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The Effectiveness of “Active Aging” Intervention on the Hope and Worry of Retired Women: A Quasi-experimental Study 2 2 Objective: Active aging promotes optimal health, social participation, and well-being in older adults. This study examined the effectiveness of an active aging intervention on the levels of hope and worry among retired women. We assessed whether this training can significantly enhance hope and reduce worry in older women. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a control group was employed in a study involving 59 retired women residing in Tehran, Iran. Participants were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The adult hope scale (AHS), Penn state worry questionnaire (PSWQ), and Sharkey’s physical activity questionnaire were administered before and after the intervention. We used analysis of covariance for data analysis. Results: The intervention significantly increased hope (pre-test: 27.21±8.65 vs post-test: 32.60±5.49) and physical activity (pre-test: 12.12±4.17 vs post-test: 17.54±4.23). In contrast, it reduced worry (pre-test: 52.27±8.45 vs post-test: 47.10±7.35) compared to the control group, hope (pre-test: 26.33±9.72 vs post-test: 27.12±6.31), physical activity (pre-test: 15.25±6.38 vs post-test: 13.33±5.20), and worry (pre-test: 53.43±8.15 vs post-test: 51.31±7.61). Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed significant differences after the intervention (P<0.001) in all three variables. Conclusion: Active aging interventions effectively enhance hope, reduce worry, and promote physical activity in older women, supporting their broader implementation in health promotion programs. 191 200 2025/02/10 1403/11/22 2025/05/25 1404/3/4 Akram Bandehpour Akram Bandehpour Department of Psychology, Faculty of human sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran. Iran Akram.p@gmil.com Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran. Iran a.khodabakhshid@gmail.com Davood Taghvaei Davood Taghvaei Department of Psychology, Faculty of human sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran. Iran davoud.taghvaei@yahoo.com Ahghar Ghodsi Ahghar Ghodsi Department of Psychology, Faculty of human sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran. Iran a.khodabakhshid@gmail.com Aging Hope Worry Physical activity Retirement Women Alipour, F., Sajadi, H., Forouzan, A., Nabavi, H., & Khedmati, E. (2009). [The role of social support in the anxiety and depression of elderly (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 4(1), 53-61.[Link]##Bandehpour, A., Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., Taghvaei, D., &Ghoudsi, A. (2024). Exploring active aging experiences and strategies in retired elderly female adults: A qualitative study. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 12(2), 95-108. [DOI:10.32598/jpcp.12.2.746.6]##Bowling, A., & Dieppe, P. (2005). What is successful ageing and who should define it?. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 331(7531), 1548–1551. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1548] [PMID] ##BBowling, A. (2008). Enhancing later life: How older people perceive active ageing? Aging & Mental Health, 12(3), 293–301. [DOI:10.1080/13607860802120979] [PMID]##Boyd, M. A. (2008). Psychiatric nursing: Contemporary practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [Link]##Davodi, S. R., Zendehtalab, H., Zare, M., &Vashani, H. B. (2023). Effect of health promotion interventions in active aging in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 11(1), 34-43.‌ [DOI:10.30476/IJCBNM.2022.96246.2117]##Dias, G. N. F., & Couceiro, M. S. (2017). Active ageing and physical activity: Guidelines, functional exercises and recommendations. Heidelberg: Springer. [Link]##Dogra, S., Dunstan, D. W., Sugiyama, T., Stathi, A., Gardiner, P. A., & Owen, N. (2022). Active aging and public health: evidence, implications, and opportunities. Annual Review of Public Health, 43, 439–459. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052620-091107] [PMID]##Dugravot, A., Fayosse, A., Dumurgier, J., Bouillon, K., & Rayana, T. B., Schnitzler, et al. (2020). Social inequalities in multimorbidity, frailty, disability, and transitions to mortality: A 24-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study. The Lancet. Public health, 5(1), e42–e50. [DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30226-9] [PMID]##Ferreira, L. K., Meireles, J. F. F., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2018). Evaluation of lifestyle and quality of life in the elderly: A literature review. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 21, 616-627. [DOI:10.1590/1981-22562018021.180028]##Ferreira, O. G. L., Maciel, S. C., Costa, S. M. G., Silva, A. O., & Maria, A. S. P. M. (2012). Active aging and its relationship to functional independence. Texto & Contexto Enfermagem, 21(3), 513-518. [DOI:10.1590/S0104- 07072012000300]##Fogg, C., Griffiths, P., Meredith, P., & Bridges, J. (2018). Hospital outcomes of older people with cognitive impairment: An integrative review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(9), 1177–1197. [DOI:10.1002/gps.4919] [PMID] ##Haselwandter, E. M., Corcoran, M. P., Folta, S. C., Hyatt, R., Fenton, M., & Nelson, M. E. (2015). The built environment, physical activity, and aging in the United States: A state of the science review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 23(2), 323–329. [DOI:10.1123/japa.2013-0151] [PMID]##Hijas-Gómez, A. I., Ayala, A., Rodríguez-García, M. P., Rodríguez-Blázquez, C., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V., & Rojo-Pérez, F., et al. (2020). The WHO active ageing pillars and its association with survival: Findings from a population-based study in Spain. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 90, 104114. [DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104114] [PMID]##Ingle, G. K., & Nath, A. (2008). Geriatric health in India: concerns and solutions. Indian Journal of Community Medicine : Official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 33(4), 214–218. [DOI:10.4103/0970-0218.43225] [PMID] ##Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., & Frouzan, F. (2023). Loneliness and death anxiety: Differences between active and bedridden older men. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 91(3), 1319-1330. [DOI:10.1177/00302228231153460 ]##Kim, J., Lee, H., Cho, E., Lee, K. H., Park, C. G., & Cho, B. H. (2020). Multilevel effects of community capacity on active aging in community-dwelling older adults in South Korea. Asian Nursing Research, 14(1), 36–43. [DOI:10.1016/j.anr.2020.01.001] [PMID]##Lavretsky, H., Alstein, L. L., Olmstead, R. E., Ercoli, L. M., Riparetti-Brown, M., & Cyr, N. S., et al. (2011). Complementary use of tai chi chih augments escitalopram treatment of geriatric depression: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(10), 839–850..‌ [DOI:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820ee9ef] [PMID] ##Mendoza-Ruvalcaba, N. M., & Fernández-Ballesteros, R. (2016). Effectiveness of the Vital Aging program to promote active aging in Mexican older adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 11, 1631–1644. [DOI:10.2147/CIA.S102930] [PMID] ##Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. [DOI:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6] [PMID]##Oliveira, S., Akemi, D., Do Nascimento Junior, A., Roberto, J., Bertolini, M. G., & Maria, S., et al. (2016). Participation of elderly in social groups: Quality of life and functional capacity. Revista Da Rede De Enfermagem Do Nordeste, 17, 278-284. [DOI:10.15253/2175-6783.2016000200016]##Prabhakar, C., Mishra, L. K., Sharma, P., Tiwari, G. K., Pandey, R., & Shukla, M., .et al. (2025). Exploring the similarities and differences in the forgiveness of the Indian older adults living in old-age homes and families: A thematic analysis. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 37(1), 73-97. [DOI:10.1080/15528030.2024.2345074]##Prince, J. B., Davis, H. L., Tan, J., Muller-Townsend, K., Markovic, S., & Lewis, D. M. G., et al. (2024). Cognitive and neuroscientific perspectives of healthy ageing. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 161, 105649. [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105649] [PMID]##Rudnicka, E., Napierała, P., Podfigurna, A., Męczekalski, B., Smolarczyk, R., & Grymowicz, M. (2020). The World Health Organization (WHO) approach to healthy ageing. Maturitas, 139, 6–11. [DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.018] [PMID] ##Sajeev, A., Kakunje, A., & Karkal, R. (2022). Hopelessness and quality of life in elderly: A community-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Geriatric Mental Health, 9(1), 21-25.‌ [DOI:10.4103/jgmh.jgmh_12_22]##Snyder, C. R., Ilardi, S., Stephen, S., Cheavens, J., Michael, S., & Scott, T., et al. (2000). The role of hope in cognitive behavior therapies. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 747-762. [DOI:10.1023/A:1005547730153]##Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S.J. (2007). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. [Link]##Snyder, C.R. (2002). Target Article: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249-75. [DOI:10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01]##Snyder, C.R., Harris, C., Anderson, J.R., Holleran, S.A., Irving, S.A., & Sigmon, S., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal Social Psychology, 60, 570-85. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570] [PMID]##Startup, H. M., & Erickson, T. M. (2006). The penn state worry questionnaire (PSWQ). In G. C. L. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 99-119). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [Link]##Taylor, H. (2021). Social isolation, loneliness, and physical and mental health among black older Adults. Health Education & Behavior, 41(1), 123. [DOI:10.1891/0198-8794.41.123]##Tiwari, G. K., Singh, A., Choudhary, A., Shukla, A., Macorya, A. K., & Pandey, A., et al. (2025). Forgiveness in Later Life: Attributes and consequences for older adults in Indian families. Marriage & Family Review, 1-27. [DOI:10.1080/01494929.2025.2484381]##United Nations. (2020). World PopulationAgeing 2019. New York: United Nations. [Link]##Ekamper, P., & van Nimwegen, N. (2018). Vergrijzing. Demos: Bulletin Over Bevolking en Samenleving, 34(6), 5-7. [Link]##World Health Organization. (2020). Healthy aging and functional ability. Geneva: World Health Organization. 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Addiction Readiness in Adolescents: Role of Co-dependency, Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions, and Resilience 2 2 Objective: The present study examines the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between co-dependency and interpersonal cognitive distortions with addiction readiness in adolescents. Methods: This research employed a descriptive-correlational design and utilized path analysis. Using a multistage cluster sampling method, 200 male high school students aged 15–18 years from Abadan City, Iran, were selected. Research instruments included the Weed and Butcher addiction readiness scale (1992), Connor-Davidson resilience scale (2003), Hamamci and Büyüköztürk’s interpersonal cognitive distortions questionnaire (2004), and Spann and Fischer co-dependency questionnaire (1990). Results: Path analysis revealed that both co-dependency and interpersonal cognitive distortions had significant positive relationships with addiction readiness. Additionally, resilience demonstrated a significant negative relationship with addiction readiness. Indirect effects analysis showed that resilience significantly mediated the relationship between co-dependency and addiction readiness, but did not mediate the relationship between interpersonal cognitive distortions and addiction readiness. Conclusion: Co-dependency and interpersonal cognitive distortions may act as risk factors for addiction readiness in adolescents. Moreover, resilience can attenuate the effect of co-dependency on addiction readiness. These results can inform the design of preventive programs aimed at enhancing resilience and addressing maladaptive interpersonal beliefs among adolescents. 201 212 2025/02/102025/02/10 1403/11/22 2025/05/252025/05/13 1404/2/23 Vali Tavakoli Nia Vali Tavakoli Nia Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Iran Tavakolinia.v@gmail.com Afsaneh Taheri Afsaneh Taheri Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Iran a2_taheri@yahoo.com Nastaran Sharifi Nastaran Sharifi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Iran nastaran_shrf@yahoo.com Addiction readiness Co-dependency Interpersonal cognitive distortions Resilience ## ##

The Relationship Between Attachment and Responsibility; The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation 2 2 Objective: This study examines the relationships between attachment styles and responsibility in male and female adolescents while considering the mediating role of emotion regulation. Methods: This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design using path analysis. Our statistical population comprised all high school students (second level) in Tehran City, Iran. Following Kline’s (2016) recommendations, 353 students were selected through random sampling of the multi-stage cluster. Assessment tools included the revised adult attachment scale, the emotion regulation questionnaire for children and adolescents, and the personal responsibility assessment. The data were analyzed using the AMOS software, version 24.0, with maximum likelihood estimations. Results: The findings revealed a positive and significant indirect path coefficient between secure attachment style and responsibility through reappraisal strategies (β=0.105, P=0.001) and suppression (β=0.091, P=0.001). The indirect path coefficient between avoidant attachment style and responsibility through reappraisal strategies (β=-0.099, P=0.001) and suppression (β=-0.068, P=0.007) showed negative and significant associations. Similarly, the indirect path coefficient between ambivalent attachment style and responsibility through reappraisal strategies (β=-0.105, P=0.001) and suppression (β=-0.065, P=0.012) demonstrated negative and significant relationships. Conclusion: The structural model exhibited an equivalent fit for both male and female groups. Attachment style significantly influences adolescents’ responsibility, and emotion regulation and management contribute to increased responsibility in adolescents. 213 224 2025/02/102025/02/102025/02/25 1403/12/7 2025/05/252025/05/132025/06/13 1404/3/23 Shima motevasselian Shima motevasselian Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran mtvslnn@gmail.com Nasrin Jafari Kadijani Nasrin Jafari Kadijani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Dr.jafarik7@gmail.com Attachment style Emotion regulation Responsibility Abdollahi, M., & Ghodsi, P. (2018). [Comparison of resilience and responsibility of delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents in Tehran (Persian)]. Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, 61(supplment1), 357-364. 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[The effectiveness of mindfulness training on emotional regulation and quality of life of mothers with slow pace children (Persian)]. Journal of Child Emotional Development Psychology, 1(2), e211444. [Link]##Bowby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Washington: American Psychological Association. [Link]##Bussone, S., Pesca, C., Tambelli, R., & Carola, V. (2020). Psychological health issues subsequent to sars-cov 2 restrictive measures: The role of parental bonding and attachment style. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 589444. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589444] [PMID] ##Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: Theory and research. Child Development, 65(4), 971–991. [PMID]##Craparo, G., Magnano, P., & Faraci, P. (2014). Psychometric properties of the italian version of the self-report emotional intelligence test (SREIT). TPM-Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 21(2), 121–133. 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[Academic responsibility and psychological control of parents: The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Family Psychology, 11(1), 62-77. [DOI:10.22034/ijfp.2024.2030881.1324]##Kaya, A., Türk, N., Batmaz, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023). Online gaming addiction and basic psychological needs among adolescents: The mediating roles of meaning in life and responsibility. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–25. [DOI:10.1007/s11469-022-00994-9] [PMID]##Khan, M., Lockhart, J., & Bathurst, R. (2020). A multi-level institutional perspective of corporate social responsibility reporting: A mixed-method study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 265, 121739. [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121739]##Klaber, J. (2020). The relationship among trauma, attachment style, emotion regulation, & overall college adjustment. Chicago: Roosevelt University. [Link]##Khakpour, S. (2024). Study of identity and responsibility on adolescent mental health. 16th National Conference on Management Research and Humanities in Iran. 2024 January 5, Tehran, Iran. [Link]##Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling, edition 4. New York: Guilford Press. [Link]##Keshavarz Afshar, H., Salmani, F., Gholamali Lavasani, M. (1401). [The effectiveness of emotion regulation training for mothers on feelings of loneliness and responsibility of adolescent girls (Persian)]. Quarterly Cultural-Educational Journal of Women and Family, 17(61), 287-303. [Link]##Leung, J. T., & Fung, A. L. (2021). Special issue on quality of life among children and adolescents in Chinese societies. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(6), 2287-2290. [Link]##Lotfi, M., Amin, M., & Shiasy, Y. (2021). [Comparing interpersonal and intrapersonal emotion regulation models in explaining depression and anxiety symptoms in college students (Persian). 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Investigating the Effectiveness of Working Memory Training in Reducing Cognitive Failures in Individuals With Strok 2 2 Objective: Stroke is a brain injury caused by damage to the blood vessels in the central nervous system, often resulting in cognitive impairments, including memory issues. With the increasing number of stroke survivors, the demand for effective rehabilitation services is also increasing. This study evaluates the effectiveness of working memory training in mitigating cognitive failure and memory difficulties in stroke patients. Methods: This quasi-experimental study involved 36 stroke patients from medical centers in Urmia City, Iran, and was conducted in October 2023. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups as follows: An experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received a total of ten 60-min training sessions twice a week, while the control group participated in the same number of sessions, focusing on physical exercise without any specific intervention. Data collection tools included the cognitive failures questionnaire, which evaluates the frequency of cognitive lapses in daily activities, such as attention, memory, and action failures, and the Wechsler memory scale, which assesses different aspects of memory performance. Both groups underwent pre-tests and post-tests, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software, version 26, with a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: Before the intervention, no significant differences in memory span or cognitive failure were observed. However, post-intervention results indicated a significant improvement in the experimental group (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Working memory rehabilitation significantly enhanced cognitive functioning and memory in stroke patients. 225 238 2025/02/102025/02/102025/02/252025/01/13 1403/10/24 2025/05/252025/05/132025/06/132025/05/7 1404/2/17 Golchin Pourqoli Golchin Pourqoli Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Urmia University, Iran. Iran st_g.pourqoli@urmia.ac.ir Esmaiel Soleimani Esmaiel Soleimani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Urmia University, Iran. Iran e.soleimani@urmia.ac.ir Ali Issazadegan Ali Issazadegan Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Urmia University, Iran. Iran a.issazadegan@urmia.ac.ir Stroke Everyday cognitive failures Memory problems Working memory Rehabilitation Aho, K., Harmsen, P., Hatano, S., Marquardsen, J., Smirnov, V. E., & Strasser, T. (1980). Cerebrovascular disease in the community: Results of a WHO collaborative study. 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Developing a Self-harm Model Based on Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Childhood Trauma With the Mediating Role of Insecure Attachment Styles in Students of Ardabil City, Iran: A Descriptive Study 2 2 Objective:  This study aimed to develop a structural model explaining self-harm based on cognitive emotion regulation and childhood trauma, with the mediating role of attachment styles among students in Ardabil City, Iran. Methods: This applied study, in terms of its objective, employed a descriptive-correlational research design, utilizing structural equation modeling. The exogenous variables were cognitive emotion regulation and childhood trauma, while self-harm served as the endogenous variable, with insecure attachment styles functioning as the mediating variable. The statistical population consisted of secondary school students aged 15 to 18 residing in Ardabil during the fall semester of the 2024 academic year. The research instruments included the self-harm inventory (SHI), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), and attachment styles scales (ASS). Results: The results indicated that insecure attachment styles had a significant positive effect on self-harm (β=0.534; P<0.01). Also, cognitive emotion regulation exerted a significant negative effect on self-harm (β=-0.488; P<0.001), whereas childhood trauma had a significant positive effect on self-harm (β=0.462; P<0.001). Additionally, cognitive emotion regulation (β=0.277; P<0.05) and childhood trauma (β=0.233; P<0.05) had a significant indirect effect on self-harm through the mediation of insecure attachment styles. Conclusion: The findings suggest that childhood trauma and deficiencies in cognitive emotion regulation affect self-harm among students with insecure attachment styles, playing a mediating role. These results highlight the importance of cognitive-emotional mechanisms and attachment experiences in both the prevention and better understanding of self-harm behaviors. 239 252 2025/02/102025/02/102025/02/252025/01/132025/01/5 1403/10/16 2025/05/252025/05/132025/06/132025/05/72025/05/25 1404/3/4 Mohammadreza Noroozi Homayoon Mohammadreza Noroozi Homayoon Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Iran mohammadreza.noroozi@uma.ac.ir Fatemeh Ghohari Fatemeh Ghohari Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Iran co.en.gohari@gmail.com Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Iran e.sadri@uma.ac.ir Self-harm Cognitive emotion regulation Trauma Attachment styles Students Allendorfer, J. 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Narcotics Anonymous Therapy: Impact on Impulsivity and Brain-behavioral Systems in Substance Use Disorder Individuals 2 2 Objective: Impulsivity and dysregulated neural circuits characterize substance use disorders (SUDs), necessitating interventions like narcotics anonymous (NA) to enhance self-regulation and recovery outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of engagement in NA group therapy on the reduction of impulsivity and the modulation of the brain-behavioral systems among individuals diagnosed with SUDs. Methods: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pre-test, post-test design with a control group to assess the effectiveness of the study intervention. The study population comprised individuals with SUDs who sought support from the Shahrekord NA association, Shahrekord City, Iran, in 2023. A sample of 40 participants was randomly allocated to either the experimental group, which received NA group therapy, or the control group, with 20 participants in each. The experimental group engaged in the NA twelve-step education package, consisting of 12 weekly 90-minute sessions, whereas the control group received standard methadone maintenance treatment. Data on impulsivity and brain/behavioral systems were collected using validated questionnaires administered before and after the intervention. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was employed using SPSS software, version 23 to analyze the data. Results: Engagement in NA group therapy resulted in a statistically significant reduction in impulsivity and a significant improvement in the functioning of brain-behavioral systems within the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: NA group therapy significantly reduces impulsivity and improves brain-behavioral system functioning, thereby enhancing self-regulation in individuals with SUDs, highlighting its efficacy as a community-based intervention for neurobehavioral outcomes and long-term recovery. 253 262 2025/02/102025/02/102025/02/252025/01/132025/01/52025/03/6 1403/12/16 2025/05/252025/05/132025/06/132025/05/72025/05/252025/06/5 1404/3/15 Nazanin Rahmatian Dehkordi Nazanin Rahmatian Dehkordi Department of Psychology, Nae.C., Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran. Iran rahmatifhim@gmail.com Alireza Taghvaee Alireza Taghvaee Department of Psychology, Nae.C., Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran. Iran alirezataghvae93@gmail.com Manouchehr Sattari Naeini Manouchehr Sattari Naeini Department of Psychology, Nae.C., Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran. Iran msattarinaeini@gmail.com Addiction Behavior Substance-related disorders Impulsive behavior ## ##

The Effectiveness of Reality Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy on the Health Locus of Control in Diabetic Patients 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) on the health locus of control (internal, powerful others, and chance) in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This quasi-experimental research employed a pre-test, post-test and a two-month follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all women with type 2 diabetes visiting the specialized diabetes clinic in Pardis, Shiraz City, Iran in 2024. A total of 45 eligible participants were selected for the study. They included females participants aged 40 to 60 years, with at least one year since the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. They were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups underwent 12 sessions of 90 minutes of reality therapy and 12 sessions of 90 minutes of DBT, while the control group received no intervention. The health locus of control questionnaire was used to assess the three groups at three stages: Pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and mixed analysis of variance methods. Results: The results showed a significant difference in the mean scores of health locus of control between the experimental groups and the control group. The Bonferroni post hoc test results yielded a significant difference between the control group and the experimental groups at the post-test and follow-up stages. However, the results suggested that the difference between the two experimental groups, reality therapy and DBT, was not statistically significant at the post-test and follow-up stages (P>0.05). Nevertheless, the mean difference suggested that reality therapy led to an increase in internal health control and control by powerful others, while reducing chance control in patients. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Considering the study results regarding the effectiveness of reality therapy and DBT in increasing health locus of control in women with type 2 diabetes, their use is recommended for promoting appropriate health control in women with type 2 diabetes. 263 274 2025/02/102025/02/102025/02/252025/01/132025/01/52025/03/62025/04/6 1404/1/17 2025/05/252025/05/132025/06/132025/05/72025/05/252025/06/52025/06/29 1404/4/8 Mandana Jamali Mandana Jamali Department of Psychology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Iran jamali.mandana13@yahoo.co.uk Adis Kraskian Mojmbarii Adis Kraskian Mojmbarii Department of Psychology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Iran adis.kraskian@iau.ac.ir Mohammad Hossein Dabbaghmanesh Mohammad Hossein Dabbaghmanesh Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Iran dabbaghm@sums.ac.ir Maryam Bahrami Hidaji Maryam Bahrami Hidaji Department of Psychology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Iran bahrami-h3@yahoo.com Reality therapy Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) Health locus of control Women with type 2 diabetes ## ##

Shocked Parents: Examining the Challenges of Parents With Children At-risk of Specific Learning Disabilities 2 2 Objective: Neurodevelopmental or cognitive disorders in children pose significant challenges to family functioning. The present study investigates the challenges faced by parents of children at risk of specific learning disabilities (SLD). Methods: This study, based on qualitative research and a phenomenological approach, explored and deeply recognized the lived experiences of parents facing challenges related to children referred for specialized testing. Parents’ perspectives were examined using a purposeful sampling method and semi-structured interviews. Data saturation was reached after 23 interviews, ensuring comprehensive data collection. The data were organized and analyzed based on the Colaizzi (1987) method. Qualitative research criteria, such as participant validation, independent coding, and evaluator reliability, were applied to ensure data validity. Results: The findings highlighted six fundamental challenges as follows: “Feeling helpless,” “neglect of individual needs,” “fear of the future,” “feeling defenseless,” “feeling guilty,” and “lack of competence.” Meanwhile, the two following themes emerged: “Weakness in parenting skills” and “emotional dysregulation,” which are considered potential underlying factors contributing to these challenges. Conclusion: The challenges faced by the participating parents are largely due to contextual factors. Many parents feel overwhelmed and isolated due to their lack of awareness of parenting strategies and emotional management during critical situations. These underlying factors, functioning as a vicious cycle, lead to negative consequences and additional psychological issues within the family, contributing to the development of disorders in children. Therefore, the development of structured and specialized training for parents of children at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders appears to be essential. 275 286 2025/02/102025/02/102025/02/252025/01/132025/01/52025/03/62025/04/62025/01/7 1403/10/18 2025/05/252025/05/132025/06/132025/05/72025/05/252025/06/52025/06/292025/04/13 1404/1/24 Bahar Rashidi Bahar Rashidi Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Iran b.rashidi@edu.ui.ac.ir Salar Faramarzi Salar Faramarzi Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Iran s.faramarzi@edu.ui.ac.ir Ahmad Abedi Ahmad Abedi Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 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