Exploring Relationship between Mental Disorders and Coping Strategies in Patients with Breast Cancer 2 2 Objective: Breast cancer as a most common invasive cancer in women, provoking mental disorders for patients. To adjust with this situation, patients use kind of coping style. In present study, we aimed to determine the relationship between mental disorders and coping style in women with breast cancer. Methods: This research was a correlational study. 127 women among all women with breast cancer who were referred to health centers in the city of Kermanshah randomly selected. To estimate psychological distress, DASS- 42 questionnaire, and coping strategies Billings and Moos questionnaire (1981) are used. Interactive effects were assessed by using the spss 17. Results: results show that there are significant positive relationships between anxiety, stress and depression with avoidance coping strategy. And high level of anxiety and depression provoking emotion coping strategy.The results of the stepwise regression showed that depression and stress are suitable predictors of avoiding coping style whereas to predict emotion coping strategy, stress and anxiety are valid. Conclusion: Mental disorders can be one of the important factors in characterize of coping style. Therefore our result demonstrates the importance of mental disorders on coping style in breast cancer. 1 8 2014/04/2 1393/1/13 2014/09/18 1393/6/27 Sayyed Ali Mousavi Sayyed Ali Mousavi Organization Iran psy.mousavi@gmail.com Saeedeh Shahbazin Saeedeh Shahbazin Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran. Iran saeedehshahbazin@yahoo.com Somayea Azami Somayea Azami Organization Iran psy.mousavi@gmail.com Mental disorders Coping strategy Breast cancer ## ##

Early Maladaptive Schemas and Interpersonal Problems in Iranian University Students 2 2 Objective: In recent years, interpersonal relationships have become more complex and increasing number of people suffers from seclusion and loneliness. Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), important cognitive structures, are expected to have a profound effect on interpersonal relationships. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between EMSs and interpersonal problems among university students. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional correlational study. A total of 150 female students selected using snowball sampling method out of Rasht universities and completed the Short Form of Young Schema Questionnaire (SF-YSQ) and the 64-item Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32). For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient test and stepwise regression were administered. SPSS-20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Results showed positive significant correlations between EMSs’ domains, especially the domains of disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy and performance with interpersonal problems. Conclusion: Given the important role of EMSs in interpersonal relationships, and the significant role of interpersonal relationships in psychological adjustment, further investigations on this field seem necessary. 11 22 2014/04/22014/02/12 1392/11/23 2014/09/182014/05/25 1393/3/4 Mahsa Mojallal Mahsa Mojallal Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Iran mahmojallal@gmail.com Mansour Hakim Javadi Mansour Hakim Javadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University, Guilan, Rash, Iran Iran hakimjavadi@yahoo.com Seyed Vali Allah Mousavi Seyed Vali Allah Mousavi Department of Psychology of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Rash, Iran Iran mousavi180@yahoo.com Abbas Ali Hosseinkhanzadeh Abbas Ali Hosseinkhanzadeh Department of Psychology of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Rash, Iran Iran abbas_khanzadeh@yahoo.com Masuod Gholam Ali Lavasani Masuod Gholam Ali Lavasani Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran satmojallal555@gmail.com Early maladaptive schemas Interpersonal problems Iranian university students ## ##

The Role of Parenting Styles in Predicting Adolescent Behavioral and Emotional Problems 2 2 Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the role of parenting styles in predicting behavioral and emotional problems in adolescents. Methods: This study is a descriptive, cross sectional, and correlation research. All students enrolled in the first grade in boys’ guidance school of District 3 in Tehran city and their parents constituted the population. One hundred and eighty participants comprising 60 adolescents (boys) and their parents participated in the study. Convenience sampling method was used for recruiting these participants. Parents completed Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSQ Baumrind, 1972) and students responded to the Seattle Personality Questionnaire for Children (SPQC Greenberg & Kusche, 1990). A stepwise regression analysis was utilized to address the prediction power of Behavioral and emotional problems Results: The results indicated that authoritarian style in fathers is associated with depression, as well as behavioral and emotional problems (total score). However, the authoritarian style in mothers is related to anxiety, depression, as well as behavioral and emotional problems (total score). Moreover, permissiveness in mothers is associated with conduct problems. Conclusion: The results are consistent with the results of previous studies stressing the role of parents in predicting children’s behavioral-emotional problems. 23 30 2014/04/22014/02/122014/05/6 1393/2/16 2014/09/182014/05/252014/08/23 1393/6/1 Mansooreh Nikoogoftar Mansooreh Nikoogoftar Departement of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Payam Nour University, Tehran, Iran. Iran m.nikoogoftar@pnu.ac.ir Sara Seghatoleslam Sara Seghatoleslam Organization Iran Adolescence Behavioral and emotional problems Parenting styles Parents ## ##

Group Positive Parenting Program (Triple-P) and the Relationships of Mother-Child with Intellectual Disability 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group Triple-P on the relationships of mother-child with ID (Intellectual Disability). Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design by control group, Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) was determined in 40 random clustering selected mothers of children with ID before and after the intervention. The aim of the scale was to obtain information with regard to emotional aspects such as conflict, closeness, dependency, and positive relationship. The mothers were randomly assigned in experimental and control group with equal numbers. Experimental group participated in 8 sessions (each session lasts for 60 minutes twice a week) and were trained by Triple-P, but control group did not. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used for analyzing the data by using SPSS software (version 16, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results: There were significant differences between experimental and control group with respect to emotional aspects such as conflict, closeness, dependency, and positive relationship as a whole after participation in intervention sessions (P<0.001). Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in conflict and increase in closeness, dependency, and positive relationship in experimental group. Our findings showed that group Triple-P has led to promotion of relationships of mother-child with ID. 31 38 2014/04/22014/02/122014/05/62014/03/13 1392/12/22 2014/09/182014/05/252014/08/232014/08/7 1393/5/16 Mohammad Ashori Mohammad Ashori Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran Gholam Ali Afrooz Gholam Ali Afrooz Organization Iran Ali Akbar Arjmandnia Ali Akbar Arjmandnia Organization Iran Masoume Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi Masoume Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi Organization Iran Bagher Ghobari-Bonab Bagher Ghobari-Bonab Organization Iran Positive parenting program Relationships Intellectual disability ## ##

Prediction of Alexithymia on the Basis of Attachment Style and Early Maladaptive Schemas in University Students 2 2 Objective: Alexithymia is recognized as a disability in explaining or understanding emotions and manifests at emotional and functional levels. This study was conducted with the aim of clarifying the role of early maladaptive schemas and attachment style in alexithymia disorder. Methods: This research was a correlational study. In this study, 220 students of Tabriz University were selected by stratified random sampling. Then,The Toronto Alexithymia Scale questionnaire (TAS-20), Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ) of Hazan and Shaver, and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) were conducted to them. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression analysis. Statistical analysis were performed using the SPSS 20. Results: The results showed that components of early maladaptive schemas, ‘Impaired Autonomy’ and ‘Over-vigilance’ and among attachment styles, avoidance could positively predict the alexithymia. Conclusion: Accordingly, early maladaptive schemas and attachment style are essential to predict and treat people with alexithymia. 39 46 2014/04/22014/02/122014/05/62014/03/132014/02/11 1392/11/22 2014/09/182014/05/252014/08/232014/08/72014/06/18 1393/3/28 Farhad Ghadiri Sourman Abadi Farhad Ghadiri Sourman Abadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran farhadghadiri17@yahoo.com Karim Abdolmohamadi Karim Abdolmohamadi Organization Iran Jalil Babapour Kheiradin Jalil Babapour Kheiradin Organization Iran Abbas Bakhshipour Roodsari Abbas Bakhshipour Roodsari Organization Iran Alexithymia Attachment style Early maladaptive schemas ## ##

The Relationship between Scrupulosity, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Its Related Cognitive Styles 2 2 Objective: This research aimed to study the relationship between scrupulosity and obsessivecompulsive symptoms as well as obsessive-compulsive-related cognitive styles (obsessive beliefs and thought-action fusion). Methods: This was a correlational study. The study population included all individuals who referred to counseling centers of Tehran from August to December 2010 and diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also all Persian speakers with OCD who were active in internet from August to November 2012. A total of 30 individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (mostly Iranian Muslims) were recruited from different psychological counseling centers in Tehran. In addition, 50 individuals with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) were recruited via internet social networks. For screening, we used Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). Convenience method was used for the sampling. In order to collect data, Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS), Thought-Action Fusion Scale (TAF), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ) were administered. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. SPSS version 18 was used for data analysis. Results: Results showed that there were significant relationships between scrupulosity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms total score (r=0.275, P<0.05) also scrupulosity and obsessive beliefs (r=0.558, P<0.01) and scrupulosity and thought-action fusion (r=0.506, P<0.01). Results also revealed that the variations in scrupulosity scores could be best predicted by ‘anxiety’ and ‘Importance and Control of Thoughts.’ Scrupulosity is a subtype of OCD and is obsessive in nature. Conclusion: As explained by cognitive-behavioral theories of religious OCD, scrupulosity is closely related to the ‘Importance of Thoughts and Controlling Thoughts,’ as well as moral and probability ‘Thought-action Fusion.’ The results were in accordance with the findings of comparable studies on Christian samples. Results were explained according to Islamic views, and the implications for research and practice were discussed. 47 60 2014/04/22014/02/122014/05/62014/03/132014/02/112014/08/17 1393/5/26 2014/09/182014/05/252014/08/232014/08/72014/06/182014/11/28 1393/9/7 Sara Kaviani Sara Kaviani Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and General Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran openheart.ka@gmail.com Hossein Eskandari Hossein Eskandari Organization Iran Soghra Ebrahimi Ghavam Soghra Ebrahimi Ghavam Organization Iran Scrupulosity Obsessivecompulsive symptoms OCDcognitive styles Obsessive beliefs Thought-action fusion ## ##

Role of Self-Handicapping on Prediction of The Quality of Life in Primary Students 2 2 Objective: One way of improving the quality of life is to eliminate its barriers. Selfhandicapping is a form of problematic behavior, which investigating its effect on the quality of life is of great importance. The present study aimed to examine the relationship of selfhandicapping with the quality of life in primary students. Methods: This research is a correlational that condoucted on students of grades 3 to 5 in elementary schools of Zahedan. It included 365 primary students (154 boys and 211 girls) that were selected using stratified random sampling method. Research tools were questionnaires of KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life (2005) (KQoL) and self-handicapping (2001) (SH). Correlation Pearson and regression analysis were used by SPSS/16 for statistical analyses. Results: The findings indicated that among components of quality of life, physical wellbeing (0.03), psychological well-being (0.03), negative mood (0.03), self-perception (0.03), autonomy (0.01), parents’ relationship (0.02), social support (0.07), financial resource (0.007), and efficiency in school environment (0.02) were predicators of self-handicapping. Conclusion: Considering negative effects of self-handicapping and its relation with academic achievement and quality of life, identifying self-handicapped students and helping them using a consultant can be useful. 61 68 2014/09/182014/05/252014/08/232014/08/72014/06/182014/11/282014/07/12 1393/4/21 Yahiya Kazemi Yahiya Kazemi Department of Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. Iran kazemi@hamoon.usb.ac.ir Zahra Nikmanesh Zahra Nikmanesh University of Sistan and Baluchestan Iran nikmanesh@ped.usb.ac.ir Masoumeh Khosravi Masoumeh Khosravi Organization Iran masom_khosravi@yahoo.com Self-handicapping Quality of life Children ## ##

Metacognitive Therapy and Depression of Women with Breast Cancer 2 2 Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on decreasing depression in women with breast cancer. A single-case design was employed in this research. Methods: An AB form of single-subject experimental design was used in this study with 3 baselines (every 10 days) before intervention stage and two measurements during intervention stage and one follow-up (after two month). Our statistical population was chosen from women who had referred to radiotherapy department of Imam Hussein Hospital in Tehran. Out of them, 3 patients whose age range was 20 to 55 years, with non-metastatic tumor, no prior history of psychiatric disorders before cancer, scored >20 (moderate depression) by Beck Depression Inventory, were selected through purposeful sampling. Intervention included 8 sessions of 60 minutes of metacognitive therapy once a week, which has been designed to suit of the patients with specific needs. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), and Depression Metacognitive Beliefs Scale (DMB-S) were employed to collect the data. Results: The result of the analysis showed that the highest level of improvement in depression was 56% and the lowest level was 37%. In addition, the highest percentage of improvement in ‘thought rumination’ was 35%, while the lowest percentage of improvement was 21%. Finally, the highest percentage of improvement in ‘depression metacognitive beliefs’ was 87%, whereas the lowest percentage was 58%. In summary, the results indicated that metacognitive therapy would result in decrease of depression scores (in BDI scale), ‘thought rumination’ and ‘depression metacognitive beliefs’ (in DMB scale) and this effectiveness was persistent after two months follow-up. Conclusion: It seems that metacognitive therapy can help women with breast cancer to reduce their depression and ‘thought rumination.’ 69 77 2014/04/22014/02/122014/05/62014/03/132014/02/112014/08/172014/03/19 1392/12/28 2014/09/182014/05/252014/08/232014/08/72014/06/182014/11/282014/07/122014/07/12 1393/4/21 Mansure Elzami Mansure Elzami University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran mansure.elzami@yahoo.com Bahman Bahmani Bahman Bahmani University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran bbahmani43@yahoo.com Tahereh Kermani Ranjbar Tahereh Kermani Ranjbar Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iran dkranjbar@yahoo.com Manuchehr Azkhosh Manuchehr Azkhosh University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran azkhosh34@yahoo.com Robab Anbiaee Robab Anbiaee Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iran anbiae@gmail.com Fatemeh Karimnejad Azar Fatemeh Karimnejad Azar save science and research branch, slamic azad university Iran mnejadazar@yahoo.com Metacognitive therapy Depression Breast cancer ## ##