1. Introduction
Headache is a prevalent complication (Uygunoglu & Siva, 2016), and migraine is the most common type of headache (Woldeamanuel & Cowan, 2016). Migraine headache is the third most common disease and the sixth most debilitating disease in the world (Azimova, Skorobogatykh, Sergeev, & Klimov, 2018). Migraine is a preliminary headache disorder causing more years of disability compared to other neurological complications (Azimva, Korobeynikova, Sergeev & Naumova, 2013). The debilitating potential of migraine is associated with the frequency, severity, duration, and symptoms of the attacks (Gretchen & Tietjen, 2017). Moreover, evidence shows that the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, is higher in migraine patients compared to the general public (Bigal & Lipton, 2008). 
From a clinical point of view, there are various migraine types, among which the two most important ones are migraine with an aura (classic migraine) and migraine without an aura (common migraine). The most common migraine type is the one without aura, which accounts for 80% of migraine patients (Rajabi & Abbasi, 2015). In this type of migraine, the attacks are unilateral and characterized by pulsating episodes lasting 4 to 72 hours. This type of migraine is also accompanied by nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia (Rocket, Fernanda, Oliveira, Vanessa, & Castro Merical, 2012). Migraine with aura consists of reversible episodes and neurological symptoms, and heredity plays a major role in this type of migraine (Pietrobon, 2005). Psychiatric disorders are highly comorbid in patients with migraines. While anxiety, depression, perfectionism, ambition, and extreme discipline in daily activities are among the characteristics of people with migraines (Oraky & Tehrani, 2017).
On the other hand, pain is one of the most common symptoms forcing patients to seek help from healthcare centers. In addition to the problems and tensions caused by pain, it can affect various aspects of an individual’s life due to its adverse effects on the patient, including treatment costs, the decline in job performance, and increased family problems (Shakeri, Shaeiri, & Roshan, 2007). Research shows that pain can be divided into two categories based on its duration, i.e. acute pain (which is the result of a disease or injury and lasts for less than three months) and chronic pain (which lasts for more than three months). Those suffering from chronic pain will also encounter mental, biological, and social problems (Breivik, Collett, Ventafridda, Cohen, & Gallacher, 2006). 
One non-pharmaceutical strategy for coping with migraine is stress management (Ramadan & Buchanan, 2006). The higher the patients’ psychological flexibility and acceptance of this pain, the lower the level of disability they experience (McCracken & Velleman, 2010). Goleman, Richard and Boyatzis (2014) believed that the individuals’ ability to control emotions makes it easier for them to deal with life problems. Impaired emotional control methods can increase the likelihood of the development and continuation of psychological disorders. Besides, emotional control methods are the main source of understanding the emotional and behavioral dependencies of stresses and negative emotional events (Gross, 2002). Previous studies confirm the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical and cognitive-behavioral approaches in treating headaches (Brown, Newman, Noad, & Weatherby, 2012; Nicholson, Buse, Andrasik, & Lipton, 2011). According to Neff and Germer’s study (2013), there is a significant relationship between self-compassion and reduced anxiety, depression, perfectionism, neuroticism, preoccupations, and thought inhibitions. Moreover, self-compassion is related to proper self-regulation for dealing with stress.
Because of the high prevalence of migraines at all ages, the side effects and addictiveness of medications are essential for complete cure and the problem of not being used for all people. Non-pharmacological treatment is important for these patients. Therefore, searching for a trusted strategy with high effectiveness and negative consequences is needed, including compassion-focused therapy (Abdi Abdul, Parno Abdul, & Azizi, 2014).
Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) was developed by Gilbert (2005). The basic definition of compassion, according to Gilbert, is “fundamental kindness accompanied by a deep awareness of the suffering of self and others along with desire and attempt for healing this suffering” (Neff & Germer, 2013). According to this definition, two essential aspects of compassion are the dimension of desire, which is the first aspect and focuses on the presence of pain and its causes; and the healing, which focuses on the willingness and action for advancing in the pursuit of reducing suffering (Gilbert, 2013). There is a negative relationship between self-compassion and self-criticism, anxiety, and depression (Neff, 2003). Moreover, in another study, Breines et al. (2015) concluded that self-compassion could change negative beliefs. In CFT, unlike most treatments, people learn not to avoid or suppress their painful feelings, so they can, in the first place, recognize their experience and feel compassion for it (Irons & Lad, 2017).
Emotional control involves methods used for reducing, increasing, or maintaining emotions (Gross, 2002). Jerman, Van der Linden, d'Acremont, and Zermatten, (2006) considered emotional control a natural component of humanity. Goleman et al. (2014) believed that people’s ability to control their emotions could make it easier for them to deal with life problems. Gross and Thompson (2007) believed that people knowingly or unknowingly utilize various methods for emotion regulation, and some of these methods improve mental health. For instance, distraction, repeating or writing the event, and boxing are some of the methods for emotional control (Cole, Dennis, Smith‐Simon, & Cohen, 2009). According to the mentioned discussions, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CFT for improving emotional control and reducing the severity of pain in patients with migraines.

2. Methods
The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all patients with neurological migraines referred to Isfahan Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan City, Iran, from May 5 to July 6, 2019. In this research, a total of 30 patients were selected as a sample according to a convenience sampling method and were divided into two experimental and control groups (n=15 per group) through random assignment. Therefore, the sample size is 30 people. To confirm the diagnosis, all the participants were evaluated using the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire to verify their migraines. Therefore, the physicians’ diagnosis and obtaining a score from the MIDAS questionnaire were the criteria for enrolling them. The experimental group received eight 90-min sessions of CFT, and both groups took the post-test after finishing the training sessions. Table 1 presents a summary of sessions.

Therefore, the criterion for leaving the experimental group was set based on the absence in more than two treatment sessions. The data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics, including mean, standard deviation, Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA), and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Also, to observe the ethical considerations before the meetings and taking the pre-test, written consent was obtained from the samples. At the end of the treatment sessions, it was decided to hold 4 sessions for the control group, and a summary of this treatment be taught to them. The code of ethics of this research is IR.PNU.REC.1398.030.

Research instruments
Emotional Control Questionnaire (ECQ)
Roger and Nesshoever (1987) developed the initial construct for the Emotional Control Questionnaire (ECQ), and Roger and Najarian (1989) amended the questionnaire. The amended version was the one used in the current study. The ECQ has four subscales and 56 items. The subscales include emotional inhibition, aggression control, rehearsal (or rumination), and benign control. Rafiee Niya, Rasoulzadeh Tabatabaei, and Azadfallah (2005) reported the reliability of this scale using the internal consistency method and calculating the Cronbach α coefficients for the entire scale and the abovementioned subscales as 0.68, 0.70, 0.76, 0.77, and 0.58, respectively. The answers for each item include the options of “true” or “false”, where “true” is scored 1 and “false” is scored 0. However, items 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 40, 42, 45, 47, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, and 56 are scored in reverse, where “true” is scored 0 and “false” is scored 1.
Questionnaire of von Korff for Grading The Severity of Chronic Pain
This scale was developed by von Korff et al. in 1992 for measuring the severity of chronic pain. The average pain severity during the last four weeks is measured by an 11-point scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). This scale is often used in studies related to pain. A host of evidence supports its validity for measuring the severity of pain in all pain complications and all populations (Jensen & Karoly, 2000). In this questionnaire, three components are evaluated, i.e. severity or intensity of pain, the duration of pain, and the extent of the disability caused by the pain. In a study by Smith and Schwartz (1997) on this scale using 400 patients suffering from pain, the internal reliability of the scale was found 0.91, and the validity of all the questions more than 0.75.
The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) Questionnaire
This questionnaire was developed by Stewart et al. (2000). This questionnaire calculates the number of missed days or the number of days with limited activities due to headaches during the last three months. The total score for the questionnaire is obtained by adding up the scores for individual questions, and respondents are categorized into four groups based on their final score. The first group with a score of 0 to 5 is in the group with “little or no disability”, and this group does not need a particular treatment intervention. The second group with a score of 6 to 10 is considered a group with “mild disability”, requiring mild treatment. The third group with a score of 11 to 20 is considered a group with “moderate disability”, and the fourth group with a score higher than 21 is considered a group with “severe disability”, both of which require immediate treatment. The validity of this questionnaire is 0.77, while its reliability is 0.83.

3. Results
In the current study, the descriptive data for the participants, including gender, average age, and educational level, were evaluated, while at the inferential level, the collected data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). According to the descriptive statistics, 80% of the participants were female. The average age of the participants was 34.43 years, with a standard deviation of 11.07 years. Moreover, 23.3% of the participants had a secondary school degree, 30% had a high school diploma, and 46.7% had a bachelor’s degree. 
In the next analysis, the effectiveness of CFT was evaluated for emotional control and severity of pain. Before performing the one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), it is necessary to satisfy the assumption of this analysis. At first, the first condition, i.e. the discreteness of the variables, was evaluated. Then, the second condition was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test to confirm the normalcy of the data. Afterward, using the non-significance results of Levene’s test, the homoscedasticity condition was satisfied. Finally, the lack of significant difference between the study measures in terms of regression slopes was confirmed as the fourth assumption of the analysis of covariance.
According to Table 2, the average pre-test score of pain severity for the experimental group was 38.93, while its average post-test score was 20.73.

Moreover, the average pre-test and post-test scores for pain severity for the control group were 38.53 and 36.20, respectively. Besides, the average pre-test score of emotional control for the experimental group was 28.13, while the average post-test score was 36.73. However, the average pre-test and post-test scores of emotional control for the control group were 29.93 and 29.26, respectively. 
Based on the value of 0.20, F=47.96, and the significance level of P<0.01, the average scores of the experimental and control groups are different at least for one of the measures of emotional control and pain severity after eliminating the effects of the covariate variable (Table 3).

To test the main hypothesis positing the effectiveness of CFT on emotional control and pain severity of migraine patients, Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was used.
According to the F statistic values for the group source (significant at the level of P<0.01), CFT training affected emotional control and pain severity by improving emotional control and mitigating pain severity. Based on the η2 coefficient, 75% of the variance in emotional control and 39% of the variance in pain severity are affected by the independent variable, i.e. CFT, proving the main hypothesis of the study (Table 4).

4. Discussion
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CFT for improving emotional control and reducing the severity of pain in patients with migraines. The results obtained from the current study indicate that CFT sessions significantly influenced improving emotional control and reducing pain severity of migraine patients. The finding of this study is consistent with findings of Goleman et al. (2014), Neff and Germer (2013), Rajabi and Abbasi (2015), Gilbert (2009), and Breines et al. (2015), which all show the effectiveness of CFT for improving emotional control. It should be noted that people with the ability to control emotions are more capable of identifying their emotions, understanding the implied concepts of these emotions, and expressing their emotional states to others in a more effective way (Goleman et al., 2014). Moreover, CFT increases wellbeing, which helps individuals gain a feeling of care and appropriate relation, thereby resulting in a relaxed emotional state (Neff, Kirkpatrick, & Rude, 2007). In other words, self-compassion, which has recently been proposed as an alternative for self-value in the healthy attitude and relation to self, plays a useful role in controlling emotions and the attitudes of the individuals towards life problems and life events. The compassion-based attitude helps individuals feel a connection and relation between themselves and others, overcoming isolation and rejection through this emotion. The soothing (healing) system acts as a natural regulator, reducing the perceptions of threats and dangers in the individual (Neff & McGehee, 2010). Accordingly, CFT stimulates the soothing system to reduce the individual’s perceptions of danger and threats and instead increases caring, empathy, and compassionate behaviors with self and others (Gilbert, 2009).
Moreover, the individual’s control over expressing positive emotions, having a sense of emotional balance, and possessing characteristics such as optimism, sense of value and meaning, self-acceptance, and accepting others (which are all confirmed by CFT) can be effective factors for improving the emotional control of patients. Besides, based on the emotion regulation style approach, CFT can act as a positive emotion regulation style, reducing the negative emotions of the individual and replacing them with positive emotions. Therefore, it seems that the depression of the individual can be mitigated through this emotional self-regulation (Diedrich, Grant, Hofmann, Hiller, & Berking, 2014). 
Concerning the effectiveness of CFT on reducing pain severity, the results indicate that mindfulness, as a component of CFT, is compatible with the inherent nature of human beings. So, it can affect individuals’ emotional system, namely, their thoughts, physical senses, raw emotions, and impulses of action. However, it can change the way they look at life, and increase their relationships with themselves, others, and the world through a compassionate and realistic acceptance (Williams & Penman, 2012). CFT can help people suffering from chronic headaches to regulate their emotions based on the relationship between pain and feeling to prevent bias in processing information, leading to negative emotions. In turn, they will be able to adapt to their disease more efficiently. Furthermore, the individuals’ capacity for self-regulating their emotions can be the source of their crucial difference in tolerating pain and suffering, through which individuals manage to separate the experience of pain from emotional pain reactions.
Moreover, Wicksell, Melin, Lekander, and Olsson (2009) showed that accepting pain is a stronger predictor for distress and disability compared to several other methods of coping with pain. Besides, Aldrich, Eccleston and Crombez (2000) believed that one of the similarities of individuals suffering from chronic pain involves numerous failed experiences for controlling their pain. Therefore, based on the literature, this idea might be useful that accepting pain instead of trying to control it can be accompanied by a higher level of adaptability. The current study exclusively evaluated migraine patients. Therefore, caution must be exercised when generalizing the results of other similar diseases. Moreover, the patients filled out the questionnaires twice, i.e. once in the pre-test and once in the post-test. Therefore, it is likely that factors such as the pre-test effect, fatigue, repetition, and reduced motivation may have affected their answers. It is recommended that physicians encourage patients to use psychological treatments while prescribing medications for such patients. Moreover, it is recommended that CFT training classes be organized for patients suffering from migraines.

5. Conclusions 
The results of the current study show that CFT reduces migraine pain and improves emotional control. It can be said that CFT is, directly and indirectly, useful for relieving pain, and utilizing this therapy as the main course of treatment or a supplementary therapeutic method can help improve migraine in these patients. 

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This research was approved by Payame Noor University, Tehran (Code: IR.PNU.REC.1398.030). To observe the ethical considerations before the meetings and taking the pre-test, written consent was obtained from the samples. 

Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. 

Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed to preparing this article.

Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.


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