaining the purpose and procedure of the study to the participants and obtaining their verbal consent, the following questionnaires were administered: The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient, two variable and multivariable regression analyses were used to analyze the data. All analyses were performed using SPSS software version 17.
Results: The results indicated that both self-compassion and self-esteem were positively related to adaptive and negatively related to maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Regression analysis revealed that self-compassion was a better predictor of maladaptive strategies, and self-esteem was a better predictor of adaptive strategies.
Conclusion: Self-compassion is a good indicator of mental health. In some aspects, self-compassion relative to self-esteem, is a better predictor of mental health. It also contains some healthy aspects of self-esteem. Therefore, teaching self-compassion skills to therapists and patients can be a useful technique to improve the mental health of the society.
Type of Study: Original Research Article |
Subject:
Psychometric
Received: 2017/07/11 | Accepted: 2017/10/31 | Published: 2018/01/1
Received: 2017/07/11 | Accepted: 2017/10/31 | Published: 2018/01/1
References
1. Aalsma, M. C., Lapsley, D. K., & Flannery, D. J. (2006). Personal fables, narcissism, and adolescent adjustment. Psychology in the Schools, 43(4), 481–91. doi: 10.1002/pits.20162 [DOI:10.1002/pits.20162]
2. Aberson, C. L., Healy, M., & Romero, V. (2000). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 157–73. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0402_04 [DOI:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_04]
3. Afshary, M., Babakhani, N., Ahmadi, A., Shamseddinilorry, S. (2016). Comparison of the rate of self-esteem, self-efficacy & self-regulation in opiates & stimulant substance dependents with normal people. Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine, 22(1), 15-22.
4. Alavinezhad, R., Mousavi, M., & Sohrabi, N. (2014). Effects of art therapy on anger and self-esteem in aggres-sive children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 113, 111–7. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.016 [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.016]
5. Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). The nonconscious regulation of emotion. Handbook of Emotion Regulation, 1, 429-45.
6. Bennett Goleman, T. (2002). Emotional alchemy: How the mind can heal the heart. New York: Three River Press.
7. Besharat, M. (2009). [A primary examination of psychometric properties of the cognitive emotion regulation question-naire. Research project (Persian)]. Tehran: University of Tehran.
8. Besharat, M., Bazzazian, S. (2014). [Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in a sample of Iranian population (Persian)]. Journal of Shahid Beheshti School of Nursing & Midwifery, 24(84), 61-70.
9. Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and dis-placed aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 219–29. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219]
10. Bushman, B. J., & Thomaes, S. (2012). When the narcissistic ego deflates, narcissistic aggression inflates. The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder, 319–29. doi: 10.1002/9781118093108.ch28 [DOI:10.1002/9781118093108.ch28]
11. Byrne, B. M. (1983). Investigating measures of self-concept. Measurement & Evaluation in Guidance, 16(3), 115-26.
12. Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E. A., & Sedikides, C. (2002). Narcissism, self-esteem, and the positivity of self-views: Two portraits of self-love. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 358–68. doi: 10.1177/0146167202286007 [DOI:10.1177/0146167202286007]
13. Cramer, P., & Jones, C. J. (2008). Narcissism, identification, and longitudinal change in psychological health: Dynamic predictions. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1148–59. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.008 [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.008]
14. Dogan, T., Totan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2013). The role of self-esteem, psychological well-being, emotional self-efficacy, and affect balance on happiness: A path model. European Scientific Journal, 9(20), 31-42.
15. Firoozi, M. (2010). Examination of the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and adjustment with childhood cancer (PhD dissertation). Tehran: University of Tehran.
16. Forrester, R. L., Slater, H., Jomar, K., Mitzman, S., & Taylor, P. J. (2017). Self-esteem and non-suicidal self-injury in adulthood: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 221, 172–83. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.027 [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.027]
17. Fosco, G. M. (2008). Beyond the parent-child dyad: Testing family systems influences on children's emotion regulation (PhD Dissertation). Milwauke, Wiscansin: Marquette University.
18. Freire, T., & Tavares, D. (2011). Influence of self-esteem and emotion regulation in subjective and psychological well-being of adolescents: contributions to clinical psychology. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 38(5), 184-8. doi: 10.1590/S0101-60832011000500003 [DOI:10.1590/S0101-60832011000500003]
19. Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emo-tional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311-27. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00113-6 [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6]
20. Garnefski, N., Legerstee, J., Kraaij, V., van den Kommer, T., & Teerds, J. (2002). Cognitive coping strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A comparison between adolescents and adults. Journal of Adolescence, 25(6), 603–11. doi: 10.1006/jado.2002.0507 [DOI:10.1006/jado.2002.0507]
21. Garnefski, N., Teerds, J., Kraaij, V., Legerstee, J., & van den Kommer, T. (2004). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: differences between males and females. Personality and Individual Differ-ences, 36(2), 267–76. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00083-7 [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00083-7]
22. Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Chen, Z., & Norballa, F. (2012). Self-compassion in Iranian muslims: Relationships with integrative self-knowledge, mental health, and religious orientation. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22(2), 106–18. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2011.638601 [DOI:10.1080/10508619.2011.638601]
23. Gilbert, P. (2005a). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Con-ceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 9-74). London: Routledge. [PMID]
24. Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2005). Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, Research and Use in Psychotherapy (pp. 263–325). London: Routledge. [PMID]
25. Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353–79. doi: 10.1002/cpp.507 [DOI:10.1002/cpp.507]
26. Goodall, K. (2015). Individual differences in the regulation of positive emotion: The role of attachment and self esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 208–13. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.033 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.033]
27. Gray Little, B., Williams, V. S. L., & Hancock, T. D. (1997). An item response theory analysis of the rosenberg self-esteem scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(5), 443–51. doi: 10.1177/0146167297235001 [DOI:10.1177/0146167297235001]
28. Hassani, J. (2010). The psychometric properties of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Clinical Psycholo-gy, 2(3), 73-83.
29. James, W. (1892). Text-book of Psychology. Basingstoke: Macmillan. [PMCID]
30. Joshanloo, M., & Ghaedi, G. (2008). Reinvestigation of the reliability and validity of the rosenberg self-esteem scale in Iran. Daneshvar Raftar, 1(31), 49-56.
31. Leary, M. R., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Interpersonal functions of the self-esteem motive. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Ef-ficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 123-44). New York: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4899-1280-0_7]
32. Leary, M. R., Barnes, B. D., Griebel, C., Mason, E., & McCormack, D. (1987). The impact of conjoint threats to social and self-esteem on evaluation apprehension. Social Psychology Quarterly, 50(4), 304. doi: 10.2307/2786815 [DOI:10.2307/2786815]
33. Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-chology, 92(5), 887–904. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887]
34. Neff, K. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. doi: 10.1080/15298860309032 [DOI:10.1080/15298860309032]
35. Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–50. doi: 10.1080/15298860309027 [DOI:10.1080/15298860309027]
36. Neff, K. D. (2008). Self-compassion: Moving beyond the pitfalls of a separate self-concept. In H. A. Wayment & J. J. Bauer (Eds.), Decade of Behavior: Transcending Self-Interest: Psychological Explorations of the Quiet Ego (pp. 95-105). Massachusetts: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/11771-009 [DOI:10.1037/11771-009]
37. Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human De-velopment, 52(4), 211–14. doi: 10.1159/000215071 [DOI:10.1159/000215071]
38. Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x]
39. Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12(2), 160–76. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2011.649546 [DOI:10.1080/15298868.2011.649546]
40. Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 23–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x]
41. Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139–54. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004 [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004]
42. Oschsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 242–9. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010]
43. Paradise, A. W., & Kernis, M. H. (2002). Self-esteem and psychological well-being: Implications of fragile self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(4), 345–61. doi: 10.1521/jscp.21.4.345.22598 [DOI:10.1521/jscp.21.4.345.22598]
44. Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1197–208. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1197 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1197]
45. Peyvastegar, M., Yazdi, M., & Mokhtari, L. (2011). [The relationship of narcissism, self esteem and aggression among adolescence girls and their comparisons in early, middle and late adolescence (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(1), 127-44. doi: 10.22051/PSY.1970.1560
46. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-Image. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. doi: 10.1515/9781400876136 [DOI:10.1515/9781400876136]
47. Rottenberg, J., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion and emotion regulation: A map for psychotherapy researchers. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14(4), 323–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00093.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00093.x]
48. Rude, S., Gortner, E. M., & Pennebaker, J. (2004). Language use of depressed and depression-vulnerable college students. Cognition & Emotion, 18(8), 1121–33. doi: 10.1080/02699930441000030 [DOI:10.1080/02699930441000030]
49. Saeedi, Z., Ghorbani, N., Sarafraz, M. R., & Sharifian, M. H. (2013). The effect of inducing self-compassion and self-esteem on the level of the experience of shame and guilt. Contemporary Psychology, 8(1), 91-102.
50. Salehi, A., Mazaheri, Z., Aghajani, Z., & Jahanbazi, B. (2015). Role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in predicting depression. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 16(1), 108-17.
51. Sedikides, C. (1993). Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 317–38. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.317 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.317]
52. Sharifibastan, F., Yazdi, S. M., & Zahraei, S. (2016). The role of cognitive emotion regulation and positive and negative affect in resiliency of women with breast cancer. Iranina Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 4(2), 28–49. doi: 10.21859/ijpn-04025 [DOI:10.21859/ijpn-04025]
53. Shuman, V., Wagner, U., Walter, H., & Scherer, K. (2014). The social dimension of emotion regulation. Lau-sanne: Frontiers Research Topics. doi: 10.3389/978-2-88919-219-9 [DOI:10.3389/978-2-88919-219-9]
54. Tangney, J. P. (2003). Self-relevant emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
55. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2005). Evolutionary psychology: Conceptual foundations. In: D. M. Buss (ed), Hand-book of evolutionary psychology. (pp. 5-67). Hoboken, New Jersy: John Wiley.
56. Wang, X., Chen, Z., Poon, K. T., Teng, F., & Jin, S. (2017). Self-compassion decreases acceptance of own immor-al behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 329–33. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.030 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.030]
57. Welp, L. R., & Brown, C. M. (2013). Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(1), 54–65. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2013.831465 [DOI:10.1080/17439760.2013.831465]
58. Yamini, M., Tahriri, A. (2005). [Foreign language class anxiety among English learners, and its relationship with self-esteem (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(1), 101-129.
59. Yarnell, L. M., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being. Self and Identity, 12(2), 146–59. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2011.649545 [DOI:10.1080/15298868.2011.649545]
60. Zare, N., Daneshpajooh, F., Amini, M., Razeghi, M., & Fallahzadeh, M. H. (2007). The relationship between self-esteem, general health and academic achievement in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 7(1), 59-67.
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-By-NC), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Contact Information
