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The Intersection of Psychoanalysis and Pedagogy: A Crucial Dialogue 2 2 I am writing to draw attention to the critical yet underexplored relationship between psychoanalysis and pedagogy, which can significantly improve teaching methodologies and student learning outcomes. Despite their historical interconnectedness, these disciplines have grown apart, leaving a gap in educational practices that could otherwise benefit from psychodynamic insights.   99 100 2024/12/14 1403/9/24 2025/02/5 1403/11/17 Kimberly D. Ferrell Kimberly D. Ferrell Women’s Resource Center, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, United States. United States kdixson@emich.edu Intersection Psychoanalysis Pedagogy Bibby, T. (2011). Education–An impossible profession? Psychoanalytic explorations of learning and classrooms. London: Routledge. [Link]##Britzman, D. P. (2013). Between psychoanalysis and pedagogy: Scenes of rapprochement and alienation. Curriculum Inquiry, 43(1), 95–117. [DOI:10.1111/curi.12007] ##Britzman, D. P. (2011). Freud and education. London: Routledge. [Link]##Britzman, D. P. (2003). After-education: Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and psychoanalytic histories of learning. New York: State University of New York Press. [Link]##Duffy, W. R. (2004). Psychoanalysis and education: The view from self psychology. Schools, 1(1), 85-95. [DOI:10.1086/5891937] ##Frosh, S. (1989). Psychoanalysis and psychology: Minding the gap. New York: New York University Press. [Link]##Gardner, H. E. (1991). The unschooled mind: How children think and how schools should teach. New York: Basic Books. [Link]##Jackson, E. (2008). Work discussion groups at work: Applying the method. In M. Rustin & J. Bradley (Eds.), Work discussion: Learning from reflective practice in work with children and families (pp. 51–72). London: Karnac Books. [Link]##Mayes, C. (2005). Jung and education: Elements of an archetypal pedagogy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Education. [Link]##Maree, J. G. (2021). The psychosocial development theory of Erik Erikson: Critical overview. Early Child Development and Care, 191(7–8), 1107–1121. [DOI:10.1080/03004430.2020.1845163] ##Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. London: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781315237473]##Strong-Wilson, T., & Ellis, J. (2007). Children and place: Reggio Emilia’s environment as third teacher. Theory Into Practice, 46(1), 40–47. [DOI:10.1080/00405840709336547]## ##

A Comprehensive Approach to Psychological Challenges in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Transdiagnostic Factors and Demographic Variables 2 2 Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can become a significant challenge due to its high comorbidity with mood and anxiety disorders. Despite extensive research on psychological symptoms in MS, the role of transdiagnostic protective factors, demographic variables, and the interplay between these factors have received less attention. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between psychological symptoms, transdiagnostic factors, and demographic variables in patients with MS.  Methods: Data were collected and analyzed from 154 patients with MS. The participants completed the demographic data form, Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale, Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), generalized anxiety disorder-7 scale, the difficulties in emotion regulation scale, and Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CDRS). Path analyses were performed using the lavaan package in R software.  Results: The findings indicate that a higher age at MS onset and longer disease duration are directly associated with increased depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms, as well as patients’ perception of disability (PDS). Additionally, resilience negatively and difficulties in emotion regulation positively contributed to more severe symptoms of depression OCD and anxiety. Through the mediating role of depression, resilience and difficulties in emotion regulation are indirectly associated with a milder and more severe PDS, respectively. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of demographic characteristics, particularly the role of disease duration in the development of depression, as well as the impact of depression on patients’ PDS. Moreover, the protective role of resilience and the detrimental role of difficulties in emotion regulation underscores the need for targeted psychological interventions in MS rehabilitation. 101 112 2024/12/142025/01/21 1403/11/2 2025/02/52025/03/12 1403/12/22 Sajedeh Hamidian Sajedeh Hamidian Clinical Research Development Center, Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Sajedeh.hamidian@gmail.com Ahmad Sharifi Ahmad Sharifi Department of Psychological, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran Ahmadsharifi.psy@gmail.com Mojtaba Azimian Mojtaba Azimian Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mazimian@yahoo.com Shima Shakiba Shima Shakiba Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran sh.shakiba@uswr.ac.ir Multiple sclerosis (MS) Mood disorders Anxiety disorders Transdiagnostic factors Demographic variables Rehabilitation studies Azami, M., YektaKooshali, M. H., Shohani, M., Khorshidi, A., & Mahmudi, L. (2019). Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One, 14(4), e0214738. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0214738] [PMID] ##Carta, M. G., Moro, M. F., Lorefice, L., Trincas, G., Cocco, E., & Del Giudice, E., et al. (2014). The risk of bipolar disorders in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 155, 255-260. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.008] [PMID]##Chwastiak, L. A., & Ehde, D. M. (2007). Psychiatric issues in multiple sclerosis. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 30(4), 803-817. [DOI:10.1016/j.psc.2007.07.003] [PMID] ##Esfahani, S. R., Motaghipour, Y., Kamkari, K., Zahiredin, A., & Janbozorgi, M. (2012). Reliability and Validity of the Persian Version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology, 17(4), 297–303. [Link]##Feinstein, A., & Pavisian, B. (2017). Multiple sclerosis and suicide. Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 23(7), 923–927. [DOI:10.1177/1352458517702553] [PMID]##Fitzgerald, J. M., Klumpp, H., Langenecker, S., & Phan, K. L. (2019). Transdiagnostic neural correlates of volitional emotion regulation in anxiety and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 36(5), 453-464. [DOI:10.1002/da.22859] [PMID] ##Foroughipour, M., Behdani, F., Hebrani, P., Marvast, M. N., Esmatinia, F., & Akhavanrezayat, A. (2012). Frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 17(3), 248–253. [PMID]##Gürcan-Yıldırım, D., & Gençöz, T. (2020). The association of self-discrepancy with depression and anxiety: Moderator roles of emotion regulation and resilience. Current Psychology, 41, 1821–1834. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-020-00701-8]##Hamidian, S., Omidi‎, A., Mousavinasab, S. M., & Naziri, G. (2016). The effect of combining mindfulness-based cognitive ‎therapy with pharmacotherapy on ‎depression and emotion ‎regulation of patients with dysthymia: A clinical study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 11(3), 166-172. [PMID]##Hamidian, S., Omidi, A., Naziri, G., Abolghasemi, R., & Musavinasab, M. (2016). [The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on severity of depression and anger in dysthymic patients (Persian)]. Journal of Psychological Studies, 12(3), 83-102. [DOI: 10.22051/psy.2016.2602]##Haussleiter, I. S., Brüne, M., & Juckel, G. (2009). Psychopathology in multiple sclerosis: Diagnosis, prevalence and treatment. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 2(1), 13-29. [DOI:10.1177/1756285608100325] [PMID] ##Heinsch, M., Wells, H., Sampson, D., Wootten, A., Cupples, M., & Sutton, C., et al. (2022). Protective factors for mental and psychological well-being in Australian adults: A review. Mental Health & Prevention, 25, 200192. [DOI:10.1016/j.mhp.2020.200192]##Holland, D. P., Schlüter, D. K., Young, C. A., Mills, R. J., Rog, D. J., & Ford, H. L., et al. (2019). Use of coping strategies in multiple sclerosis: Association with demographic and disease-related characteristics. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 27, 214–222. [DOI:10.1016/j.msard.2018.10.016] [PMID]##Hosseinzadeh, A., Baneshi, M. R., Sedighi, B., Kermanchi, J., & Haghdoost, A. A. (2019). Incidence of multiple sclerosis in Iran: a nationwide, population-based study. Public Health, 175, 138–144. [DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.07.013] [PMID]##Jakimovski, D., Dujmic, D., Hagemeier, J., Ramasamy, D. P., Bergsland, N., & Dwyer, M. G., et al. (2020). Late onset multiple sclerosis is associated with more severe ventricle expansion. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 46, 102588. [DOI:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102588] [PMID]##Janssens, A. C., van Doorn, P. A., de Boer, J. B., Kalkers, N. F., van der Meche, F. G., & Passchier, J., et al. (2003). Anxiety and depression influence the relation between disability status and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 9(4), 397–403. [DOI:10.1191/1352458503ms930oa] [PMID]##Karatepe, A. G., Kaya, T., Günaydn, R., Demirhan, A., Çe, P., & Gedizlioglu, M. (2011). Quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis: The impact of depression, fatigue, and disability. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 34(4), 290-298. [DOI:10.1097/MRR.0b013e32834ad479] [PMID]##Kim, G. M., Lim, J. Y., Kim, E. J., & Park, S. M. (2019). Resilience of patients with chronic diseases: A systematic review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(4), 797-807. [DOI:10.1111/hsc.12620] [PMID]##Koelmel, E., Hughes, A. J., Alschuler, K. N., & Ehde, D. M. (2017). Resilience mediates the longitudinal relationships between social support and mental health outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(6), 1139-1148. [DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2016.09.127] [PMID]##Litster, B., Fiest, K. M., Patten, S. B., Fisk, J. D., Walker, J. R., & Graff, L. A., et al. (2016). Screening tools for anxiety in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. International Journal of MS Care, 18(6), 273-281. [DOI:10.7224/1537-2073.2016-004] [PMID] ##Marrie, R. A., Reingold, S., Cohen, J., Stuve, O., Trojano, M., & Sorensen, P. S., et al. (2015). The incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 21(3), 305-317. [DOI:10.1177/1352458514564487] ##McKay, K. A., Tremlett, H., Fisk, J. D., Zhang, T., Patten, S. B., & Kastrukoff, L., et al. (2018). Psychiatric comorbidity is associated with disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 90(15), e1316-e1323. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000005302] [PMID] ##Min, J. A., Lee, C. U., & Chae, J. H. (2015). Resilience moderates the risk of depression and anxiety symptoms on suicidal ideation in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 56, 103-111. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.07.022] [PMID]##Mohaghegh, F., Moghaddasi, M., Eslami, M., Dadfar, M., & Lester, D. (2021). Disability and its association with psychological factors in multiple sclerosis patients. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 49, 102733. [DOI:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102733] [PMID]##Nakazawa, K., Noda, T., Ichikura, K., Okamoto, T., Takahashi, Y., & Yamamura, T., et al. (2018). Resilience and depression/anxiety symptoms in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 25, 309-315. [DOI:10.1016/j.msard.2018.08.023] [PMID]##Omani-Samani, R., Maroufizadeh, S., Ghaheri, A., & Navid, B. (2018). Generalized anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in people with infertility: A reliability and validity study. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 23(4), 446-449. [DOI:10.1016/j.mefs.2018.01.013]##Ouellet, C., Langlois, F., Provencher, M., & Gosselin, P. (2019). Intolerance of uncertainty and difficulties in emotion regulation: Proposal for an integrative model of generalized anxiety disorder. European Review of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 9-18. [DOI:10.1016/j.erap.2019.01.001]##Prakash, R. S., Schirda, B., Valentine, T. R., Crotty, M., & Nicholas, J. A. (2019). Emotion dysregulation in multiple sclerosis: Impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 36, 101399. 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Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy on the Psychological Security and Self-care Behaviors among Diabetes Patients 2 2 Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that increases the possibility of mental disorders due to physical problems. Therefore, psychological interventions such as diabetes self-care activities (DSCA) can probably create positive changes in the psychological activity indicators. Also, therapists have focused on improving these patients’ psychological security (PS). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) is a common method for improving PS and DSCA.   Methods: This quasi-experimental research aimed to explore the effectiveness of GCBT on the PS and DSCA in patients with T2DM. It was conducted with a pre-test -post-test design and a control group on 30 elderly female diabetic patients during the summer of 2023. The convenience sampling method was implemented to select subjects. They were randomly assigned into two groups (test and control) of 15 subjects. We used Maslow’s psychosocial security questionnaire and the self-care behavior questionnaire by Robert Thompson and Glasgow to collect study data.  Results: The results of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that GCBT significantly increased the PS and the DSCA in the patients with T2DM (P≤0.05). GCBT was effective in improving the PS and the DSCA of the patients with T2DM. The GCBT intervention with the protocol used in this study effectively increased PS and DSCA in patients with T2DM.  Conclusion: Therefore, GCBT can be used along with drug treatments for patients with T2DM. In addition, it is recommended that planners design programs based on this research to improve the PS and the DSCA of patients with T2DM. 113 128 2024/12/142025/01/212024/12/23 1403/10/3 2025/02/52025/03/122025/02/15 1403/11/27 Sima Farimanian Sima Farimanian Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Torbat-e-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran. Iran farimaniansima@gmail.com Mohammad Hossein Bayazi Mohammad Hossein Bayazi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Torbat-e-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran. Iran bayazi123@gmail.com Group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) Psychological security (PS) Self-care Patients with type II diabetes (T2DM) Abbas, Q., Latif, S., Ayaz Habib, H., Shahzad, S., Sarwar, U., & Shahzadi, M., et al. (2023). Cognitive behavior therapy for diabetes distress, depression, health anxiety, quality of life and treatment adherence among patients with type-II diabetes mellitus: A randomized control trial. 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The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation, Entrapment, and Depression Between Effortful Control, Rumination, and Suicidal Ideation 2 2 Objective: Depression and suicidal thoughts are severe issues in the field of mental health, and identifying factors affecting them can be a practical step to prevent them. This study examined the relationships between effortful control and rumination with suicidal ideation through mediation emotion regulation, entrapment, and depression. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design. The sample comprised university students (n=222, 75.4% women). Participants completed the effortful control scale, difficulty in emotion regulation scale-short form, entrapment scale, rumination-reflection scale, Beck scale for suicidal ideation, and Beck depression inventory.  Results: The results of the path analysis showed that the variables of rumination and effortful control had a significant effect on suicidal ideation through emotion regulation and depression. Furthermore, entrapment through depression affected suicidal ideation. The proposed model had good fit indices.  Conclusion: It seems that cognitive defects reduce the ability to regulate emotions and make individuals vulnerable to depression and suicidal ideation. The results indicate the importance of strengthening emotion regulation and effortful control to prevent depression and suicidal ideation. 129 142 2024/12/142025/01/212024/12/232024/11/20 1403/8/30 2025/02/52025/03/122025/02/152024/12/21 1403/10/1 Malahat Amani Malahat Amani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Iran m.amani@uma.ac.ir Zahra Heidari Zahra Heidari Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semanan, Iran. 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[DOI:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.12.006] [PMID] ##Wenzel, A., & Beck, A. T. (2008). A cognitive model of suicidal behavior: Theory and treatment. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12(4), 189-201. [DOI:10.1016/j.appsy.2008.05.001]##Wolff, J. C., Davis, S., Liu, R. T., Cha, C. B., Cheek, S. M., & Nestor, B. A., et al. (2018). Trajectories of suicidal ideation among adolescents following psychiatric hospitalization. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(2), 355-363. [DOI:10.1007/s10802-017-0293-6] [PMID] ##Yao, Y., Qiao, Z., Dong, F., & Ni, J. (2023). Role of rumination and hope on negative life events and suicidal ideation under the background of normalization of pandemic prevention and control: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 898580. [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2022.898580] [PMID] ##Zhang, N., Liu, W., Che, H., & Fan, X. (2023). 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Parental Grief After Child Homicide in Iran: Challenges and Integrated Intervention Development 2 2 Objective: Parents who lose a child due to a human factor, such as intentional homicide, experience profound and excruciating grief. The model of complicated grief is heavily influenced by culture, and this influence is even more pronounced in cases of grief resulting from homicide, which is tied to the criminal justice system—the present study aimed to conceptualize homicide-related grief in two phases. In the first phase, the researcher sought to understand the nature of grief among this group of bereaved parents. In the second phase, based on the qualitative analysis of the findings, an integrated intervention was developed to address the specific needs of these survivors and the content validity was assessed by specialists. Methods: This qualitative study employed a phenomenological approach and included parents who had lost their children to homicide. Participants were selected through purposive sampling from judicial courts in Gilan Province, Iran and the sample size was determined based on the data saturation criteria. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and the analysis followed Colaizzi’s seven-step method. Results: Qualitative analysis of the interviews in the first phase identified three main themes—intrapersonal, interpersonal, and unfamiliar context—along with 45 subthemes. In the second phase, an integrative homicide bereavement intervention (IHBI) was developed, consisting of three stages and 18 sessions. The content validity index and content validity ratio were 0.98 and 0.84, respectively. Conclusion: Bereaved parents who have lost a child to homicide face unique challenges that disrupt the healthy processing of grief-related emotions and significantly hinder their ability to carry out grief-related tasks. Based on the findings of this study, a specialized integrative grief intervention was developed to address the distinct needs of this group of survivors. The evaluation of expert opinions on this intervention indicates that it possesses acceptable content validity and can be utilized by therapists working with these survivors in judicial and law enforcement organizations. 143 158 2024/12/142025/01/212024/12/232024/11/202024/11/28 1403/9/8 2025/02/52025/03/122025/02/152024/12/212025/03/11 1403/12/21 Mohammad Reza Abdi Mohammad Reza Abdi Department of Counseling and Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran. Iran abdi.mreza@yahoo.com Abbas Zabihzadeh Abbas Zabihzadeh Department of Counseling and Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran. Iran zabihzadeh.a@gmail.com Mohammad Ali Rahmani Mohammad Ali Rahmani Department of Counseling and Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran. Iran rahmanima20@gmail.com Lived experience Grief Complicated grief Homicide Bereaved parents Abraham, D. M., & P, P. (2025). A methodological framework for descriptive phenomenological research. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 47(2), 125–134. [DOI:10.1177/01939459241308071] [PMID]##Alves-Costa, F., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., & Halligan, S. (2021). “Everything Changes”: Listening to homicidally bereaved individuals’ practice and intervention needs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5-6), NP2954-NP2974. [DOI:10.1177/0886260518766558] [PMID]##Armour, M. (2007). Violent death: Understanding the context of traumatic and stigmatized grief. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 14(4), 53-90. [DOI:10.1300/J137v14n04_04]##Asaro, M. R. (2001). Working with adult homicide survivors, Part II: Helping family members cope with murder. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 37(4), 115-136. [DOI:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2001.tb00643.x] [PMID]##Atwood, J. D., Schaefer-Schiumo, K., & Russo, A. (2023). The ultimate trauma: A murdered child counseling considerations. The Family Journal, 31(3), 406-416.‌ [DOI:10.1177/10664807231164420]##Berrozpe, J., Cantero-García, M., & Caro-Cañizares, I. (2024). Parental Grief After the Unexpected Death of a Child: A Scoping Review About the Impact on Parent’s Social Networks and the Function of Self-Help Groups. Omega, 302228241280336. Advance online publication. [DOI:10.1177/00302228241280336] [PMID]##Boelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., & Smid, G. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral variables mediate the impact of violent loss on post-loss psychopathology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 7(4), 382–390. [DOI:10.1037/tra0000018] [PMID]##Champion, M. J., & Kilcullen, M. (2023). Complicated grief following the traumatic loss of a child: A systematic review. Omega, 302228231170417. Advance online publication.[DOI:10.1177/00302228231170417] [PMID]##Chan, Z. C., Fung, Y., & Chien, W. T. (2013). Bracketing in Phenomenology: Only undertaken in the data collection and analysis process? The Qualitative Report, 18(30), 1-9.[DOI:10.46743/2160-3715/2013.1486]##Choi, H., & Cho, S. M. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder and complicated grief in bereaved parents of the Sewol Ferry disaster exposed to injustice following the loss. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(2), 163–170.[DOI:10.1177/0020764019894607] [PMID]##Costa, D. H. D., Njaine, K., & Schenker, M. (2017). Repercussions of homicide on victims’ families: A literature review. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 22(9), 3087–3097. [DOI:10.1590/1413-81232017229.18132016] [PMID]##DeYoung, R., & Buzzi, B. (2003). Ultimate coping strategies: The differences among parents of murdered or abducted, long-term missing children. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 47(4), 343-360. [DOI:10.2190/QYTT-GC1X-MNLX-6WLU]##Eagle, M. W. (2020). Homicidal loss and disenfranchised grief, mothers of murdered descendants: An exploratory qualitative study [PhD dissertation]. California: Pepperdine University. [Link]##Englebrecht, C., Mason, D. T., & Adams, M. J. (2014). The experiences of homicide victims’ families with the criminal justice system: An exploratory study. Violence and Victims, 29(3), 407-421.‌ [DOI:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00151] [PMID]##Feigelman, W., Jordan, J. R., & Gorman, B. S. (2011). Parental grief after a child’s drug death compared to other death causes: Investigating a greatly neglected bereavement population. Omega, 63(4), 291–316. [DOI:10.2190/OM.63.4.a] [PMID]##Frederickson, J. (2013). Co-Creating Change: Effective dynamic therapy techniques. US: Seven Leaves Press. [Link]##Frei-Landau, R., Abo-Mokh, I., & Sabar Ben-Yehoshua, N. (2023). Religious meaning-making among Muslim parents bereaved by homicide: Struggling to accept ‘God’s will and yearning for ‘Qayama’day. Heliyon, 9(9), e20246. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20246] [PMID] ##Gollwitzer, M., & Denzler, M. (2009). What makes revenge sweet: Seeing the offender suffer or delivering a message?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 840-844. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.001]##Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1982). Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. Educational Communication & Technology Journal, 30(4), 233–252. [DOI:10.1007/BF02765185]##Hava, D. (2024). An ecological review of homicide bereavement’s risk factors: Implications for future research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(1), 413-429.‌ [DOI:10.1177/15248380231155527] [PMID]##Huggins, C., & Hinkson, G. (2022). Signs of traumatic grief, lack of justice, magnitude of loss, and signs of resilience following the homicidal loss of their adult child among Caribbean Black mothers. Omega, 84(3), 914–934.‌ [DOI:10.1177/0030222820921013] [PMID]##Johnson, B. R. (2021). Five more minutes! A guide for parents who must navigate life after their child is murdered. Murrell's Inlet: Covenant Books, Incorporated. [Link]##Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. [Link]##Schmidt Kashka, M., & Beard, M. T. (1999). The grief of parents of murdered children: A suggested model for intervention. Holistic Nursing Practice, 14(1), 22-36.‌ [DOI:10.1097/00004650-199910000-00006] [PMID]##Mansoori, J., Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., Falsafinejad, M. R., & Kashani Vahid, L. (2023). Bereavement for a Loved Person: A look at the opinions and process of coping with grief in the covid-19 Era. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 11(3), 223-238. [DOI:10.32598/jpcp.11.3.746.4]##Milman, E., Neimeyer, R. A., Fitzpatrick, M., MacKinnon, C. J., Muis, K. R., & Cohen, S. R. (2019). Rumination moderates the role of meaning in the development of prolonged grief symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(6), 1047-1065.‌ [DOI:10.1002/jclp.22751] [PMID]##Mohamed Hussin, N. A., Aho, A. L., & Kylmä, J. (2024). Finding hope in finnish parents following the traumatic death of their child. Omega, 302228241272553. Advance online publication.[DOI:10.1177/00302228241272553] [PMID]##Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds III, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., & Fasiczka, A., et al. (1995). Inventory of complicated grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59(1-2), 65-79. [DOI:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02757-2] [PMID]##Reed, M. D., & Caraballo, K. (2022). Voice of the victims: Accounts of secondary victimization with the court system among homicide co-victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(13-14), NP10832-NP10861. [DOI:10.1177/0886260521989732] [PMID]##Reed, M. D., Dabney, D. A., Tapp, S. N., & Ishoy, G. A. (2020). Tense relationships between homicide co-victims and detectives in the wake of murder. 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Childhood Trauma and Identity Disturbance in Male Adolescents: Emotion Regulation and Executive Function as Mediators 2 2 Objective: The present study examined the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties and executive function deficits in the relationship between childhood traumas and identity disturbance in adolescent boys.  Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study utilizes a correlational design employing structural equation modeling. A sample of 311 adolescent boys from Yazd City, Iran, was included in the study (mean age=16.95 years) and selected through convenience and purposive sampling. Data were collected through a childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) (short form), cognitive abilities questionnaire and adolescent identity development questionnaire. Results: The final model indicated that the direct relationship between childhood trauma and identity disturbance was not significant. Instead, this relationship was mediated by executive function deficits and difficulties in emotion regulation. The direct relationship between childhood trauma and emotion regulation difficulty was not significant; instead, childhood trauma affected difficulties in emotion regulation through the mediation of executive function deficits. Therefore, in the relationship between childhood trauma and identity disturbance, emotion regulation functioned as a second-order mediating variable. Conclusion: Considering emotion regulation and executive functions in designing preventive and therapeutic interventions can be beneficial when working with adolescents experiencing identity disturbance and childhood traumatic experiences. 159 170 2024/12/142025/01/212024/12/232024/11/202024/11/282025/01/30 1403/11/11 2025/02/52025/03/122025/02/152024/12/212025/03/112025/03/1 1403/12/11 Alireza Fallah Tafti Alireza Fallah Tafti Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran alirezafallah1684@gmail.com Zoha Hajiha Zoha Hajiha Department of Clinical Psychology, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, School of behavioral sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran zo.hajiha@uswr.ac.ir Fereshte Momeni Fereshte Momeni Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychosis Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran momenipsy@gmail.com Mojtaba Dehghan Mojtaba Dehghan Department of Health Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mojtaba66dehqan@gmail.com Executive function Emotional regulation Identity disturbance Adverse childhood experiences Adolescent Back, S. N., Flechsenhar, A., Bertsch, K., & Zettl, M. (2021). Childhood traumatic experiences and dimensional models of personality disorder in DSM-5 and ICD-11: Opportunities and challenges. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(9), 60. [DOI:10.1007/s11920-021-01265-5] [PMID] ##Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., & Ahluvalia, T., et al. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169-190. [DOI:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0] [PMID]##Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., & Lundh, L. G., et al. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284-296. [DOI:10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x] [PMID] ##Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children’s development. Psychiatry, 56(1), 96-118. [DOI:10.1080/00332747.1993.11024624] [PMID]##Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005). Child maltreatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 409-438. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029] [PMID]##Dereboy, Ç., Şahin Demirkapı, E., Şakiroğlu, M., & Şafak Öztürk, C. (2018). [The relationship between childhood traumas, identity development, difficulties in emotion regulation, and psychopathology (Turkish)]. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 29(4), 269-278. [DOI:10.5080/u20463] [PMID]##Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750] [PMID] ##Ebrahimi, H., Dejkam, M., & Saqa-al-Islam, T. (2014). Childhood trauma and suicide attempts in adulthood. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 19(4), 275-282. [Link]##Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Rio Salado Pkwy: Norton. [Link]##Fallahi, V., Narimani, M., & Atadokht, A. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Brief Form (DERS-16) in a group of Iranian adolescents. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 29(5), 3721-3735. [DOI:10.18502/ssu.v29i5.6772]##Goth, K., Foelsch, P., Schlüter-Müller, S., Birkhölzer, M., Jung, E., & Pick, O., et al. (2012). Assessment of identity development and identity diffusion in adolescence-Theoretical basis and psychometric properties of the self-report questionnaire AIDA. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(1), 27. [DOI:10.1186/1753-2000-6-27] [PMID] ##Gratz, K. L., Bardeen, J. R., Levy, R., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2015). Mechanisms of change in an emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 65, 29-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.005] [PMID] ##Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion, 13(3), 359-365. [DOI:10.1037/a0032135] [PMID]##Hatano, K., Luyckx, K., Hihara, S., Sugimura, K., & Becht, A. I. (2022). Daily identity processes and emotions in young adulthood: A five-day daily-diary method. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(9), 1815-1828. [DOI:10.1007/s10964-022-01629-x] [PMID] ##Hatano, K., Sugimura, K., & Schwartz, S. J. (2018). Longitudinal links between identity consolidation and psychosocial problems in adolescence: Using bi-factor latent change and cross-lagged effect models. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(4), 717-730. [DOI:10.1007/s10964-017-0785-2] [PMID]##Kaufman, E. A., Montgomery, M. J., & Crowell, S. E. (2014). Identity-related dysfunction: Integrating clinical and developmental perspectives. Identity, 14(4), 297-311. [DOI:10.1080/15283488.2014.944699]##Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. Lanham: Jason Aronson. [Link]##Kernberg, O. F., & Caligor, E. (2005). A psychoanalytic theory of personality disorders. In M. F. Lenzenweger & J. F. Clarkin (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorder ( pp. 114-156). The New York: Guilford Press. [Link]##Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press. [Link]##Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press. [Link]##Lowe, D. (2017). Early childhood and development of a difficult sense of self: Can it hinder good relationships with others? Journal of Social & Psychological Sciences, 10(1), 47. [Link]##Meeus, W., van de Schoot, R., Keijsers, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Branje, S. (2010). On the progression and stability of adolescent identity formation: A five-wave longitudinal study in early-to-middle and middle-to-late adolescence. Child Development, 81(5), 1565–1581. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01492.x] [PMID]##Neacsiu, A. D., Eberle, J. W., Kramer, R., Wiesmann, T., & Linehan, M. M. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy skills for transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Behavior Research and Therapy, 59(12), 40-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.005] [PMID]##Neacsiu, A. D., Herr, N. R., Fang, C. M., Rodriguez, M. A., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2015). 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Perceived Parental Psychological Control and Social Anxiety Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Behavioral Inhibition 2 2 Objective: Due to the widespread prevalence of social anxiety and its considerable consequences, research in this area is imperative. The present study was conducted to examine the perceived parental psychological control (PPPC) and its relationship with social anxiety symptoms (SAS) with behavioral inhibition (BI), serving as a mediating factor among female university students in Tehran City, Iran. Methods: The research sample includes 300 Iranian female university students aged 18 to 25 selected through convenience sampling from April to August 2023. The data were collected by the dependent and achievement-oriented psychological control scales, the social phobia inventory, and the behavioral activation/inhibition scale. The obtained data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation and path analysis in SPSS software, version 26 and AMOS software, version 24. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between PPPC and SAS (P≤0.01), as well as BI (P≤0.01). The path analysis revealed that BI mediates between PPPC and SAS (P≤0.01). Conclusion: Findings show that PPPC is related to SAS, and BI plays a mediating role that can partially increase social anxiety in this relationship. 171 180 2024/12/142025/01/212024/12/232024/11/202024/11/282025/01/302025/01/16 1403/10/27 2025/02/52025/03/122025/02/152024/12/212025/03/112025/03/12025/03/11 1403/12/21 Yasamin Majidi Yasamin Majidi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran. Iran majidiyasamin@gmail.com Mohsen Kachooei Mohsen Kachooei Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran. Iran kachooei.m@gmail.com Social anxiety Parental psychological control Behavioral inhibition (BI) Female students Abaied, J. L., & Emond, C. (2013). 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A Structural Model of Substance Use Tendencies: The Impact of Childhood Trauma and the Mediating Role of Self-compassion 2 2 Objective: The tendency toward substance use is a significant societal concern that affects occupational performance, social functioning, and interpersonal relationships. The current research explored the relationship between childhood trauma and the propensity for substance use, focusing specifically on the mediating role of self-compassion. Methods: A correlational design, complemented by structural equation modeling (SEM), was employed to collect data from 350 students at Urmia University, Urmia City, Iran, during the 2023–2024 academic year. The participants completed validated questionnaires measuring substance use tendency, childhood trauma, and self-compassion.  Results: The findings indicated that childhood trauma had significant direct effects on both substance use tendency (B=0.43, P<0.005) and self-compassion (B=0.49, P<0.005). Self-compassion also significantly affected substance use tendencies (B=0.51, P<0.005). Conclusion: The outcomes indicated a notable indirect influence of childhood trauma on substance use tendencies via self-compassion, highlighting its function as a mediator and its potential as a focus for intervention strategies. 181 190 2024/12/142025/01/212024/12/232024/11/202024/11/282025/01/302025/01/162025/01/15 1403/10/26 2025/02/52025/03/122025/02/152024/12/212025/03/112025/03/12025/03/112025/03/7 1403/12/17 Saba Habibi Saba Habibi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Iran sabahabibi792@yahoo.com Esmaeil Soleimani Esmaeil Soleimani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Iran E.soleimani@urmia.ac.ir Shirin Zeinali Shirin Zeinali Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 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