Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease of CNS and cognitive impairment is a common concomitant of it that affects various aspects of cognitive functioning like attention and memory as well as attentional complex tasks such as selective attention. The present study investigated the effectiveness of attention rehabilitation on decreasing selective attention deficits in patients with MS.

Methods: The current study was conducted with a single-subject design, A/B model, and follow-up. Six patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) were selected as study sample. Attention rehabilitation program comprised flash cards and pen-paper. Selective attention deficits were studied by Stroop test. Results were analyzed with visual analysis, percentage of
zero data (PZD), and Cohen’s d effect size.

Results: Of 6 subjects, 4 showed high effectiveness in attention rehabilitation and improved after treatment phase compared to the baseline phase, and maintained this condition during the follow-up period. The other two subjects had questionable results regarding attention rehabilitation.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that attention rehabilitation can decrease selective attention deficit in patients with MS.

Objective: Metacognitions are vulnerability factors in predicting development of psychological disorders especially Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and dysthymia, which are highly comorbid. Many studies have shown that GAD and dysthymia have similar underlying metacognitive factors but the results are contradictory. The aim of present research was to test this hypothesis by using new instruments that has been designed to measure multiple metacognitive factors.

Methods: Fifty-eight students referred to university counseling centers in Tehran who met the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV-TR for dysthymia (n=21), GAD (n=18), and comorbidity of them (n=19) were selected. The participants completed Meta Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ), Anxious Thoughts Inventory (AnTI), Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) and the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS).

Results: Results of one-way analysis of variance demonstrated no significant differences between groups on metacognitive factors.

Conclusion: It seems that GAD and dysthymia are associated to common underlying metacognitive factors. This study confirms the results of some previous research indicating similarities between the two disorders.

Objective: In this study, psychometric qualities of multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS) were evaluated.

Methods: Persian version of perfectionism inventory was completed by 48 adults (24 females and 24 males). The sample was selected by cluster random sampling from Sarcheshmeh adult inhabitants. Reliability of the scale was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Then 260 adults completed perfectionism inventory. Factor analysis was applied to data as an index of construct validity.

Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient indicated that perfectionism inventory could demonstrate an acceptable reliability. In addition, investigation showed a significant validity. Factor analysis indicated that this measure has one factor in line with other databases in this regard.

Conclusion: MPS has an acceptable reliability and validity and showed acceptable psychometric qualities. However, in this research only one of three factors (self-oriented perfectionism) that constructors proposed (self- oriented, other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism) was validated.

Objective: Working memory is the ability of maintaining and manipulating the required information for operating generalization in future. The aim of the present research is to investigate the effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy on the working memory in children with ADHD. 

Objective: In recent years, there has been a rising interest in cognitive behavioral research to explore the role of emotion regulation in the development and maintenance of mental disorders and resiliency against or recovery from them. Particularly, different strategies people use to regulate their emotions may have more important role in emotional disorders including depression. The aim of this article is to review the recent literature focusing on the role of ER in depression. 

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of negative and positive affectivity, selffocused attention, and attentional control in social anxiety symptoms. 

Objective: Bullying and peer victimization in school are serious concerns for students, parents, psychologists, and school officials around the world. This descriptive study examined bullying/victimization among Iranian students and the relationship between bullying and trauma symptoms.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional research and descriptive correlative study. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data. The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire and Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children (TSCC-A) were administered to 591(325males and 266 females) students aged 10 to 14 year.

Results: The results revealed that 38.4 % of students reported bullying behavior. In addition, victims had the highest level of depression, anxiety, and anger compared to uninvolved students. Bullies were not related to trauma symptoms.

Conclusion: Conclusions include detailed recommendations for further empirical studies.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the verbal memory and working memory impairment in healthy siblings of patients with schizophrenia. 

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prediction of asthma control on the basis of perceived stress, locus of control, and self-efficacy in adult patients with asthma. 

Objective: This study aimed to assess deficits of cognitive and emotional aspects of theory of mind in patients with bipolar disorder type 1 within a remission period.
Methods: In this case- control study, 30 bipolar patients and 30 normal individuals were selected through Purposive sampling method for the purpose of the study. Then, they were matched based on their educational background and age. Finally, all participants were asked to complete the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), eyes test, Theory of Mind Picture
Stories Tasks. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test.
Results: Results show that there is a significant difference between two groups regarding their scores of cognitive theory of mind (t=4.85, P<0.01). and emotional theory of mind(t=4.54, P<0.01). and their reaction time for cognitive test(t=10.34, P<0.01) and emotional test(t=4.61, P<0.01).
Conclusion: The results show that bipolar patients type I with remission period have deficit regarding cognitive and emotional theory of mind. And because of this, they are weak in understanding others ’cognitive mind states like opinions and ambitions, and others’ emotional mind states like feelings and emotions. In fact, it can be concluded that the deficit in Theory of cognitive and emotional mind in bipolar patients with remission period can be the result of the malfunction of brain regions and cognitive infrastructures like executive performances.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of maladaptive schemas between childhood emotional maltreatment and psychological distress among college students.
Methods: This was a descriptive-correlative and after the fact study. A total of 315 students were selected with multistage cluster sampling from students of Tehran universities. The participants completed the lifetime of experiences questionnaire (LEQ), Young’s schema questionnaire short form with 90-item (YSQ-SF-3), and the trauma symptom checklist-40 (TSC-40). Data were analyzed by path analysis using SPSS 16.
Results: The results indicated that perception of childhood emotional maltreatment was associated with later psychological distress and mediated through schema of defectiveness/ shame, vulnerability to harm, self-sacrifice, and entitlement.
Conclusion: In this study, our findings suggested that childhood emotional maltreatment is contributed to later psychological distress by developing cognitive vulnerability of children through maladaptive schemas. These schemas are rigid and extreme cognitive structures that negatively filter and bias cognitive and emotional information.

Objective: The present study was carried out to examine the efficacy of psychoneurotherapy (PNT) on reducing symptoms severity in treatment-naïve patients with obsessive-compulsive washing. This study evaluated a new form of psychotherapy based on neurobiological model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). 
Methods: The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental research. The statistical population of this study included 130 obsessive-compulsive washers. A total of 40 patients were selected using inconvenience sampling method and then were randomly divided into two groups: PNT group (n=20) and sham feedback control group (n=20). Both groups received drug treatment, in addition, the experimental group received 20 sessions (twice per week) of PNT. The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS), Maudsley obsessional-compulsive inventory (MOCI), depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21), subjective united distress scale (SUDS) were administered before and after treatment. Eelectroencephography (EEG) was recorded in eyes open provocation stimuli condition. All EEGs were recorded drug free. Participants were prescribed PNT protocol based on the results of their quantitative EEG (QEEG) and low-resolution electromagnetic tomography analyses. The effects of PNT were analyzed using 1-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling pretest scores. The effect size (Cohen’s d), paired t test, and clinically significant change were calculated and assessed for all the clinical instruments. 
Results: Thirty patients completed this study. Despite some methodological limitations, our results indicated that psychoneurotherapy is significantly efficient on treatment’s target. ANCOVA results supported that PNT could significantly improve the severity of OCD symptoms, depression, stress, anxiety symptoms, and subjective united distress scale compared to what was seen sham feedback control group (All P<0.001). 
Conclusion: Psychoneurotherapy showed preliminarily evidence for the efficacy in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive washing. The study is an attempt to provide a new non-invasive treatment of OCD washing. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Objective: The present research aimed to study the relationship between traumatic experiences and somatic symptoms severity in students.
Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study. The study population included all students of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The study sample consisted of 264 healthy adult university students, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. Participants were asked to fill out two self-report measures: Patient Health Questionnaire Physical Symptoms and Traumatic Experiences Checklist. The study data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. All analyses were conducted using SPSS20. 
Results: Based on the obtained results, a significant relationship was found between traumatic experiences and somatic symptoms severity (P<0.01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that emotional neglect significantly predicted 23% of somatic symptoms severity (P<0.001). In addition, no significant correlation was found between physical abuse, sexual abuse, sexual harassment, and emotional abuse with somatic symptoms severity.
Conclusion: Study results indicated that traumatic experiences, especially emotional neglect, are important in the prediction of somatic symptoms severity. 

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the interactional relationship between behavioral inhibition and cognitive factors which lead to social anxiety. 
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 408 participants who were recruited using convenient sampling method. All participants completed four questionnaires namely Social Phobia Inventory, Behavioral Inhibition Scales, Focus Attention Questionnaire, and Consequences of Negative Social Events Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by path analysis using LISREL software.
Results: There was a significant correlation of cognitive factors with each other (P<0.05). Behavioral inhibition and cognitive factors had a significant effect on upgrading social anxiety. This confirms the casual model that social anxiety is caused by behavioral inhibition along with mediation by cognitive factors.
Conclusion: This study may serve as a tool for screening and predicting the occurrence of social anxiety in students. According to the mediating effect of cognitive factors on behavioral inhibition in rising social anxiety, this knowledge can be used for prevention and treatment of social anxiety. 

Objective: Early year experiences with parents play an important role in the development of personality of individuals. In this regard, the present study aimed at assessing the relationship between parental bonding and type and severity of psychopathology in young adults. 
Methods: A total of 361 students (205 boys and 156 girls) of Tabriz University were selected by cluster sampling method and then tested by Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) and Symptom Check List-90-R (SCL-90-R). Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression with SPSS v.16 software.
Results: The results showed that maternal and paternal care have a significantly negative correlation with the general suffering scales. The correlation of maternal care is stronger than the paternal care. Also, paternal overprotection has the strongest correlation with general severity scales. Regression results indicated that primarily high paternal overprotection and low maternal care significantly (P<0.05) predicted 14% and 15% of severity and frequency of psychological symptoms, respectively. 
Conclusion: Parental bonding components have a significant relationship with general suffering scales. Affectionless control parenting style with low care and high overprotection is the most traumatic way of parental interaction in childhood and adolescence.

Objective: According to DSM-5, bipolar disorder is a condition in which the patient experiences one or several manic episodes and sometimes major depressive episodes too. The signs and symptoms of the disorders in DSM are generally influenced by cultural and ethnic factors. Therefore, the present study was aimed at identifying the clinical manifestations of mania in bipolar I disorder in Iranian population.
Methods: The present work is a cross-sectional study. The participants included 64 patients in the manic phase of bipolar I disorder who were selected from the Razi psychiatric hospital and the Taleghani Hospital, using a convenience sampling method. The study data were gathered using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS).
Results: According to the findings, the most common signs and symptoms of mania in hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder included reduced need for sleep (89.1), poor insight (87.5), elevated mood (85.9), talkativeness (79.7), and psychotic features (68.8). The major symptoms of the patients according to DSM-5 criteria included reduced need for sleep (89.1), talkativeness (79.7), and psychomotor agitation (40.6). According to t-test analysis, patients with and without a history of mental disorders did not have significantly different mania scores. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis indicated no significant difference in mania scores based on the age of onset of the disorder, marital status (single, married, divorced, or widow), education level, and number of hospitalizations. The chi-squared test revealed that patients with a lower education level showed more aggressive behaviors.
Conclusion: According to our results, since the response of a patient to a particular treatment is largely influenced by the symptoms of the disorder, clinicians should pay critical attention to the most common signs and symptoms of any mania.

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the relationships between dispositional mindfulness, temperament, personality traits, and identity styles and to determine the predictive power of dispositional mindfulness, temperament, personality traits in identity styles.
Methods: 223 students (120 females and 103 males) from the universities in Tehran were selected as the sample. The data were gathered using the Temperament and Character Inventory, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and the Identity Style Inventory.
Results: Dispositional mindfulness was significantly correlated with identity styles and identity commitment. There were also significant relationships between mindfulness and temperament dimensions and character dimensions (-0.32 to 0.38, P<0.01). Regression analysis indicated that three personality dimensions, i.e., self-directedness, self-transcendence, novelty seeking and dispositional mindfulness predict 35% of the variance of identity commitment; and dispositional mindfulness, self-transcendence, cooperativeness and novelty seeking predict 26% of the variance of normative identity style.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that mindfulness and the psychobiological aspects of personality may have a significant role in the process of identity achievement. Also, the biological aspects of personality may have a significant role in dispositional mindfulness.

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between different forms of maltreatment and cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. The sample included 321 individuals from the general population aged 18-50 years. They were selected from different districts of Tehran, using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected by the traumatic experiences checklist and the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis and the enter method.
Results: Emotional maltreatment explained part of the variance of self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others (P<0.01). Physical maltreatment explained part of the variance of catastrophizing and blaming others (P<0.01), and sexual maltreatment had a significant positive correlation only with catastrophizing (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated a positive association between a history of maltreatment and the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Besides, it was found that various forms of maltreatment have different relationships with maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies.