2024 12 4 48 396

Countertransference Conceptualization From Freud to Era of Evidence-based Psychotherapies: A Conceptual Review 2 2 Objective: This study aims to explore the concept of countertransference from the early days of psychotherapy to the present.  Methods: Using a conceptual review method, this study examined articles and books in the domains of psychoanalysis and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) from Freud’s time to the contemporary era. The results encompassed definitions, theories, measurement methods, and management strategies related to countertransference.  Results: The results revealed three main perspectives on countertransference, classical, holistic, and process-oriented. Over time, perspectives on this phenomenon have evolved to include behavioral and cognitive elements, such as avoidance, and distorted views of patients as other manifestations of countertransference. Countertransference is now viewed as more than just a reaction that hinders treatment; it is also considered a diagnostic clue to the patient’s personality structure and a valuable tool for gaining insight into treatment. Diverse tools have been to define and assess countertransference. A process-oriented model of countertransference provides a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing predictors and consequences of countertransference. Managing countertransference is a goal in all psychotherapy approaches with different techniques.  Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the understanding of countertransference has evolved from its origins in psychoanalysis to a trans-theoretical concept embraced by various contemporary approaches. A process-oriented framework for countertransference may effectively integrate diverse theoretical perspectives on the subject. 297 306 2024/07/20 1403/4/30 2024/09/23 1403/7/2 Hamid Khanipour Hamid Khanipour Department of Psychology, Institute for Educational, Psychological and Social Research, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran h.khanipour@khu.ac.ir Fathemeh Yarahmadi Fathemeh Yarahmadi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran fateme.saki79@yahoo.com Countertransference Psychotherapy Psychoanalysis Projection identification Abargil, M., & Tishby, O. (2022). Countertransference awareness and treatment outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 69(5), 667-677. [DOI:10.1037/cou0000620] [PMID]##Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19-32. [DOI:10.1080/1364557032000119616]##Bandura, A., Lipsher, D. H., & Miller, P. E. (1960). Psychotherapists approach-avoidance reactions to patients’ expressions of hostility. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(1), 1-8. [DOI:10.1037/h0043403]##Barreto, J. F., & Matos, P. M. (2022). Attachment mismatches and alliance: Through the pitfalls of mentalizing countertransference. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 39(3), 276-279. [DOI:10.1037/pap0000410]##Bartholomew, T. T., Pérez-Rojas, A. E., Lockard, A. J., Joy, E. E., Robbins, K. A., & Kang, E., et al. (2021). Therapists’ cultural comfort and clients’ distress: An initial exploration. Psychotherapy, 58(2), 275-281. [DOI:10.1037/pst0000331] [PMID]##Colli, A., Gagliardini, G., & Gullo, S. (2022). Countertransference responses mediate the relationship between patients’ overall defense functioning and therapists’ interventions. Psychotherapy Research, 32(1), 32(1), 45–58. [DOI:10.1080/10503307.2021.1884768] [PMID]##Lederman, S., & Shefler, G. (2023). You can’t treat older people without “getting old” yourself: A grounded theory analysis of countertransference in psychotherapy with older adults. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 54(5), 352-360. [DOI:10.1037/pro0000523]##Eizirik, M., Polanczyk, G., Schestatsky, S., Jaeger, M. A., & Ceitlin, L. H. F. (2007). Countertransference in the initial care of victims of sexual and urban violence: A qualitative-quantitative research. Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, 29(2), 197-204. [DOI:10.1590/S0101-81082007000200011]##Falender, C. A., & Shafranske, E. P. (2014). Clinical supervision: The state of the art. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(11), 1030-1041. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.22124] [PMID]##Fauth, J. (2006). Toward more (and better) countertransference research. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 43(1), 16–31. [DOI:10.1037/0033-3204.43.1.16] [PMID] ##Fauth, J., & Williams, E. N. (2005). The in-session self-awareness of therapist-trainees: Hindering or helpful? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 443-447. [DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.443]##Freud, S. (1958). [The future prospects of psycho-analytic therapy. In: S. Freud (Eds). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, (pp. 139-152). London: Hogarth Press. [Link]##Gabbard, G. O. (2001). A contemporary psychoanalytic model of countertransference. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(8), 983-991. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.1065] [PMID]##Gelso, C. J., Latts, M. G., Gomez, M. J., & Fassinger, R. E. (2002). Countertransference management and therapy outcome: An initial evaluation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(7), 861-867. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.2010] [PMID]##Gelso, C. J., & Kline, K. V. (2022). Some directions for research and theory on countertransference. Psychotherapy Research, 32(1), 59–64. [DOI:10.1080/10503307.2021.1968529] [PMID] ##Hayes, J. A. (1995). Countertransference in group psychotherapy: Waking a sleeping dog. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 45(4), 521-535. [DOI:10.1080/00207284.1995.11491301] [PMID]##Hayes, J. A. (2004). The inner world of the psychotherapist: A program of research on countertransference. Psychotherapy Research, 14(1), 21-36. [DOI:10.1093/ptr/kph002] [PMID] ##Hayes, J. A., & Gelso, C. J. (2001). Clinical implications of research on countertransference: Science informing practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(8), 1041-1051. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.1072] [PMID]##Hayes, J. A., Nelson, D. L. B., & Fauth, J. (2015). Countertransference in successful and unsuccessful cases of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 52(1), 127-133. [DOI:10.1037/a0038827] [PMID]##Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., Goldberg, S., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2018). Countertransference management and effective psychotherapy: Meta-analytic findings. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 496-507. [DOI:10.1037/pst0000189] [PMID]##Hayes, J. A., McCracken, J. E., McClanahan, M. K., Hill, C. E., Harp, J. S., & Carozzoni, P. (1998). Therapist perspectives on countertransference: Qualitative data in search of a theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(4), 468-482. [DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.45.4.468]##Hofsess, C. D., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2010). Countertransference as a prototype: The development of a measure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 52-67. [DOI:10.1037/a0018111] [PMID]##Houshangi, H., Khanipour, H., & Farahani, M. N. (2023). Therapist attitudes and countertransference as predictors of professional quality of life and burnout among psychotherapists. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 23(2), 461-468. [DOI:10.1002/capr.12523]##Kiesler, D.J. (1979). An interpersonal communication analysis of relationship in psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 42, 299-311. [DOI:10.1080/00332747.1979.11024034]##Klein, M. (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 27, 99–110. [PMID]##Ladany, N., Constantine, M. G., Miller, K., Erickson, C. D., & Muse-Burke, J. L. (2000). Supervisor countertransference: A qualitative investigation into its identification and description. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 102-115. [DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.102]##Leahy, R. L. (2003). Overcoming resistance in cognitive therapy. New York: Guilford Publications. [Link]##Ligiéro, D. P., & Gelso, C. J. (2002). Countertransference, attachment, and the working alliance: The therapist’s contribution. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 39(1), 3-11. [DOI:10.1037/0033-3204.39.1.3]##Machado, D. D. B., Coelho, F. M. D. C., Giacomelli, A. D., Donassolo, M. A. L., Abitante, M. S., & Dall'Agnol, T., et al. (2014). Systematic review of studies about countertransference in adult psychotherapy. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 36(4), 173-185. [DOI:10.1590/2237-6089-2014-1004]##McClure, B. A., & Hodge, R. W. (1987). Measuring countertransference and attitude in therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 24(3), 325–335. [DOI:10.1037/h0085723]##Najavits, L. M., Griffin, M. L., Luborsky, L., Frank, A., Weiss, R. D., & Liese, B. S., et al. (1995). Therapists’ emotional reactions to substance abusers: A new questionnaire and initial findings. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32(4), 669-677. [DOI:10.1037/0033-3204.32.4.669]##Ogden, T. H. (1992). Comments on transference and countertransference in the initial analytic meeting. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 12(2), 225-247. [DOI:10.1080/07351699209533894]##Parth, K., Datz, F., Seidman, C., & Löffler-Stastka, H. (2017). Transference and countertransference: A review. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 81(2), 167-211. [DOI:10.1521/bumc.2017.81.2.167] [PMID]##Peabody, S. A., & Gelso, C. J. (1982). Countertransference and empathy: The complex relationship between two divergent concepts in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(3), 240-245. [DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.29.3.240]##Ponton, R. F., & Sauerheber, J. D. (2014). Supervisee countertransference: A holistic supervision approach. Counselor Education and Supervision, 53(4), 254-266. [DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2014.00061.x]##Prasko, J., Diveky, T., Grambal, A., Kamaradova, D., Mozny, P., & Sigmundova, Z., et al. (2010). Transference and countertransference in cognitive behavioral therapy. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, 154(3), 189–197. [DOI:10.5507/bp.2010.029] [PMID]##Prasko, J., Ociskova, M., Vanek, J., Burkauskas, J., Slepecky, M., & Bite, I., et al. (2022). Managing transference and countertransference in cognitive behavioral supervision: Theoretical framework and clinical application. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 2129–2155. [DOI:10.2147/PRBM.S369294] [PMID]##Robbins, S. B., & Jolkovski, M. P. (1987). Managing countertransference feelings: An interactional model using awareness of feeling and theoretical framework. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(3), 276-282. [DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.34.3.276]##Rocco, D., De Bei, F., Negri, A., & Filipponi, L. (2021). The relationship between self-observed and other-observed countertransference and session outcome. Psychotherapy, 58(2), 301-309. [DOI:10.1037/pst0000356] [PMID]##Rosenberger, E. W., & Hayes, J. A. (2002). Therapist as subject: A review of the empirical countertransference literature. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(3), 264-270. [DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00190.x]##Rossberg, J. I., Karterud, S., Pedersen, G., & Friis, S. (2007). An empirical study of countertransference reactions toward patients with personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(3), 225-230. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.02.002] [PMID]##Sandler, J. (1976). Countertransference and role-responsiveness. International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 3(1), 43-47. [Link]##Soulié, T., Bell, E., Jenkin, G., Sim, D., & Collings, S. (2020). Systematic exploration of countertransference phenomena in the treatment of patients at risk for suicide. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 24(1), 96–118. [DOI:10.1080/13811118.2018.1506844] [PMID]##Summers, F. (2014). Object relations theories and psychopathology: A comprehensive text. New York: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781315803395]##Tanzilli, A., Colli, A., Del Corno, F., & Lingiardi, V. (2016). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Therapist Response Questionnaire. Personality Disorders, 7(2), 147–158. [DOI:10.1037/per0000146] [PMID]##Tanzilli, A., Lingiardi, V., & Hilsenroth, M. (2018). Patient SWAP-200 personality dimensions and FFM traits: Do they predict therapist responses? Personality Disorders, 9(3), 250–262. [DOI:10.1037/per0000260] [PMID]##Tanzilli, A., Muzi, L., Ronningstam, E., & Lingiardi, V. (2017). Countertransference when working with narcissistic personality disorder: An empirical investigation. Psychotherapy, 54(2), 184-194. [DOI:10.1037/pst0000111]##Tishby, O., & Wiseman, H. (2022). Countertransference types and their relation to rupture and repair in the alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 32(1), 29-44. [DOI:10.1080/10503307.2020.1862934] [PMID]##Van Wagoner, S. L., Gelso, C. J., Hayes, J. A., & Diemer, R. A. (1991). Countertransference and the reputedly excellent therapist. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 28(3), 411-421. [DOI:10.1037/0033-3204.28.3.411]##Westerling, T. W. III, Drinkwater, R., Laws, H., Stevens, H., Ortega, S., & Goodman, D., et al. (2019). Patient attachment and therapist countertransference in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 36(1), 73-81. [DOI:10.1037/pap0000215]##Yulis, S., & Kieser, D. J. (1968). Countertransference response as a function of therapist anxiety and content of patient talk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32(4), 413-419. [DOI:10.1037/h0026107]##Zittel Conklin, C., & Westen, D. (2003). Therapist response questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta. [Link]## ##

Causal Relationship of Social Health and Meaning in Life With Suicidal Thoughts in Iranian Adolescents Mediated by Perceived Social Support 2 2 Objective: The present study was conducted to explain the causal relationship between social health and finding meaning in life with suicidal thoughts in adolescents living in welfare organizations by evaluating the mediating role of perceived social support (PSS).  Methods: The sample included 320 adolescents covered by Tehran’s State Welfare Organization (SWO), who were selected by multistage cluster sampling and participated in the research. The current study was descriptive and correlational (using structural equation modeling [SEM]). The data were collected using the social health questionnaire, the meaning in life questionnaire (MLQ), and the multidimensional scale of PSS (MSPSS) and were analyzed using SPSS software, version 22 and Amos software, version 24. Results: The direct path coefficient (PC) of social health (β=0.478, P>0.01), finding meaning in life (β=0.311, P>0.01), and PSS (β=0.427, P>0.01) with suicidal thoughts was negative and significant. The indirect path coefficient (PC) between social health (β=0.192, P=0.001) and finding meaning in life (β=0.111, P=0.001) with suicidal thoughts were negative and significant.  Conclusion: The structural model of the research was the same in terms of fit with the data of two groups of girls and boys. Adolescents covered by the SWO are more vulnerable to suicide due to their special experiences. The meaning of life and social connections can reduce suicidal thoughts in adolescents and act as protective factors. 307 322 2024/07/202024/10/8 1403/7/17 2024/09/232024/10/15 1403/7/24 Rezvaneh Namazi Yousefi Rezvaneh Namazi Yousefi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran mrs.rezvanehnamazi@gmail.com Rahim Davari Rahim Davari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Iran dr.davari-rahim@yahoo.com Marjan Jafari Roshan Marjan Jafari Roshan Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran marjan.jafariroshan@gmail.com Suicidal thoughts Social health Finding meaning in life Perceived social support (PSS) ## ##

The Mediating Role of Health Anxiety in Explaining Personality Dimensions and Death Anxiety in the Elderly 2 2 Objective: The elderly are associated with challenges, such as physical diseases, increased health anxiety (HA), and death anxiety (DA). The present study was conducted to develop a causal model of DA in the elderly living in nursing homes based on personality dimensions (PDs) mediated by HA and with the moderating role of gender.  Methods: The present research was conducted by correlation method and using path analysis. The statistical population of the research included all elderly living in private nursing homes in Tehran City, Iran in the summer and autumn of 2023, of which, 340 people were selected by the convenience sampling method. During one session and individually, the participants responded to the Templer DA scale (DAS) (1970), the short HA inventory (SHAI), and the HEXACO personality inventory-revised (HEXACO-PI-R).  Results: The results showed that the path coefficient (PC) between extraversion (β=-0.054, P=0.001), conscientiousness (β=-0.058, P=0.001), humility (P=0.001, β=-0.248), and emotionality (P=0.001, β=0.152) were significant with DA. The PC of HA (β=0.241, P=0.001) was significant with DA. Indirect PC of extraversion (P=0.001, β=0.054), conscientiousness (β=0.058, P=0.001), humility (P=0.049, β=0.023) and emotionality (P=0.001, β=0.038) were significant with DA.  Conclusion: HA mediates the relationship between PDs and DA. The research model was different in terms of fit with the data of two groups of women and men. 323 334 2024/07/202024/10/82024/10/5 1403/7/14 2024/09/232024/10/152024/10/15 1403/7/24 Mahjoubeh Zanganeh Gheshlaghi Mahjoubeh Zanganeh Gheshlaghi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran zanganehmahjoubeh@gmail.com Mahdieh Salehi Mahdieh Salehi Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran mah.salehi@iauctb.ac.ir Marjan Jafari Roshan Marjan Jafari Roshan Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran marjan.jafariroshan@gmail.com Death anxiety (DA) Personality dimensions (PDs) Health anxiety (HA) Elderly Amani, M., & Ghodrati, S. (2023). The mediating role of coping strategies in the relationship between personality traits and perceived stress with health anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 25(3), 1-9. [Link]##American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Association. [Link]##Asadi, L., Seyrafi, M., & Ahadi, M. (2023). [The effectiveness of existential therapy on health anxiety, loneliness, and death anxiety in the elderly (Persian)]. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 66(1). [DOI:10.22038/mjms.2022.66447.3919]##Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & de Vries, R. E. (2014). The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors: a review of research and theory. Personality and social psychology review: an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc., 18(2), 139-152. [DOI:10.1177/1088868314523838]##Axelsson, E., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2022). Health anxiety. Comprehensive Clinical Psychology, 422-439. [DOI:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00231-4]## Bahar, A., Shahriary, M., & Fazlali, M. (2021). Effectiveness of logotherapy on death anxiety, hope, depression, and proper use of glucose control drugs in diabetic patients with depression. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12, 6. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_553_18] [PMID]##Bai, Y., Bian, F., Zhang, L., & Cao, Y. (2020). The impact of social support on the health of the rural elderly in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2004. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17062004]##Aan de Stegge, B. M., Tak, L. M., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Oude Voshaar, R. C. (2018). Death anxiety and its association with hypochondriasis and medically unexplained symptoms: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 115, 58-65. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.10.002] [PMID]##Davey, G. C., & Wells, A. (2008). Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [Link]##Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004). Brief report: Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(6), 835-842. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0]##El-Gabalawy, R., Mackenzie, C. S., Thibodeau, M. A., Asmundson, G. J., & Sareen, J. (2013). Health anxiety disorders in older adults: Conceptualizing complex conditions in late life. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1096-1105. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.010] [PMID]##Ghassempour, H., Darzi Azadboni, M., Mirzaian, B., Sangani, A., & Shakerian, S. (2022). [Modeling of early maladaptive schemas on adherence to treatment with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation and resilience in coronary heart patients (Persian)]. Journal of Nursing Education, 11(4), 13-24. [Link]##Ghiasi, Z., Alidadi, A., Payandeh, A., Emami, A., & Lotfinia, S. (2021). Health-related quality of life and death anxiety among hemodialysis patients. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 23(2), e98400. [DOI:10.5812/zjrms.98400]##Glasser, W. (2019). A choice theory psychology guide to happiness: How to make yourself happy. William Glasser Institute. [Link]##Gonzatti, V., Cunha, A. M., Bastos, A. G., de Lima Argimon, I. I., Tatay, C. M., & Irigaray, T. Q.(2018). Personality factors in adults and the elderly: A comparative study. Avaliaçao Psicologica: Interamerican Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16(3), 256-260. [Link]##Heidari, M., Ghodusi Borujeni, M., & Naseh, L. (2016). [Comparison of self-efficacy and loneliness between community-dwelling & institutionalized older people (Persian)]. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(1),142-151. [DOI:10.21859/sija-1101142]##Haroon, W., Khawaja, A. O., & Ghayas, S. (2018). Ego integrity, physical health status and death anxiety in older adults. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 28(1), 18-32. [Link]##Jangi Jahantigh, L., Latifi, Z., & Soltanizadeh, M. (2022). [Effect of self-healing training on death anxiety and sleep quality of older women living in nursing homes (Persian)]. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 17(3), 380-397. [DOI:10.32598/sija.2022.3319.1]##Kardes, V. C., Fidan, F., & Yiğit, M. (2022). Evaluation of the relationship between death anxiety and personality traits in hospitalized patients with covid-19. Ankara Medical Journal, 22(4), 485-498. [DOI:10.5505/amj.2022.15679]##Karimi, H., & Minaei, A. (2016).[ Psychometric characteristics and factor structure of Hexaco personality questionnaire and comparison of its relationship with five main personality factors among female and male students in Tehran (Persian)]. Psychometry, 6(22), 43-58. [Link]##Kesebir, P. (2014). A quiet ego quiets death anxiety: Humility as an existential anxiety buffer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 610–623. [DOI:10.1037/a0035814] [PMID]##Khayat, K., Tajeri, B., Pashang, S., & Malihiolzakereini, S. (2018). [Mediating role of life satisfaction in relationship between personality factors and death anxiety in the elderly (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 16(2), 189-197. [Link]##Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications. [Link]##Krause, N. (2012). Religious involvement, humility, and change in self-rated health over time. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 40(3), 199-210. [DOI:10.1177/009164711204000303]##Krause, N., Pargament, K. I., & Ironson, G. (2020). Assessing the relationships among spiritual social support, stress, and anxiety: Does extraversion also play a role in the coping process? Current Psychology, 39, 307-314. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-017-9764-8]##Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO-100. Assessment, 25(5), 543-556. [DOI:10.1177/1073191116659134] [PMID]##Lebel, S., Mutsaers, B., Tomei, C., Leclair, C. S., Jones, G., & Petricone-Westwood, D., et al. (2020). Health anxiety and illness-related fears across diverse chronic illnesses: A systematic review on conceptualization, measurement, prevalence, course, and correlates. Plos One, 15(7), e0234124. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0234124] [PMID]##López-Martínez, A. E., Ramírez-Maestre, C., Serrano-Ibáñez, E. R., Ruiz-Párraga, G. T., & Esteve, R. (2022). Intolerance of uncertainty moderates the relationship between catastrophizing, anxiety, and perceived pain in people with chronic nononcological pain. Pain Medicine, 23(10), 1793-1799. [DOI:10.1093/pm/pnac030] [PMID]##Majdara,, E., Bigdeli,, I., Najafi,, M., & Rashn,, S. (2016). [Direct and indirect impact of effects on anxiety and depression in elderly: The mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8(2), 89-98. [DOI:10.22075/jcp.2017.2239] ##Mock, C. E. (2021). Negative affectivity, emotional complexity and age as they relate to death and aging anxiety [PhD dissertation]. Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University. [Link]##Moulaei, K., Haghdoost, A. A., Bahaadinbeigy, K., & Dinari, F. (2023). The effect of the holy Quran recitation and listening on anxiety, stress, and depression: A scoping review on outcomes. Health Science Reports, 6(12), e1751. [DOI:10.1002/hsr2.1751] [PMID]##Myers, N. D., Celimli, S., Martin, J. J., & Hancock, G. R. (2016). Sample size determination and power estimation in structural equation modeling. In: N. An introduction to intermediate and advanced statistical analyses for sport and exercise scientists (pp. 267-284). [Link]##Nargesi, F., Izadi, F., Kariminejad, K., & Rezaii Sharif, A. (2017). [The investigation of the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Health anxiety questionnaire in students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (Persian)]. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 8(27), 147-160. [DOI:10.22054/jem.2017.19621.1495]##Nikčević, A. V., Marino, C., Kolubinski, D. C., Leach, D., & Spada, M. M. (2021). Modeling the contribution of the Big Five personality traits, health anxiety, and COVID-19 psychological distress to generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 578-584. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.053]##Noroziyan, K., & Peyadekoohsar, A. (2022). [Prediction of death anxiety based on personality traits and god-image in patients with covid-19 (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 20(2), 204-219. [DOI:10.52547/rbs.20.2.204]##Rafezi, Z. (2022). [Predicting elderly death anxiety based on personality traits: The mediating role of forgiveness (Persian)]. Mental Health and Culture, 1(1), 15-31. [Link]##Rajabi, G., & Naderi Nobandegani, Z. (2020). Reliability and validity of the Persian version of reasons for death fear scale. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 9-16. [DOI:10.32598/jpcp.8.1.9]##Safari, H., Bahrainian, S., & Ghanifar, M. H. (2022). [Health anxiety and related factors to it in recovered hospitalized elderly patients with Covid-19 (Persian)]. The Journals of Gerontology, 7(3), 45-55. [DOI:10.22034/JOGE.7.3.45]##Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M., & Clark, D. M. (2002). The health anxiety inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32(5), 843–853.[DOI:10.1017/S0033291702005822] [PMID]##Söğütlü, L., & Göktaş, S. Ş. (2021). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on health anxiety, death anxiety and somatic symptoms in university students. Journal of Contemporary Medicine, 11(3), 323-329. [DOI:10.16899/jcm.878671]##Tabe bordbar, F., Esmaeili, M., & Asadi, R. (2019). [The prediction of death anxiety in the elderly based on personality types and mental health (Persian)]. Aging Psychology, 5(3), 239-249. [DOI:10.22126/jap.2019.4788.1374]##Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of General Psychology, 82(2), 165-177. [Link]"##Thielsch, C., Andor, T., & Ehring, T. (2015). Metacognition, intolerance of uncertainty and worry: An investigation in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 94- 98. [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.004]##Veisi, R., Kakabarai, K., Chehri, A., & Arefi, M. (2023). The role of death anxiety as a mediator in the relationship between personality types and psychological well-being in coronavirus disease-2019 patients. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 12(1), 104. [DOI:10.4103/jehp.jehp_195_22] [PMID]##Weston, R., & Gore, P. A. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719-751. [DOI:10.1177/0011000006286345]## ##

The Impact of Modern Technology on Learning and Retention Outcomes in Elementary School Mathematics 2 2 Objective: This study aims to investigate the application of modern educational software (MES) in the mathematics classroom environment to the learning and retention process. Methods: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population included 18794 fourth-grade female students in the elementary school in 2020-2021 in Mashhad City, Iran. Then the test group was taught using the creative technology program (CTP) in six sessions, and the control group was taught the traditional teaching method in six sessions. At the end of the training, math tests were performed in the test and control groups and the scores of the two groups were compared to measure learning. Then, two months later, to measure the amount of retention in the two groups, the math test was repeated and the results were compared with the pre-test results. Results: Based on the results, the CTP has a significant effect on learning and teaching mathematics to fourth-grade elementary students in Mashhad City. Conclusion: With the advancement of fundamentals of education, the implication of educational software has proved more favorable effects than traditional systems in education and has a higher success rate. 335 344 2024/07/202024/10/82024/10/52024/06/28 1403/4/8 2024/09/232024/10/152024/10/152024/09/29 1403/7/8 Khadije Fadaei Moghadam Khadije Fadaei Moghadam Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Taybad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Taybad, Iran. Iran drmrrazavi@gmail.com Majid Reza Razavi Majid Reza Razavi Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Taybad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Taybad, Iran. Iran drmrrazavi@gmail.com Media in education Elementary education Gender studies Improving classroom teaching Akintayo, O. T., Eden, C. A., Ayeni, O. O., & Onyebuchi, N. C. (2024). Evaluating the impact of educational technology on learning outcomes in the higher education sector: A systematic review. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 6(5), 1395-1422. [DOI:10.51594/ijmer.v6i5.1091]##Alevriadou, A., & Pavlidou, K. (2014). Teachers’ beliefs about the factors affecting the positive outcome of intervention in managing challenging behaviors of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 132-136. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.344]##Alimisis, D. (2019). Teacher training in educational robotics: The ROBOESL Project paradigm. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24 (2), 279-290. [DOI:10.1007/s10758-018-9357-0]##Atiyah, J. M., Sherbiny, M. E. l., & Guirguis, K. S. (2015). Evaluation of E-learning program versus traditional education instruction for undergraduate. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(7), 123-135. [Link]##Baig, M. I., Yadegaridehkordi, E. (2023). Flipped classroom in higher education: a systematic literature review and research challenges. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 61. [DOI:10.1186/s41239-023-00430-5]##Barbetta, P. M. (2023). Technologies as tools to increase active learning during online highereducation instruction. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 51(3), 317-339. [DOI:10.1177/00472395221143969]##Bastable, S. (2008). Nurse educator principles of teaching and learning for nursing practice. Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. [Link]##Chevalier, M., Giang, C., El-Hamamsy, L., Bonnet, E., Papaspyros, V., & Pellet, J. P., et al. (2022). The role of feedback and guidance as intervention methods to foster computational thinking in educational robotics learning activities for primary school. Computers and Education, 180, 104431. [DOI:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104431]##Criollo-C, S., González-Rodríguez, M., Guerrero-Arias, A., Urquiza-Aguiar, L. F., & Luján-Mora, S. (2023). A review of emerging technologies and their acceptance in higher education. Education Sciences, 14(1), 10. [DOI:10.3390/educsci14010010]##Deldar, H., Razavi, M. R., & Nia, F. (2022). [The effect of media literacy training on the use of social networks and improving the emotional maturity of senior high school students (Persian)]. Technology of Education Journal (TEJ), 16(2), 401-412. [DOI:10.22061/tej.2022.7753.2579]##Denbel, D. G. (2014). Students’ learning experiences when using a dynamic geometry software tool in a geometry lesson at secondary school in Ethiopia. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(34), 1-16. [Link]##Gunduz, N., & Hursen, C. (2015). Constructivism in teaching and learning: Content analysis evaluation. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, 526-533. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.640]##Ehsanpur, S., & Razavi, M. R. (2020). A Comparative analysis of learning, retention, learning and study strategies in the traditional and M-learning systems. European Review of Applied Psychology, 70(6), 100605. [DOI:10.1016/j.erap.2020.100605]##Gonabadi, F., & Razavi, M. R. (2021). The effect of online mindfulness training and integrative training of emotional competencies on psychological well-being of teachers. The Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 17(4), 65-82. [Link]##Hadley, K. M., & Dorward, J. (2011). The relationship among elementary teachers mathematics’ anxiety, mathematics instructional practices, and student mathematics achievement. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 5(2), 27-44. [Link]##Hartley, C., Bird, L. A., & Monaghan, P. (2020). Comparing cross-situational word learning, retention, and generalisation in children with autism and typical development. Cognition, 200, 104265. [DOI:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104265] [PMID]##Hraste, M., De Giorgio, A., Jelaska, P. M., Padulo, J., & Granić, I. (2018). When mathematics meets physical activity in the school-aged child: The effect of an integrated motor and cognitive approach to learning geometry. PLoS One, 13(8), e0196024. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0196024] [PMID]##Jangi Sangani, N., & Razavi, M. R. (2024). Investigating the relationship between the use of social media, educational decline, and student mental health. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 12(2), 123-136. [DOI:10.32598/jpcp.12.2.918.2]##Hung, H. T. (2015). Flipping the classroom for english language learners to foster active learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28, 81-96. [DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2014.967701]##Kim, S. J., Choi, S. H., Lee, S. W., Hong, Y. S., & Cho, H. (2011). The analysis of self and tutor assessment in the skill of basic life support (BLS) and endotracheal intubation: Focused on the discrepancy in assessment. Resuscitation, 82(6), 743-748. [DOI:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.01.031] [PMID]##Kondratieva, M. (2013). Geometrical Constructions in Dynamic and Interactive Mathematics Learning Environment. Mevlana International Journal of Education, Special Issue: Dynamic and Interactive Mathematics Learning Environment, 3(3), 50-63. [DOI:10.13054/mije.si.2013.06]##Lee, Y., Hsiao, C., & Ho, C. H. (2014). The effects of various multimedia instructional materials on students’ learning responses and outcomes: A comparative test study. Computers in Human Behavior 40, 119-132. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.041]##Lessani, A., Yunus, A. S., & Bakar, K. B. A. (2017). Comparison of New mathematics teaching methods with traditional methods. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences 3(2), 1285-1297. [DOI:10.20319/pijss.2017.32.12851297]##Light, G., Calkins, S. C., & Cox, R. (2009). Learning and teaching in higher education: The reflective professional. California: Sage. [Link]##Mahayukti, G. A. (2018). The effectiveness of mathematics software aided learning tool with performance assessment on student independence and student learning outcomes. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 1040, International Conference on Mathematics and Natural Sciences (IConMNS 2017), Bali, Indonesia, 6–7 September 2017. [Link]##Partovi, T., & Razavi, M. R. (2019). The effect of game-based learning on academic achievement motivation of elementary school students. Learning and Motivation, 68, 101592. [DOI:10.1016/j.lmot.2019.101592]##Perez, E., Manca, S., Fernández-Pascual, R., & Mc Guckin, C. (2023). A systematic review of social media as a teaching and learning tool in higher education: A theoretical grounding perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 28(9), 11921-11950. [DOI:10.1007/s10639-023-11647-2]##Razavi, M. R. (2021). Gender differences in the effect of virtual social networks use on students’ academic performance. Current Psychology, 40, 744-750. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-018-9991-7]##Saffariantoosi, K., & Khaleghi, M. R. (2024). The mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior in the relationship between career self-efficacy and career success among construction project managers in Mashhad. Current Psychology, 43, 23971–23984. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-024-06127-w]##Sapounidis, T., & Alimisis, D. (2020). Educational robotics for stem: A review of Technologies and some educational considerations. In Science and mathematics education for 21st century citizens: Challenges and ways forward (pp. 167-190). Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers. [Link]##Sedrakyan, G., Malmberg, J., Verbert, K., Jarvela, S., & Kirschner, P. A. (2020). Linking learning behavior analytics and learning science concepts: Designing a learning analytics dashboard for feedback to support learning regulation. Computer in Human Behavior 107, 222-234. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.004]##Shaughnessy, M. F., Alan, C., Cheung, K., & Slavin, R. E. (2013). Interview with Alan C. K. Cheung and Robert E. Slavin. Educational Technology, 53(1), 45-48. [Link]##Siemens, G. (2006). Knowing Knowledge. Morrisville: Lulu Press. [Link]##Spears, A.Y. (2011). Investigating SMART Board technology for mathematics education to improve the learning of digital native students [PhD dissertation]. St. Charles: Lindenwold University. [Link]##Taghani, A., & Razavi, M. R. (2022). The effect of metacognitive skills training of study strategies on academic self-efficacy and academic engagement and performance of female students in Taybad. Current Psychology, 41(12), 8784-8792. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-020-01278-y]##Vlach, H. A., & DeBrock, C. A. (2019). Statistics learned are statistics forgotten: Children’s retention and retrieval of cross-situational word learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45(4), 700–711. [DOI:10.1037/xlm0000611] [PMID]##Weast, R. A., & Neiman, N. G. (2016). The effect of cognitive load and meaning on motivation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 26(5), 789-902. [Link]##Witte, K., De Haelemans, C., & Rogge, N. (2015). The effectiveness of a computer-assisted math learning program. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 31(4), 314-329. [DOI:10.1111/jcal.12090]##Zhang, Q., Zeng, T., Chen, Y., & Li, X. (2012). Assisting undergraduate nursing students to learn evidence-based practice through self-directed learning and workshop strategies during clinical practicum. Nurse Education Today, 32(5), 570-575. [DOI:10.1016/j.nedt.2011.05.018] [PMID]## ##

Effectiveness of Group Cognitive-behavioral Therapy on the Psychological Security of Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus 2 2 Objective: Type 2 diabetes is an endocrine disease, the management of which is considered one of the necessities of medical science. Therefore, in recent years, improving the psychological security (PS) of these patients has been the focus of therapists. Group cognitive behavioral therapy (GCBT) is one of the common methods to improve PS. The present study aims to investigate the effects of GCBT on the PS in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM).  Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The sample included 30 elderly female patients with T2DM who visited a counseling center in Fariman City, Iran. Subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method. The study was conducted during August-September 2023. The subjects were assigned randomly into test (15) and control (15) groups. The test group received eight sessions of GCBT (90 minutes). Data were collected using Maslow’s psychosocial security questionnaire, at the pre-test and post-test. Results: The results of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that GCBT significantly increased the PS in patients with T2DM (P≤0.05). GCBT was effective in improving the PS of the patients with T2DM.  Conclusion: This method can be used by psychiatrists and healthcare providers to enhance PS in patients with T2DM. The GCBT intervention with the protocol used in this study is effective in increasing PS in patients with T2DM. Therefore, GCBT can be used along with drug treatments for patients with T2DM. In addition, it is recommended that planners design programs to improve the PS of patients with T2DM based on this research. 345 360 2024/07/202024/10/82024/10/52024/06/282024/05/27 1403/3/7 2024/09/232024/10/152024/10/152024/09/292024/07/23 1403/5/2 Sima Farimanian Sima Farimanian Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Torbat-e-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran. Iran Statisticman2018@gmail.com Mohammad Hossein Bayazi Mohammad Hossein Bayazi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Torbat-e-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran. Iran drmhbayazi1@gmail.com Group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) Psychological security (PS) Patients with type II diabetes (T2DM) Abbas, Q., Latif, S., Ayaz Habib, H., Shahzad, S., Sarwar, U., & Shahzadi, M., et al. (2023). Cognitive behavior therapy for diabetes distress, depression, health anxiety, quality of life and treatment adherence among patients with type-II diabetes mellitus: A randomized control trial. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 86. [DOI:10.1186/s12888-023-04546-w] [PMID]##Adams, R. N., Athinarayanan, S. J., McKenzie, A. L., Hallberg, S. J., McCarter, J. P., & Phinney, S. D., et al. (2022). Depressive symptoms improve over 2 years of type 2 diabetes treatment via a digital continuous remote care intervention focused on carbohydrate restriction. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 45(3), 416-427. [DOI:10.1007/s10865-021-00272-4] [PMID]##Ahmad, N. S., Ramli, A., Islahudin, F., & Paraidathathu, T. (2013). Medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated at primary health clinics in Malaysia. Patient Preference and Adherence, 7, 525-530. [DOI:10.2147/PPA.S44698] [PMID]##AAl Qudah, M. F., Al-Barashdi, H. S., Hassan, E. M. A. H., Albursan, I. S., Heilat, M. Q., & Bakhiet, S. F. A., et al. (2020). Psychological security, psychological loneliness, and age as the predictors of cyber-bullying among university students. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(3), 393–403. [DOI:10.1007/s10597-019-00455-z] [PMID]##American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]##Atlas, D. (2015). IDF Diabetes Atlas. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. [Link]##Baker, A. L., Hides, L., Kelly, P. J., Kay-Lambkin, F., Nasstasia, Y., & Birchwood, M. (2016). Motivational interviewing and GCBT to improve health and wellbeing. In Innovations and Future Directions in the Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (pp. 171-175). Australia: Australian Academic Press. [Link]##Blackburn, D. F., Swidrovich, J., & Lemstra, M. (2013). Non-adherence in type 2 diabetes: practical considerations for interpreting the literature. Patient Preference and Adherence, 7, 183–189. [DOI:10.2147/PPA.S30613] [PMID]##Bogner, H. R., Morales, K. H., Post, E. P., & Bruce, M. L. (2007). Diabetes, depression, and death: A randomized controlled trial of a depression treatment program for older adults based in primary care (PROSPECT). Diabetes Care, 30(12), 3005-3010. [DOI:10.2337/dc07-0974] [PMID]##Bowen, S., Chawla, N., & Marlatt, G. A. (2010). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for the treatment of substance use disorders: A clinician’s guide. New York: Guilford Press. [Link]##Collins, M., Corcoran, P., & Perry, I. (2008). Anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 26(2), 153-161. [DOI:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02648.x]##Datiliou, F., & Barashk, B. (2006). [Cognitive behavioral therapy of couples (Persian)]. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 8 (3), 80-71. [Link]##Delevry, D., Ho, A., & Le, Q. A. (2021). Association between processes of diabetes care and health care utilization in patients with diabetes: Evidence from a nationally representative US sample. Journal of Diabetes, 13(1), 78-88. [DOI:10.1111/1753-0407.13109] [PMID]##D’'Souza, M. S., Karkada, S. N., Parahoo, K., Venkatesaperumal, R., Achora, S., & Cayaban, A. R. R. (2017). Self-efficacy and self-care behaviors among adults with type 2 diabetes. Applied Nursing Research, 36, 25-32. [DOI:10.1016/j.apnr.2017.05.004] [PMID]##Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383. [DOI:10.2307/2666999]##Fisher, L., Glasgow, R. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2010). The relationship between diabetes distress and clinical depression with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 33(5), 1034–1036. [DOI:10.2337/dc09-2175] [PMID]##Frey, L., Gravestock, I., Pichierri, G., Steurer, J., & Burgstaller, J. M. (2019). Serious adverse events in patients with target-oriented blood pressure management: A systematic review. Journal of Hypertension, 37(11), 2135–2144. [PMID]##Goyal, R., Singhal, M., & Jialal, I. (2023). Type 2 Diabetes. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. [PMID]##Gong, Y., Cheung, S. Y., Wang, M., & Huang, J. C. (2012). Unfolding the proactive process for creativity: Integration of the employee proactivity, information exchange, and psychological safety perspectives. Journal of Management, 38(5), 1611-1633. [DOI:10.1177/0149206310380250]##Hirak, R., Peng, A. C., Carmeli, A., & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2012). Linking leader inclusiveness to work unit performance: The importance of psychological safety and learning from failures. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 107-117. [DOI:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.11.009]##Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1] [PMID]##Huges, A. E., Berg, C. A., & Wiebe, D. J. (2012). Emotional processing and self-control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(8), 925-934. [DOI:10.1093/jpepsy/jss062] [PMID]##Jesse, C. D., Creedy, D. K., & Anderson, D. J. (2019). Effectiveness of psychological interventions for women with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese: A systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 17(3), 281–289. [DOI:10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003589] [PMID]##Joseph, J. J., & Golden, S. H. (2017). Cortisol dysregulation: The bidirectional link between stress, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1391(1), 20-34. [DOI:10.1111/nyas.13217] [PMID]##Jun, H. J., & Park, M. K. (2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus: Evidence and efficacy. Korean Journal of Audiology, 17(3), 101-104. [DOI:10.7874/kja.2013.17.3.101] [PMID]##Kamath, T., Abdulraouf, A., Burris, S. J., Langlieb, J., Gazestani, V., & Nadaf, N. M., et al. (2022). Single-cell genomic profiling of human dopamine neurons identifies a population that selectively degenerates in Parkinson’s disease. Nature Neuroscience, 25(5), 588-595. [PMID]##Kaplan, H. S., & Robson, A. J. (2009). We age because we grow. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 276(1663), 1837–1844.[DOI:10.1098/rspb.2008.1831] [PMID]##Krishna, P. (2018). Depression, anxiety, and stress levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8(11), 1570-1572. [DOI:10.5455/njppp.2018.8.0929117092018]##Kumar, V., Pavitra, K. S., & Bhattacharya, R. (2024). Creative pursuits for mental health and well-being. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 66 (Suppl 2), S283-S303. [DOI:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_781_23] [PMID]##Li, C., Barker, L., Ford, E. S., Zhang, X., Strine, T. W., & Mokdad, A. H. (2008). Diabetes and anxiety in US adults: Findings from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Diabetic Medicine, 25(7), 878-881. [DOI:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02477.x] [PMID]##Lindhe, N., Bengtsson, A., Byggeth, E., Engström, J., Lundin, M., & Ludvigsson, M., et al. (2023). Tailored internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for individuals experiencing psychological distress associated with climate change: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 171, 104438. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104438] [PMID]##Lloyd, C. E., Nouwen, A., Sartorius, N., Ahmed, H. U., Alvarez, A., & Bahendeka, S., et al. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of depressive disorders in people with Type 2 diabetes: Results from the International Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes and Depression (INTERPRET‐DD) study, a collaborative study carried out in 14 countries. Diabetic Medicine, 35(6), 760-769. [DOI:10.1111/dme.13611] [PMID]##Lipman, M. (2003). Thinking in education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Link]##Maslow, A. H. (1942). The dynamics of psychological security-insecurity. Journal of Personality, 10(4), 331-344. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1942.tb01911.x]##Maslow, A. H., Birsh, E., Honigmann, I., McGrath, F., Plason, A., & Stein, M. (1952). Manual for the Security-Insecurity Inventory. California: Stanford University Press. [Link]##McConville, J., McAleer, R., & Hahne, A. (2017). Mindfulness training for health profession students-the effect of mindfulness training on psychological well-being, learning and clinical performance of health professional students: A systematic review of randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. Explore, 13(1), 26-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.explore.2016.10.002] [PMID]##Meneilly, G. S., Berard, L. D., Cheng, A. Y., Lin, P. J., MacCallum, L., & Tsuyuki, R. T., et al. (2018). Insights into the current management of older adults with type 2 diabetes in the Ontario primary care setting. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 42(1), 23-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.03.003] [PMID]##Montazerolhodjah, M., Sharifnejad, M., & Rajabi, M. (2018). [Assessment of the effect of physical components of urban spaces on sense of security from the viewpoint of the elderly (case study: Khan Square, Yazd City) (Persian)]. Iranian Architecture and Urbanism, 9(15), 91-105. [Link]##Moss-Morris, R., McAlpine, L., Didsbury, L. P., & Spence, M. J. (2010). A randomized controlled Trial of a cognitive behavior therapy-based self-management intervention for irritable bowel syndrome in primary. Care Psychology Medicine, 40(5), 85- 94. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291709990195] [PMID]##GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. (2017). Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 390(10100), 1151-1210. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9] [PMID]##Nakao, M., Shirotsuki, K., & Sugaya, N. (2021). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for management of mental health and stress-related disorders: Recent advances in techniques and technologies. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 15(1), 16. [DOI:10.1186/s13030-021-00219-w] [PMID]##Ossher, L., Flegal, K. E., & Lustig, C. (2013). Everyday memory errors in older adults. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 20(2), 220–242. [DOI:10.1080/13825585.2012.690365] [PMID]##Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., Dodier, O., Lilienfeld, S. O., Loftus, E. F., & Lynn, S. J., et al. (2021). Belief in unconscious repressed memory persists. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(2), 454-460. [DOI:10.1177/1745691621990628] [PMID]##Oyewole, O. O., Ale, A. O., Ogunlana, M. O., & Gurayah, T. (2023). Burden of disability in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the moderating effects of physical activity. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 11(14), 3128-3139. [DOI:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i14.3128] [PMID]##Pan, J. Y., Carlbring, P., & Lu, L. (2023). A therapist-guided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy program for Hong Kong university students with psychological distress: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions, 31, 100600. [DOI:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100600] [PMID] ##Pericot-Valverde, I., Elliott, R. J., Miller, M. E., Tidey, J. W., & Gaalema, D. E. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder and tobacco use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 84, 238–247. [PMID]##Pillow, D., Hale, W. J., Crabtree, M. A., & Hinojosa, T. L., (2017). Exploring the relations between self-monitoring, authenticity, and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 116 (1), 393-398. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.060]##Probst, T. M. (2002). The impact of job insecurity on employee work attitudes, job adaptation, and organizational withdrawal behaviors. In J. M. Brett & F. Drasgow (Eds.), The psychology of work: Theoretically based empirical research (pp. 141–168). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. [Link] ##Puig-Domingo, M., Marazuela, M., & Giustina, A. (2020). COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. Endocrine, 68(1), 2-5. [DOI:10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5] [PMID]##Raina, S., & Bhan, K. S. (2013). A study of security-insecurity feelings among adolescents in relation to sex, family system and ordinal position. International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 3(1), 51-60. [Link]##Riddle, M. C., & Herman, W. H. (2018). The cost of diabetes care -an elephant in the room. Diabetes Care, 41(5), 929 -932. [DOI:10.2337/dci18-0012] [PMID]##Sabourin, B. C., Vallis, T. M., & RPsych, S. C. (2011). Development and pilot-testing of a brief psychosocial group intervention protocol for type 2 diabetes self-management. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 35(3), 287-294. [DOI:10.1016/S1499-2671(11)53013-8]##Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan and Shaddock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral science/clinical psychiatry. New York: Wolters Kluwer. [Link]##Saffariantoosi, K., & Khaleghi, M. R. (2024). The mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior in the relationship between career self-efficacy and career success among construction project managers in Mashhad. Current Psychology, 43, 23971–23984. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-024-06127-w]##Sarabadani, A., Hassanzadeh, R., & Emadian, S. O. (2023). [Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and life therapy on mental well-being and psychological security in women with generalized anxiety disorder: A quasi-experimental study (Persian)]. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 21(12), 1249-1266. [DOI:10.52547/jrums.21.12.1249]##Schmitt, A., Reimer, A., Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., Ehrmann, D., & Krichbaum, M., et al. (2017). Depression is linked to hyperglycemia via suboptimal diabetes self-management: A cross-sectional mediation analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 94, 17-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.12.015] [PMID]##Serlachius, A. S., Scratch, S. E., Northam, E. A., Frydenberg, E., Lee, K. J., & Cameron, F. J. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy to improve glycaemic control and psychosocial well-being in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 1157-1169. [DOI:10.1177/1359105314547940] [PMID]##Skoglund, H., Sivertsen, B., Kallestad, H., & Vedaa, Ø. (2024).Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia for people with comorbid psychological distress: A large scale randomized controlled trial. Sleep Medicine, 121, 241–250. [DOI:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.06.026] [PMID]##Snoek, F. J. (2002). Psychological aspects of diabetes management". Medicine, 30(1), 14-15. [DOI:10.1383/medc.30.1.14.28265]##Steinke, J. A., Fletcher, L., Niu, Q., & Tetrick, L. E. (2016). Creativity and innovation in cyber security work. In S. J. Zaccaro, R. S. Dalal, L. E. Tetrick, & J. A. Steinke (Eds.), Psychosocial dynamics of cyber security (pp. 111-134). London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. [Link]##Sun, J., Hu, W., Ye, S., Deng, D., & Chen, M. (2023). The description and prediction of incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years cases, and corresponding age-Standardized rates for global diabetes. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 13(3), 566-576. [DOI:10.1007/s44197-023-00138-9] [PMID]##Surmai, M., & Duff, E. (2022). Cognitive behavioural therapy: A strategy to address pandemic-induced anxiety. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 18(1), 36-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.10.013] [PMID]##Taormina, R. J., & Sun, R. (2015). Antecedents and outcomes of psychological insecurity and interpersonal trust among Chinese people. Psychological Thought, 8(2), 173–188. [Link] ##Tong, A., Wang, X., Li, F., Xu, F., Li, Q., & Zhang, F. Risk of depressive symptoms associated with impaired glucose metabolism, newly diagnosed diabetes, and previously diagnosed diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Acta Diabetologica, 53(4), 589-598. [DOI:10.1007/s00592-016-0845-1][PMID]##Toobert, D. J., Hampson, S. E., & Glasgow, R. E. (2000). The summary of diabetes self-care activities measure. Diabetes Care, 23(7), 943- 950. [DOI:10.2337/diacare.23.7.943] [PMID]##Valenzuela, M. J., Münzenmayer, B., Osorio, T., Arancibia, M., & Madrid, E. (2018). [Association between depressive symptoms and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study (Spanish)]. Revista Medica de Chile, 146(12), 1415–1421. [DOI:10.4067/s0034-98872018001201415] [PMID] ##Zare, H., & Aminpour, H. (2012). [Psychological tests (Persian)] Tehran: Ayizh. ##Zhang, C. X., Chen, Y. M., & Chen, W. Q. (2008). Association of psychosocial factors with anxiety and depressive symptoms in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 79(3), 523-530. [DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.10.014] [PMID]##Zhang, Y., Fang, Y., Wei, K. K., & Chen, H. (2010). Exploring the role of psychological safety in promoting the intention to continue sharing knowledge in virtual communities. International Journal of Information Management, 30(5), 425-436. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.02.003]##Xu, J., Bian, G., Zheng, M., Lu, G., Chan, W. Y., & Li, W., et al. (2020). Fertility factors affect the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 83(4), e13220. [DOI:10.1111/aji.13220] [PMID]##Xu, Z., Wang, H., & Suntrayuth, S. (2022). Organizational climate, innovation orientation, and innovative work behavior: The mediating role of psychological safety and intrinsic motivation. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 1-10. [DOI:10.1155/2022/9067136]##Wang, J., Long, R., Chen, H., & Li, Q. (2019). Measuring the psychological security of urban residents: Construction and validation of a new scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2423. [PMID]##Welschen, L. M., van Oppen, P., Bot, S. D., Kostense, P. J., Dekker, J. M., & Nijpels, G. (2013). Effects of a cognitive behavioral treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes when added to managed care; A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36(6), 556-566. [DOI:10.1007/s10865-012-9451-z] [PMID]##Williams, J. M., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., & Watkins, E., et al. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 122–148. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122] [PMID]##Wise, E. H., Hersh, M. A., & Gibson, C. M. (2012). Ethics, self-care and well-being for psychologists: Reenvisioning the stress-distress. Continuum. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 487–494. [DOI:10.1037/a0029446]## ##

The Psychometric Properties Analysis of the Persian Emotion-focused Regulation Questionnaire 2 2 Objective: Emotions and emotion regulation strategies (ERSs) have a determinant role in maintaining people’s mental health. The emotion focused regulation questionnaire (EFRQ) is a new process tool based on a process model that demonstrates a replicable structure consisting of five emotion-focused strategies (EFS) (distraction, brooding, acceptance, cognitive rethinking (reflection and reappraisal), rumination, and expressive suppression (ES). Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties analysis of the EFRQ scale in Iranian society. Methods: The current study was descriptive. The sample of the present study included 300 Iranian adults who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The Persian version of the scale was implemented along with the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) and emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ). To check the validity of the ERQ, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and convergent and divergent validity were used by calculating the Pearson correlation. Cronbach’s α coefficient method was also used to check its reliability. Results: The results of the CFA indicated the fit and desirability of the five-factor model. The significant correlations between this scale (EFRQ) and the DERS and ERQ confirmed the divergent and convergent validity of this scale. Internal consistency reliability (ICR) confirmed the EFRQ reliability with Cronbach’s α coefficients ranging from 0.83 to 0.85. Additionally, the values of Cronbach’s α coefficient and McDonald’s omega of all the factors of the new scale were higher than 0.7, which indicates the validity of this scale in Iranian society. Conclusion: The psychometric properties analysis of the Persian EFRQ showed suitable results. This scale can be used to measure people’s adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies and also as a reliable scale in clinical or research projects. 361 370 2024/07/202024/10/82024/10/52024/06/282024/05/272024/05/6 1403/2/17 2024/09/232024/10/152024/10/152024/09/292024/07/232024/07/23 1403/5/2 Mohadeseh Noroozi Mohadeseh Noroozi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran. Iran mohadese.noroozi1369@gmail.com Mohsen Kachooei Mohsen Kachooei Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran. Iran Kachooei.m@usc.ac.ir Samaneh Behzadpoor Samaneh Behzadpoor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran. Iran samaneh behzadpoor Hojatollah Farahani Hojatollah Farahani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Iran hojatollah farahani Brooding Emotion-focused regulation Emotion regulation Reflection ## ##

Self-compassion and Social Anxiety Symptoms: Fear of Negative Evaluation and Shame as Mediators 2 2 Objective: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) can negatively impact various aspects of life, incurring significant personal and societal costs. Thus, it is necessary to identify protective factors that buffer against SAD symptoms and the mechanisms underlying their mitigation. This research aims to examine the relationship between self-compassion and social anxiety symptoms among university students, specifically exploring the potential mediating effects of fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and shame. Methods: This study examined the relationships between variables through structural equation modeling (SEM) using a correlational design. The sample included 242 undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral students from Tehran’s public universities, selected via the convenience sampling method. Social phobia inventory, the self-compassion scale, the brief form of FNE scale, and the shame subscale of self-conscious affect questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation via SPSS software, version 22, and SEM using AMOS software, version 22. Results: The results from analyzing the structural relationships indicated a direct negative effect of self-compassion on social anxiety symptoms, FNE, and shame. Additionally, FNE and shame had a positive effect on social anxiety symptoms directly (P<0.01). Investigating the significance of mediating variables indicated an indirect negative effect of self-compassion on social anxiety symptoms, passing through FNE and shame as mediators (P<0.01). The research model had a good fit and accounted for 59% of the variance in social anxiety symptoms.  Conclusion: Based on the research results, increasing self-compassion can reduce social anxiety symptoms through both direct and indirect paths, by reducing the effect of FNE and shame. 371 382 2024/07/202024/10/82024/10/52024/06/282024/05/272024/05/62024/05/28 1403/3/8 2024/09/232024/10/152024/10/152024/09/292024/07/232024/07/232024/07/29 1403/5/8 Fatemeh Sadrzadeh Fatemeh Sadrzadeh Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran fa.sadrzadeh@gmail.com Ahmad Borjali Ahmad Borjali Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran borjali@atu.ac.ir Zohreh Rafezi Zohreh Rafezi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran rafezi.zohreh13@gmail.com Anxiety Phobia Social Shame Fear Self-compassion Students Aderka, I. M., Hofmann, S. G., Nickerson, A., Hermesh, H., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Marom, S. (2012). Functional impairment in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 393-400. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.003] [PMID]##Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107-118. [DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x] [PMID]##American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TRTM). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787]##Athanasakou, D., Karakasidou, E., Pezirkianidis, C., Lakioti, A., & Stalikas, A. (2020). Self-compassion in clinical samples: A systematic literature review. Psychology, 11, 217-244. [DOI:10.4236/psych.2020.112015]##Azevedo, F., André, R., Quintão, A., Jeremias, D., & Almeida, C. (2022). Shame and psychopathology. Its role in the genesis and perpetuation of different disorders. European Psychiatry, 65(S1), S703-S703. [DOI:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1811]##Bentler, P. M. (2005). EQS 6 Structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software Inc. [Link]##Blackie, R. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2019). Trait self-compassion as a buffer against post-event processing following performance feedback. Mindfulness, 10(5), 923-932. [DOI:10.1007/s12671-018-1052-7]##Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.). (2018). The SAGE encyclopedia of lifespan human development. California: SAGE Publications. [DOI:10.4135/9781506307633]##Breines, J. G., & Chen, S. (2012). Self-compassion increases self-improvement motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(9), 1133-1143. [DOI:10.1177/0146167212445599] [PMID]##Cândea, D. M., & Szentagotai-Tătar, A. (2018). Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness and anxiety symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 58, 78-106. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.07.005] [PMID]##Cȃndea, D. M., & Szentágotai-Tătar, A. (2018). The impact of self-compassion on shame-proneness in social anxiety. Mindfulness, 9(6), 1816-1824. [Link]##Clark, D. M. (2005). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In W. R. Crozier & L. E. Alden (Eds.), The essential handbook of social anxiety for clinicians (pp. 193-218). New Jersey: Wiley. [Link]##Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Foa, E., & Weisler, R. H. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 176, 379-386. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.176.4.379] [PMID]##Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 355–391. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355] [PMID] ##Etemadi Shamsababdi, P., & Dehshiri, G. R. (2024). Self-compassion, anxiety and depression symptoms; the mediation of shame and guilt. Psychological Reports.[DOI:10.1177/00332941241227525]##Ewert, C., Gaube, B., & Geisler, F. C. M. (2018). Dispositional self-compassion impacts immediate and delayed reactions to social evaluation. Personality and Individual Differences, 125, 91-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.037]##Fredrick, J. W., & Luebbe, A. M. (2024). Prospective associations between fears of negative evaluation, fears of positive evaluation, and social anxiety symptoms in adolescence. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 55(1), 195-205. [DOI:10.1007/s10578-022-01396-7] [PMID]##Germer, C., & Neff, K. (2019). Teaching the mindful self-compassion program: A guide for professionals. New York: Guilford Publications. [Link]##Gilbert, P. (2014). Evolutionary models: Practical and conceptual utility for the treatment and study of social anxiety disorder. In J. W. Weeks (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of social anxiety disorder (pp. 24-52). New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. [DOI:10.1002/9781118653920.ch2]##Gilbert, P., & Miles, J. N. V. (2000). Sensitivity to social put-down: Its relationship to perceptions of social rank, shame, social anxiety, depression, anger and self-other blame. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(4), 757-774. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00230-5]##Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353-379. [DOI:10.1002/cpp.507]##Gilbert, P., & Simos, G. (Eds.). (2022). Compassion focused therapy: Clinical practice and applications. London: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781003035879]##Gill, C., Watson, L., Williams, C., & Chan, S. W. (2018). Social anxiety and self-compassion in adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 69, 163-174. [DOI:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.10.004] [PMID]##Harper, J. M. (2011). Regulating and coping with shame. In: R. Trnka, K. Balcar, & M. Kuska(Eds.), Re-constructing emotional spaces: From experience to regulation(pp. 189-206). Prague: Prague University Psychosocial Studies Press. [Link]##Hassanvand Amouzadeh, M. (2016). [Validity and reliability of social phobia inventory in students with social anxiety (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 26(139), 166-177. [Link]##Heimberg, R. C., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder. In S. G. Hofmann, & P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (pp. 705-728). Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-394427-6.00024-8]##Hofmann S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(4), 193–209. [DOI:10.1080/16506070701421313] [PMID] ##Holas, P., Kowalczyk, M., Krejtz, I., Wisiecka, K., & Jankowski, T. (2021). The relationship between self-esteem and self-compassion in socially anxious. Current Psychology, 42, 10271–10276. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-021-02305-2]##Huang, T., & Wang, W. (2024). Relationship between fear of evaluation, ambivalence over emotional expression, and self-compassion among university students. BMC Psychology, 12, 128. [DOI:10.1186/s40359-024-01629-5]##Iancu, I., Bodner, E., & Ben-Zion, I. Z. (2015). Self esteem, dependency, self-efficacy and self-criticism in social anxiety disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 58, 165-171. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.018]##Inwood, E., & Ferrari, M. (2018). Mechanisms of change in the relationship between self-compassion, emotion regulation, and mental health: A systematic review. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 10(2), 215-235. [DOI:10.1111/aphw.12127]##Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020). Social anxiety in young people: a prevalence study in seven countries. PloS One, 15(9), e0239133. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0239133] [PMID]##Johnson, A. R., Bank, S. R., Summers, M., Hyett, M. P., Erceg-Hurn, D. M., & Kyron, M. J., et al. (2020). A longitudinal assessment of the bivalent fear of evaluation model with social interaction anxiety in social anxiety disorder. Depression and anxiety, 37(12), 1253-1260. [DOI:10.1002/da.23099] [PMID]##Khosravi, S., Sadeghi, M., & Yabandeh, M. (2013). [Psychometric Properties of Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) (Persian)]. Psychological Models and Methods, 4(13), 47-59. [Link]##Kirschner, H., Kuyken, W., Wright, K., Roberts, H., Brejcha, C., & Karl, A. (2019). Soothing your heart and feeling connected: A new experimental paradigm to study the benefits of self-compassion. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(3), 545-565. [DOI:10.1177/2167702618812438]##Kizilcik, I. N., Gregory, B., Baillie, A. J., & Crome, E. (2016). An empirical analysis of Moscovitch’s reconceptualised model of social anxiety: How is it different from fear of negative evaluation? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 37, 64-70. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.11.005]##Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications. [Link]##Koyuncu, A., İnce, E., Ertekin, E., & Tükel, R. (2019). Comorbidity in social anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Drugs in Context, 8, 212573. [DOI:10.7573/dic.212573]##Lazarus, G., & Shahar, B. (2018). The role of shame and self-criticism in social anxiety: A daily-diary study in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(2), 107-127. [DOI:10.1521/jscp.2018.37.2.107] ##Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371-375. [DOI:10.1177/0146167283093007]##Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887-904. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887]##Lee, E. E., Govind, T., Ramsey, M., Wu, T. C., Daly, R., & Liu, J., et al. (2021). Compassion toward others and self-compassion predict mental and physical well-being: A 5-year longitudinal study of 1090 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 397. [DOI:10.1038/s41398-021-01491-8] [PMID]##Leigh, E., & Clark, D. M. (2018). Understanding social anxiety disorder in adolescents and improving treatment outcomes: Applying the cognitive Model of Clark and Wells (1995). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(3), 388-414. [DOI:10.1007/s10567-018-0258-5] [PMID]##Liu, X., Yang, Y., Wu, H., Kong, X., & Cui, L. (2020). The roles of fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety in the relationship between self-compassion and loneliness: A serial mediation model. Current Psychology, 41, 5249–5257. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-020-01001-x]##Long, P., & Neff, K. D. (2018). Self-compassion is associated with reduced self-presentation concerns and increased student communication behavior. Learning and Individual Differences, 67, 223-231. [DOI:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.09.003]##Makadi, E., & Koszycki, D. (2020). Exploring connections between self-compassion, mindfulness, and social anxiety. Mindfulness, 11(2), 480-492. [DOI:10.1007/s12671-019-01270-z]##McBride, N. L., Bates, G. W., Elphinstone, B., & Whitehead, R. (2022). Self-compassion and social anxiety: The mediating effect of emotion regulation strategies and the influence of depressed mood. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 95(4), 1036-1055. [DOI:10.1111/papt.12417]##Montero-Marin, J., Kuyken, W., Crane, C., Gu, J., Baer, R., & Al-Awamleh, A. A., et al. (2018). Self-compassion and cultural values: A Cross-Cultural Study of Self-Compassion Using a Multitrait-Multimethod (MTMM) Analytical Procedure. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2638. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02638]##Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(2), 123-134. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.04.002]##Neff, K. (2003). Self-Compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101. [DOI:10.1080/15298860309032]##Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. [DOI:10.1080/15298860309027]##Neff, K. D. (2023). Self-Compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 193-218. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047]##Neff, K. D., Long, P., Knox, M. C., Davidson, O., Kuchar, A., & Costigan, A., et al. (2018). The forest and the trees: Examining the association of self-compassion and its positive and negative components with psychological functioning. Self and Identity, 17(6), 627-645. [DOI:10.1080/15298868.2018.1436587]##Oren-Yagoda, R., Rosenblum, M., & Aderka, I. M. (2024). Gender differences in shame among individuals with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 48, 720–729. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-023-10461-x]##Roshan Chasli, R., Atrifard, M., & Noori Moghaddam, S. (2007). [An Investigation of reliability and validity of the third version of (Persian)]. Journal of Daneshvar Behavior, 5(2), 31-46. [Link]##Ross, N. D., Kaminski, P. L., & Herrington, R. (2019). From childhood emotional maltreatment to depressive symptoms in adulthood: The roles of self-compassion and shame. Child Abuse & Neglect, 92, 32-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.016] [PMID]##Schoenleber, M., & Berenbaum, H. (2012). Shame regulation in personality pathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(2), 433-446. [DOI:10.1037/a0025281] [PMID]##Schuster, P., Beutel, M. E., Hoyer, J., Leibing, E., Nolting, B., & Salzer, S., et al. (2021). The role of shame and guilt in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, 100208. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100208]##Sedighimornani, N. (2018). Shame and its features: Understanding of shame. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 3(3). [Link]##Shokri, O., Geravand, F., Naghsh, Z., Ali Tarkhan, R., & Paeezi, M. (2008). [The psychometric properties of the brief fear of negative evaluation scale (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14(3), 316-325. [Link]##Slivjak, E. T., Pedersen, E. J., & Arch, J. J. (2022). Evaluating the efficacy of common humanity-enhanced exposure for socially anxious young adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 87, 102542. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102542]##Swee, M. B., Hudson, C. C., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021). Examining the relationship between shame and social anxiety disorder: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 90, 102088. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102088]##Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press. [Link] ##Tangney, J. P., Dearing, R. L., Wagner, E E., & Gramzow, R. (2000). Test of Self- Conscious Affect-3 (TOSCA-3). Fairfax: George Mason University. [DOI:10.1037/t06464-000]##Tedadi, Y., Rahiminezhad, A., & Karsazi, H. (2022). [The General and Specific vulnerability factors of anxiety disorders: Evaluation of a structural model (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14(4), 27-37. [DOI:10.22075/jcp.2022.26830.2431]##Vilaplana-Pérez, A., Pérez-Vigil, A., Sidorchuk, A., Brander, G., Isomura, K., & Hesselmark, E., et al. (2021). Much more than just shyness: the impact of social anxiety disorder on educational performance across the lifespan. Psychological Medicine, 51(5), 861-869. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291719003908]##Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Gao, W., Chen, W., Xiao, Z., & Qi, Y., et al. (2023). From fears of evaluation to social anxiety: The longitudinal relationships and neural basis in healthy young adults. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology: IJCHP, 23(2), 100345. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100345]## ##

A Case Report of a Patient With Extreme Anorexia Nervosa and Hyper Prolactinoma: Complaints and Treatment 2 2 Objective: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder, in which an individual suffers from severe weight loss, and disturbed physical and psychosocial functioning. It was previously diagnosed and reported in Western countries but its prevalence is on the rise in a Middle East country like Iran. This study aims to introduce a patient with AN with hyperprolactinoma. Methods: This study is a case report. A single, educated but not currently employed 32-year-old female patient was admitted with the chief complaint of a locked knee, weakness, and lethargy; she was hospitalized in the hematology ward due to electrolyte and hematological complications and then referred to the psychiatric service due to severe weight loss.  Results: The etiology and severity of the disorder were evaluated; psychiatric, electrolyte, cardiopulmonary, endocrine, gastrointestinal, neurological, hematological, and renal systems were assessed. Low-calorie intake was considered according to the latest guidelines, which prevented relevant complications and caused the patient’s optimal compliance with treatment.  Conclusion: AN is not necessarily caused by the patient’s body image, and physicians are advised not to rely on such misconceptions for diagnosis. Also, according to the results, the relationship between AN and hyperprolactinoma and pituitary microadenoma is observed. The measures taken led to the patient’s optimal compliance with the treatment. 383 396 2024/07/202024/10/82024/10/52024/06/282024/05/272024/05/62024/05/282024/06/17 1403/3/28 2024/09/232024/10/152024/10/152024/09/292024/07/232024/07/232024/07/292024/09/23 1403/7/2 Sayedeh Elham Sharafi Sayedeh Elham Sharafi Psychosomatic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran esharafi@yahoo.com Mohammadreza Shegarf Nakhaei Mohammadreza Shegarf Nakhaei Psychosomatic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran rezashegarf@yahoo.com Ali Taj Ali Taj Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar. Iran. Iran alitaj58@yahoo.com Anorexia nervosa (AN) Eating disorder Prevention Management Treatment Hyper prolactinoma ## ##