2023 11 4 44 358

Retracted Article: The Effect of Paintball Game on Motor Performance, Neuropsychological and Social Skills Children With Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 2 2 Statement of Retraction: In accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Retraction Guidelines, the PDF and HTML versions of this article have been updated to prominently display the notice:  "This article has been retracted due to plagiarism."  This notice is clearly visible to all readers accessing the article, ensuring transparency and maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record. Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in children. This study aims to investigate the effect of baseball training on motor and psychological performance and behavioral characteristics of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).  Methods: To experiment, the sample group was randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Fitness and motor test measures, behavioral measures, and neuropsychological tests are performed as a pre-test for both experimental and control groups. Then, the experimental group received baseball training for one month in 12 sessions with an average of 30 minutes, and the control group received no training. After the end of the course, the tests were re-administered on both experimental and control groups. The results of the study show that the mean of the two groups in pre-test is not significantly different; however, in the post-test, a big difference was found between the two experimental and control groups. Results: Comparing the groups in post-test by subtracting the effect of the pre-test showed a significant difference between the groups (P>0.001), which indicated the effectiveness of exercises and sports activities in reducing behavioral disorders of the experimental group (P>0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that the baseball game has a positive impact on all the investigated components. According to the results of the study, to design treatment programs for hyperactive/inattentive children, the use of baseball games in schools and educational centers can be considered. Accordingly, it is suggested that administrators, parents, and trainers in educational centers and educational environments provide sports, such as baseball games so that hyperactive children can benefit the most to strengthen and improve their behavior. Coresponding author: Mojtaba Dehestani Ardekani, E-mail: m.dehestani@ardakan.ac.ir You can also search for this author in: Google scholar 277 286 2023/04/23 1402/2/3 2023/08/13 1402/5/22 Morteza Homayounnia Firouzjah Morteza Homayounnia Firouzjah Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran. Iran mortezahomayoun@gmail.com Mojtaba Dehestani Ardekani Mojtaba Dehestani Ardekani Department of Sport Sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran. Iran m.dehestani@ardakan.ac.ir Refail Azadian Dalasm Refail Azadian Dalasm Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Physical activity Exercise Paintball Motor performance Social skills Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ## ##

Emotion Regulation Strategies as a Mediator of the Relationship of Beliefs About Emotion and Emotion Regulation Self-efficacy, and Social Anxiety 2 2 Objective: According to cognitive models, maladaptive beliefs play a major role in social anxiety disorder (SAD) and can lead to dysfunctional behavioral reactions and emotion dysregulation. This study aims to examine emotion regulation strategies as a mediator in the relationship of beliefs about emotions and emotion regulation self-efficacy and social anxiety. Methods: A total of 650 college students from Yazd University (Iran) were selected by cluster sampling and filled out the implicit theories of emotion scale (ITES; 2007), regulatory emotional self-efficacy scale (RESE; 1999), social interaction anxiety scale (SIAS; 1992), and the short-form cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ; 2002). Results: The initial hypothesized model had a poor fit. By merging the manifest variables of refocus on planning with reappraisal, refocusing with putting into perspective (for adaptive emotion regulation), and combining rumination and catastrophizing (for maladaptive emotion regulation), the model fit was optimized, and all the direct paths became significant. The final model was a partial mediation model, confirming the adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies as a mediating role in the relationship of beliefs about emotions and emotion regulation self-efficacy and social anxiety. Conclusion: The results showed that beliefs about emotions affect the utilization of efficient emotion regulation strategies and can be a risk factor for social anxiety. Coresponding author: Shekoofeh Dadfarnia, E-mail: Sh.dadfarnia@yazd.ac.ir You can also search for this author in: Google scholar 287 296 2023/04/232023/03/1 1401/12/10 2023/08/132023/05/29 1402/3/8 Shekoofeh Dadfarnia Shekoofeh Dadfarnia Department of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Sh.dadfarnia@yazd.ac.ir Zahra Taherifar Zahra Taherifar Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran ztaherifar@ut.ac.ir Hojjatollah Farahani Hojjatollah Farahani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Iran h.farahani@midares.ac.ir Emotional regulation Self-efficacy Disorder Social anxiety American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-V). Virginia: American Psychiatric Association. [Link]##Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. [Link]##Blascovich, J. (2013). Challenge and threat. In: A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 431-445). New York: Psychology Press. [Link]##Burnette, J. L., O'Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013). Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 139(3), 655-701. [DOI:10.1037/a0029531] [PMID]##Caprara, G., Vecchione, M., Barbaranelli, C., & Alessandri, G. (2013). Emotional stability and affective self-regulatory efficacy beliefs: Proofs of integration between trait theory and social cognitive theory. European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 145-154. [DOI:10.1002/per.1847] ##Caprara, G., Scabini, E., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., Regalia, C., & Bandura, A. (1999). Perceived emotional and interpersonal self-efficacy and good social functioning. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia, 26(4), 769-790. [Link]##Daniel, K. E., Goodman, F. R., Beltzer, M. L., Daros, A. R., Boukhechba, M., & Barnes, L. E., et al. (2020). Emotion malleability beliefs and emotion experience and regulation in the daily lives of people with high trait social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(6), 1186-1198. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-020-10139-8] [PMID] ##De Castella, K., Goldin, P., Jazaieri, H., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion beliefs in social anxiety disorder: Associations with stress, anxiety, and well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(2), 139-148. [DOI:10.1111/ajpy.12053] ##De Castella, K., Platow, M. J., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2018).Beliefs about emotion: Implications for avoidance-based emotion regulation and psychological health. Cognition and Emotion, 32(4), 773-795. [DOI:10.1080/02699931.2017.1353485] [PMID] ##Deplancke, C., Somerville, M. P., Harrison, A., & Vuillier, L. (2022). It’s all about beliefs: Believing emotions are uncontrollable is linked to symptoms of anxiety and depression through cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Current Psychology, 42, 22004–22012. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-022-03252-2] ##Dryman, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). Emotion regulation in social anxiety and depression: A systematic review of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Clinical Psychology Review, 65, 17-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.004] [PMID] ##Ford, B. Q., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Why beliefs about emotion matter: An emotion-regulation perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(1), 74-81. [DOI:10.1177/0963721418806697] ##Ford, B. Q., Lwi, S. J., Gentzler, A. L., Hankin, B., & Mauss, I. B. (2018). The cost of believing emotions are uncontrollable: Youths’ beliefs about emotion predict emotion regulation and depressive symptoms. Journal of Experimental Psychology.General, 147(8), 1170-1190. [DOI:10.1037/xge0000396] [PMID] ##Garnefski, N., Van Den Kommer, T., Kraaij, V., Teerds, J., Legerstee, J., & Onstein, E. (2002). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems: Comparison between a clinical and a non-clinical sample. European Journal of Personality, 16(5), 403-420. [DOI:10.1002/per.458] ##Goldin, P. R., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. In: S. G. Hofmann,& P. M. DiBartolo, (Eds.), Social anxiety (pp. 511-529). Massachusetts: Academic Press. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-394427-6.00017-0]## Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., & İmamoğlu, A. (2021). Valuing emotional control in social anxiety disorder: A multimethod study of emotion beliefs and emotion regulation. Emotion, 21(4), 842-855. [DOI:10.1037/emo0000750] [PMID] ##Gross, J. J. (2015). The extended process model of emotion regulation: Elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 130-137. [DOI:10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751] ##Hajebi, A., Motevalian, S. A., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Sharifi, V., Amin-Esmaeili, M., & Radgoodarzi, R., et al. (2018). Major anxiety disorders in Iran: Prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and service utilization. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 261.[DOI:10.1186/s12888-018-1828-2] [PMID] ##Hasani, J. (2010). [The psychometric properties of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2(3), 73-84. [DOI:10.22075/JCP.2017.2031]##Heimberg, R. G., Mueller, G. P., Holt, C. S., Hope, D. A., & Liebowitz, M. R. J. (1992). Assessment of anxiety in social interaction and being observed by others: The social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale. Behavior Therapy, 23(1), 53-73. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80308-9] ##Mehrpour, A., HosseincahriI, M., & Kamali, F. (2016). [Psychometric properties of the regulatory emotional self-efficacy scale in a sample of high-school students (Persian)]. Educational Measurement, 6(22), 85-113. [DOI:10.22054/jem.2016.4016]##Jazaieri, H., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The role of emotion and emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(1), 531. [DOI:10.1007/s11920-014-0531-3] [PMID] ##Kappes, A., & Schikowski, A. (2013). Implicit theories of emotion shape regulation of negative affect. Cognition & Emotion, 27(5), 952–960. [DOI:10.1080/02699931.2012.753415] [PMID] ##Kline, R. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, US. Guilford Press. [Link]##Kneeland, E. T., Dovidio, J. F., Joormann, J., & Clark, M. S. (2016). Emotion malleability beliefs, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: Integrating affective and clinical science. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 81-88. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.008] [PMID] ##Kneeland, E. T., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Dovidio, J. F., & Gruber, J. (2016). Beliefs about emotion’s malleability influence state emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 40(5), 740-749. [DOI:10.1007/s11031-016-9566-6] ##Leigh, E., & Clark, D. M. (2018). Understanding social anxiety disorder in adolescents and improving treatment outcomes: Applying the cognitive model of Clark and Wells (1995). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(3), 388-414. [DOI:10.1007/s10567-018-0258-5] [PMID] ##Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. (2016). Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience. Psychological Review, 123(4), 349-367. [DOI:10.1037/rev0000033] [PMID] ##McKinnon, A., Kuyken, W., Hayes, R., Werner-Seidler, A., Watson, P., & Dalgleish, T., et al. (2020). The psychometric properties of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) in a clinical sample of adults with recurrent depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 212-219. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.061] [PMID] ##Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. California: Sage publications. [Link]##Rovenpor, D. R., & Isbell, L. M. (2018). Do emotional control beliefs lead people to approach positive or negative situations? Two competing effects of control beliefs on emotional situation selection. Emotion, 18(3), 313-331. [DOI:10.1037/emo0000353] [PMID] ##Sackl-Pammer, P., Jahn, R., Özlü-Erkilic, Z., Pollak, E., Ohmann, S., & Schwarzenberg, J., et al. (2019). Social anxiety disorder and emotion regulation problems in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13, 37. [DOI:10.1186/s13034-019-0297-9] [PMID] ##Sarfan, L. D., Cody, M. W., & Clerkin, E. M. (2019). The mediating role of state maladaptive emotion regulation in the relation between social anxiety symptoms and self-evaluation bias. Cognition & Emotion, 33(2), 361–369. [DOI:10.1080/02699931.2018.1452193] [PMID] ##Sharifi, V., Amin-Esmaeili, M., Hajebi, A., Motevalian, A., Radgoodarzi, R., & Hefazi, M., et l. (2015). Twelve-month prevalence and correlates of psychiatric disorders in Iran: The Iranian Mental Health Survey, 2011. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 18(2), 76-84. [PMID]##Silvers, J. A., & Guassi Moreira, J. F. (2019). Capacity and tendency: A neuroscientific framework for the study of emotion regulation. Neuroscience Letters, 693, 35-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.017] [PMID] ##Tamir, M., Chiu, C. Y., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Business or pleasure? Utilitarian versus hedonic considerations in emotion regulation. Emotion, 7(3), 546-554. [PMID]##Tavoli, A., Allahyari, A., Azadfallah, P., Fathi Ashtiani, A., Melyani, M., & Sahragard, M. (2012). [Validity and reliability of the Farsi version of social interaction anxiety scale (SIAS) (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology, 18(3), 227-232. [Link]##Taylor, D. J., & Muller, K. E. (1996). Bias in linear model power and sample size calculation due to estimating noncentrality. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods, 25(7), 1595-1610. [PMID]##Trincas, R., Bilotta, E., & Mancini, F. (2016). Specific beliefs about emotions are associated with different emotion-regulation strategies. Psychology, 7(13), 1682. [DOI:10.4236/psych.2016.713159] ##Wong, Q. J. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2016). The aetiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder: A synthesis of complementary theoretical models and formulation of a new integrated model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 84-100. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.069] [PMID]## ##

Predicting Body Image Concerns, Social Isolation, and Mood by the Amount of Social Media Addiction 2 2 Objective: Internet usage is widely increasing among the new generation, shaping a crucial aspect of people’s lives. Social media use can influence body image concerns, social isolation, and social mood. This study aims to assess body image concerns, social isolation, and mood based on the amount of social media use.  Methods: This study was conducted using a descriptive and correlational method. The study population included all people aged between 20 and 40 years in Shiraz City, Iran, among which 311 people (191 women and 119 men) were selected by the convenience sampling method. The tools used in this study were the body image concerns inventory (BICI, 2005), the social isolation assessment standard questionnaire (SIASI, 2013), the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS, 1988), and the social media addiction scale (SMAS_AF, 2017). Correlation coefficients (using the SPSS software) and structural equation modeling analysis (using AMOS statistical software) were employed to investigate the variables of the social isolation prediction model. Results: The results of the study showed that mood (β=0.15, P=0.007) and use of social media (β=0.19, P=0.0001) can predict social isolation with the mediating role of body image concerns (β=0.18, P=0.001). The results showed that the mood and use of social media can predict social isolation both directly and with the mediation of body image concerns.  Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, mood, and use of social media can predict social isolation with the mediating role of body image concerns. Negative moods can make people sensitive to their body image. People have a distorted perception of their body image and this concern leads to social isolation. Coresponding author: Afsaneh Vosoughi Motlagh, E-mail: Afsanehvosoughi@gmail.com 297 306 2023/04/232023/03/12023/01/31 1401/11/11 2023/08/132023/05/292023/05/13 1402/2/23 Afsaneh Vosoughi Motlagh Afsaneh Vosoughi Motlagh Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran Afsanehvosoughi@gmail.com Sara Kamjou Sara Kamjou Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran sarakamjou@gmail.com Jalil Etemaad Jalil Etemaad Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran jetemaad@gmail.com Social isolation Mood Social media use Body image concerns Alavizadeh, S. M., & Entezari, S. (2011). [Relationship between fear of body bias and suicidal ideation among women and men referring to skin, hair and weight clinics in Tehran (Persian)]. Psychological Research, 14(1), 147-50.##Bakhshipour, A., & Dezhkam, M. (2005). [A confirmatory factor analysis of the positive affect and negative affect scales (PANAS) (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 351-365. [Link]##Barat Dastjerdi, N., & Sayyadi, S. (2012). [ Relationship between using social networks and internet addiction and depression among students (Persian)]. Journal of Behavioral Science Sciences, 10(5), 332-341. [Link]##Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal Personality Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173- 1182. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173] [PMID] ##Bell, B. T., & Dittmar, H. (2011). Does media type matter? The role of identification in adolescent girls’ media consumption and the impact of different thin-ideal media on body image. Sex Roles, 65, 478-490. [DOI:10.1007/s11199-011-9964-x] ##Benjanin, N., Banjanin, N., Dimitrijevic, I., & Pantic, I. (2015). Relationship between internet use and depression: Focus on physiological mood oscillations, social networking and online addictive behaviour. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 308-312. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.013] ##Bergman, Y. (2005). [An introduction to the social media [Kh. M, Persian trans.]. Tehran: Jame’e Shenasan Publishing. [Link]##Botta, R. A. (1999). Television images and adolescent girls’ body image disturbance. Journal of Communication, 49(2), 22-41. [DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02791.x] ##Berry, N., Emsley, R., Lobban, F., & Bucci, S. (2018). Social media and its relationship with mood, self-esteem and paranoia in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 558–570. [DOI:10.1111/acps.12953] [PMID] ##Brown, Z., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women’s mood and body image. Body Image, 19, 37-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.007] [PMID] ##Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 447-454. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005] [PMID] ##Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., & Berntson, G. G. (2011). Social isolation. Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1), 17–22. [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.x] [PMID] ##Dang, Y. H., Liu, P., Ma, R., Chu, Z., Liu, Y. P., & Wang, J. B., et al. (2015). HINT1 is involved in the behavioral abnormalities induced by social isolation rearing. Neuroscience Letters, 607, 40–45. [DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.026] [PMID] ##Delavar, A. (2013). [Theoretical and practical foundations of research in humanities and social sciences (Persian)]. Tehran: Roshd Publishing. [Link]##Fardouly, J., Pinkus, R. T., & Vartanian, L. R. (2017). The impact of appearance comparisons made through social media, traditional media, and in person in women’s everyday lives. Body Image, 20, 31-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.11.002] [PMID] ##Feltman, C. E., & Szymanski, D. M. (2018). Instagram use and self-objectification: The roles of internalization, comparison, appearance commentary, and feminism. Sex Roles, 78, 311-324. [DOI:10.1007/s11199-017-0796-1] ##Grogan, S. (2006). Body image and health: Contemporary perspectives. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(4), 523–530.[DOI:10.1177/1359105306065013] [PMID] ##Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The effect of thin ideal media images onwomen’s self-objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles, 58, 649-657. [DOI:10.1007/s11199-007-9379-x] ##Harrison, K., & Hefner, V. (2006). Media exposure, current and future body ideals, and disordered eating among preadolescent girls: A longitudinal panel study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 146-156. [DOI:10.1007/s10964-005-9008-3] ##Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), 695-718. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002] [PMID] ##Hogue, J. V., & Mills, J. S. (2019). The effects of active social media engagement with peers on body image in young women. Body Image, 28, 1-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.11.002] [PMID] ##Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. [DOI:10.1177/1745691614568352] [PMID] ##Homan, K., McHugh, E., Wells, D., Watson, C., & King, C. (2012). The effect of viewing ultra-fit images on college women’s body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 9(1), 50-56. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.07.006] [PMID] ##Jelenchick, L. A., Eickhoff, J. C., & Moreno, M. A., (2013). “Facebook depression?” Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(1), 128-130. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.008] [PMID] ##Jomeen, J., & Martin C. R. (2005). Self-esteem and mental health during early pregnancy. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing, 9(1-2), 92-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.cein.2004.09.001] ##Jung, J., Barron, D., Lee, Y., & Swami, V. (2022). Social media usage and body image: Examining the mediating roles of internalization of appearance ideals and social comparisons in young women. Computers in Human Behavior, 135, 107357. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107357] ##Kamysheva, E., Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., & Milgrom, J. (2008). Examination of a multifactorial model of body-related experiences during pregnancy: The relationships among physical symptoms, sleep quality, depression, self-esteem,and negative body attitudes. Body Image, 5(2), 152-163. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.12.005] [PMID] ##Chou, K. L., Liang, K., & Sareen, J. (2011). The association between social isolation and DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders: Wave 2 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(11), 1468–1476. [DOI:10.4088/JCP.10m06019gry] [PMID] ##Kusumota, L., Diniz, M. A. A., Ribeiro, R. M., Silva, I. L. C. D., Figueira, A. L. G., & Rodrigues, F. R., et al. (2022). Impact of digital social media on the perception of loneliness and social isolation in older adults. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 30, e3573. [PMID]##Levine, M. P., & Harrison, K. (2009). Media and body image. In: J. Bryant, & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 490-516). Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis. [Link]##Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., & Pury, C. L. (2005). Development of the body image concerns inventory. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43(2), 229-241. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.006] [PMID] ##Meshi, D., Cotten, S. R., & Bender, A. R. (2020). Problematic social media use and perceived social isolation in older adults: A cross-sectional study. Gerontology, 66(2), 160–168.[DOI:10.1159/000502577] [PMID] ##Pantic, I., Damjanovic, A., Todorovic, J., Topalovic, D., Bojovic-Jovic, D., & Ristic, S., et al. (2012). Association between online social networking and depression in high school students: Behavioural physiology viewpoint. Psychiatria Danubina, 24(1), 90-93. [Link]##Primack, B. A., Karim, S. A., Shensa, A., Bowman, N., Knight, J., & Sidani, J. E. (2019). Positive and negative experiences on social media and perceived social isolation.American Journal of Health Promotion, 33(6), 859-868. [DOI:10.1177/0890117118824196] [PMID] ##Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E., Sidani, J. E., & Colditz, J, B., et al. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among U.S. young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013] ##Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. Y., & Rosen, D., et al. (2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 1-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.010] [PMID] ##Safdar, G. (2022). Effects of digital media on pakistani culture: A study of University Students of Punjab, Pakistan. Online Media and Society, 3, 256-272. [Link]##Saiphoo, A. N., & Vahedi, Z. (2019). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media use and body image disturbance. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 259-275. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.028] ##Sahin C., & Yagaji, M. (2017). Social Media Addiction Scale-Adult Form: Validity and reliability study. Ahi Evran University Kirsehir Education Faculty Journal (KEFAD), 14, 523-538. [Link]##Scharrer, E. L. (2013). Representations of gender in the media. In: K. E. Dill (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of media psychology (pp. 267-284). New York: Oxford University Press. [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398809.013.0015] ##Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Sidani, J. E., Bowman, N. D., Marshal, M. P., & Primack, B. A. (2017). Problematic social media use and depressive symptoms among U.S. young adults: A nationally-representative study. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 182, 150–157. [DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.061] [PMID] ##Smolak, L., & Thompson, J. K. (2009). Body image, eating disorders and obesity in children and adolescents: Introduction to the second edition. In L. Smolak & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: Assessment, prevention, and treatment ( pp. 3-14). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. [DOI:10.1037/11860-000] ##Stuller, K. A., Jarrett, B., & DeVries, A. C. (2012). Stress and social isolation increase vulnerability to stroke. Experimental Neurology, 233(1), 33-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.01.016] [PMID] ##Takatsu-Coleman, A. L., Patti, C. L., Zanin, K. A., Zager, A., Carvalho, R. C., & Borçoi, A. R., et al. (2013). Short-term social isolation induces depressive-like behaviour and reinstates the retrieval of an aversive task: Mood-congruent memory in male mice? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 38(4), 259-268. [DOI:10.1503/jpn.120050] [PMID] ##Tellegen, A. (1985). Structure of mood and personality and their relevence to assessing anxiety, with emphasis on self-report. In: A. H. Tuma, & D. Master (Eds.). Anxiety and the anxiety disorder (pp. 681-706). Oxfordshire: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780203728215-49] ##Tiggemann, M., & McGill, B. (2004). The role of social comparison in the effectof magazine advertisements on women’s mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 23-44. [DOI:10.1521/jscp.23.1.23.26991] ##Tiggemann, M., Polivy, J., & Hargreaves, D. (2009). The processing of thin ideals in fashion magazines: A source of social comparison or fantasy? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 73-93. [DOI:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.73] ##Varnes, J. R., Stellefson, M. L., Janelle, C. M., Dorman, S. M., Dodd, V., & Miller, M. D. (2013). A systematic review of studies comparing body image concerns among female college athletes and non-athletes, 1997-2012. Body Image, 10(4), 421-432. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.001] [PMID] ##Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validiation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063] [PMID] ##Wenger, G. C., Davies, R., Shatahmasebi, S., & Scott, A. (2008). Social isolation and loneliness in old age: Review and model refinement. Ageing Society, 16(3), 333-358. [DOI:10.1017/S0144686X00003457] ##Whaite, E., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. A., & Primak, B. A. (2018). Social media use, personality characteristics, and social isolation among young adults in the United States. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 45-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.030] ##Yazdi Modaresi, F., Farahmand, M., & Afshani, S. A. (2017). [A study on single girls’ social isolation and its effective socio-cultural factors: A study on single girls over 30 years in Yazd (Persian)]. Social Problems of Iran, 8(1), 121-143. [Link]## ##

Predicting College Students’ Mental Health Based on Religious Faith Mediated by Happiness, Ambivalent Attachment Style, and Locus of Control 2 2 Objective: The present study was designed to examine the college student’s mental health prediction model based on religious faith mediated by happiness, ambivalent attachment style, and ‎locus of control. Methods: The study method was correlational. The statistical population included all college students of Shiraz University in the academic year of 2013-2014. The sample included 240 college students selected by convenience sampling method. Measures included the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28, 1979), the religious faith scale (RFS, 2014), the Oxford happiness inventory (OHI, 1989), the Collins and Read revised adult attachment scale (RAAS, 1990), and the Rotter’s locus of control scale (RLCS, 1966). The data were analyzed by multiple regression, path analysis, and structural equation modeling methods. Results: The data were analyzed by multiple regression, path analysis, and structural equation modeling methods. The study results showed that the variables of religious faith (P=0.0001, β=0.29), happiness variable (P=0.0001, β=0.37), and ambivalent attachment (P=0.0001, β=0.29) can positively and significantly predict mental health. Likewise, religious faith positively and significantly predicted happiness (P=0.0001, β=0.54) and negatively and significantly predicted ambivalent attachment (P=0.0001, β=-0.21). The religious faith could not predict the locus of control. The mediating role of happiness was confirmed. However, the mediating role of ambivalent attachment style and locus of control was not confirmed. Conclusion: The modified model confirmed the mediating role of happiness between religious faith and mental health. Therefore, those components of faith that lead to happiness may be a protective marker for mental health. Coresponding author: Sara Kamjou, E-mail: sarakamjou@gmail.com   307 318 2023/04/232023/03/12023/01/312023/01/25 1401/11/5 2023/08/132023/05/292023/05/132023/05/29 1402/3/8 Sara Kamjou Sara Kamjou Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran sarakamjou@gmail.com Mohammad Ali Goodarzi Mohammad Ali Goodarzi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran MGoodarzi@rose.shirazu.ac.ir Abdulaziz Aflakseir Abdulaziz Aflakseir Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran aaflakseir@shirazu.ac.ir Mental health Religious faith Happiness Ambivalent attachment style Locus of control Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2014). Happiness, health and religiosity: Significant associations among Lebanese adolescents. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(1), 30-38. [DOI:10.1080/13674676.2012.742047] ##Abdel-Khalek, M. (2007). Religiosity, happiness, health, and psychopathology in a probability sample of Muslim adolescents. Mental Healthh, Religion & Culture, 10(6), 571-583. [DOI:10.1080/13674670601034547] ##Arefi, M., Mohsenzadeh, F. (2011). [Relationship between religious orientation, mental health and gender (Persian)]. Women’s Journal: Rights and Development (Women’s Research), 5(3), 126-141. [Link]##Asghari, F., Kurdmirza, E., & Ahmadi, L. (2013). [The relationship between religious attitudes, locus of control and tendency to substace abuse in university students (Persian)]. Addiction Research Journal, 7(25), 103-112. [Link]##Azadi, S., & Azad, H. (2012). [The correlation of social support, tolerance and mental health in children of martyrs and war-disabled in universities of Ilam (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health, 12(3), 48-58. [Link]##Cassidy, J. (1999). The Nature of the childs Ties. Handbook of attachment, theory and research and clinical applications. New York: Guilford Press. [Link]##Chen, X. l. (2009). Relationship among achievement goal, academic self-efficacy and academic cheating of college students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 17(2), 243–245. [Link]##Cirhinlioglu, F. G., & Ozdikmenli-Demir, G. (2012). Religious orientation and its relation to locus of control and depression. Archive for the Psychology of Religions, 34(3), 341-362. [DOI:10.1163/15736121-12341245] ##Coursey L. E., Kenworthy, J. B., Jones, J. R. (2013). A meta-analysis of the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and locus of control. Archive for the Psychology of Religions, 35(3), 347-368. [DOI:10.1163/15736121-12341268] ##Dobson, O., Price, E. L., & DiTommaso, E. (2022). Recollected caregiver sensitivity and adult attachment interact to predict mental health and coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 187, 111398. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111398] ##Fadaei, Z., Ashuri, A., Houshiari, Z., & Izanlou, B. (2011). [The path analysis of locus of control, depressive symptoms and academic achievement on suicidal ideation: The moderating role of gender (Persian)]. Journal of Principles of Mental Health, 13(2), 148-159. [Link]##Flannelly, J. K., & Galek, K. (2010). Religion, evolution, and mental health: Attachment theory and ETAS Theory. Journal of Religion and Health, 49(3), 337–350. [DOI:10.1007/s10943-009-9247-9] [PMID] ##GhobariBonab, B., & HaddadiKohsar, A. A. (2011). [The relationship between mental health and the mental image of God and the quality of attachment in delinquent teenagers (Persian)]. Journal of Mentality and Behaviour, 6(21), 7-16. [Link]##Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9(1), 139-145. [PMID]##Golzari, M. (2010). [The effect of Umrah on students’ mental health, happiness and adherence to religious beliefs. Two-quarterly scientific-specialist (Persian)]. Journals of Islamic Studies and Psychology, 4(7), 111-126. [Link]##Goudarzi, M. A. (2023). [Construction and preliminary validation of religious faith scale among students of Shiraz University (Persian)]. [Unpublished]. ##Granqvist, P., & Hagekull, B. (2000). Religiosity, adult attachment, and why “singles” are more religious.The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(2), 111-123. [DOI:10.1207/S15327582IJPR1002_04] ##Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511] [PMID] ##Hooman, H. (2014). [Understanding the scientific method in behavioral sciences (Persian)]. Tehran: SAMT Publishing. [Link]##Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073-1082. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6] ##Janbozorgi, M. (2007). [Religious orientation and mental health (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Medicine, 31( 4), 350-345. [Link]##Janssen, F., Banziger, S., Denzutter, J., & Hutsebaut, D. (2005). Religion and mental health: Aspects of the relation between religious measures and positive and negative mental health. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 27(1), 19-44. [DOI:10.1163/008467206774355402] ##Johnstone, B., Yoon, D. P., Cohen, D., Schopp, L. H., McCormack, G., & Campbell, J., et al. (2012). Relationships among spirituality, religious practices, personality factors, and health for five different faith traditions. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(4), 1017-1041. [DOI:10.1007/s10943-012-9615-8] [PMID] ##Khavaninzadeh, M., Ejei, J., & Mazaheri, M. A. (2005). [Comparison of attachment style of students with internal and external religious orientations (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology, 9(3), 228-247. [Link]##Khoshkonesh, A., & KeshavarzAfshar, H. (2008). [Relationship between happiness and mental health of students (Persian)]. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 2(7), 41-52. [Link] ##King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A., Merianous, A., & Singh, M. (2014). A study of stress, social support, and perceived happiness among college students. Journal of Happiness Well-being, 2(2), 132-144. [Link]##King, L. A., & Napa, C. K. (1998). What makes a life good? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 156-165. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.156] [PMID] ##Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1992). An attachment-theoritical aproach to romantic love and religious belief. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 266-275. [DOI:10.1177/0146167292183002] ##Klundt, J. S., Erekson, D. M., Lynn, A. M., Brown, H. E. (2021). Sexual minorities, mental health, and religiosity at a religiously conservative university. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110475. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110475] ##Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Honkanen, R., Viinamäki, H., Heikkilä, K., Kaprio, J., & Koskenvuo, M. (2001). Life satisfaction and suicide: A 20 year follow up study. National Library of Medicine, 158(3), 433-439. [DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.433] [PMID] ##Koushki, Sh., & Khalilifar, M. (2009). [Religious attitude and locus of control (Persian)]. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 4(15), 33-40. [Link]##Lloyd, T., & Hastings, R, P. (2009). Parental locus of control and psychological well-being in mothers of children with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 34(2), 104-115. [PMID] ##Meisenhelder, J. B., Schaeffer, N. J., Younger, J., & Lauria, M. (2013). Faith and mental health in an oncology population. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(2), 505-513. [DOI:10.1007/s10943-011-9497-1] [PMID] ##Mirhashemian, H. (1999). [Religious beliefs in formation of the locus of control and psychological profile of Tehran university students (Persian)]. Journal of Epistemological Studies in Islamic University, 2(4), 69-80. [Link]##Mookerjee, R., & Beron, K. (2005). Gender, religion and happiness. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 34(5), 674-685. [DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2005.07.012] ##Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x] ##Natvig, G. K., Albrektsen, G., & Qvarnstrøm, U. (2003). Associations between psychosocial factors and happiness among school adolescents. International Journal of Nusrsing Practice, 9 (3), 166-175. [DOI:10.1046/j.1440-172X.2003.00419.x] [PMID]##Neria, Y., Guttmann-Steinmetz, S., Koenen, K., Levinovsky, L., Zakin, G., & Dekel, R. (2001). Do attachment and hardiness relate to each other and to mental health in real life stress? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18(6), 844-858. [DOI:10.1177/0265407501186006] ##Nottage, M. K., Oei, N. Y. L., Wolters, N., Klein, A., Heijde, C. M. V., & Vonk, P., et al. (2022). Loneliness mediates the association between insecure attachment and mental health among university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 185, 111233. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111233] ##O’Connor, D. B., Cobb, J., & O’Connor, R. C. (2003) Religiosity, stress and psychological distress: No evidence for an association among undergraduate students. Personality & Individual Differences, 34(2), 211-217. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00035-1] ##Park, C. L., Sacco, S. J., Kraus, S. W., Mazure, C. M., & Hoff, R. A. (2021). Influences of religiousness/spirituality on mental and physical health in OEF/OIF/OND military veterans varies by sex and race/ethnicity. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 138, 15-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.034] [PMID] ##Pernegar, T. V., Hudelson, P. M., & Bovier, P. A. (2004). [Health and happiness in young Swiss adults. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation, 13(1), 171-178. [DOI:10.1023/B:QURE.0000015314.97546.60] [PMID] ##Poursardar, N., Poursardar, F., Panahande, A., Sangari, A. A., & Zarrin, S. (2013). [The effect of optimism (positive thinking) on mental health and life satisfaction: A psychological model of well-being (Persian)]. Hakim Research Journal, 16(1), 42-49. [Link]##Rafiei, M., Mousavipour, S., & Aghajani, M. (2012). [Happiness, mental health, and their relationship among the students at Arak University of Medical Sciences in 2010. (Persian)]. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences, 15(3), 13-25. [Link]##Rahimian Boger, E., AsgharnejadFarid, A. A., & RahimiNejad, A. (2008). [Relationship between attachment style and mental health in adult survivors of the Bam earthquake (Persian)]. Journal of Psychological Research, 11(1-2), 27-40. [Link] ##Raque-Bogdan, T. L., Ericson, S. K., Jackson, J., Martin, H. M., & Bryan, N. A. (2011). Attachment and mental and physical health: Self-compassion and mattering as mediators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(2), 272–278. [DOI:10.1037/a0023041] [PMID] ##Rastegar, M., & Heidari, N. (2013). The relationship between locus of control, test anxiety, and religious orientation among Iranian EFL Students. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 3(1), 73-78. [DOI:10.4236/ojml.2013.31009] ##Ratter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1-28. [DOI:10.1037/h0092976] ##Rippentrop, E. A., Altmaier, E. M., Chen, J. J., Found, E. M., & Keffala, V. J. (2005). The relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health, mental health, and pain in a chronic pain population. Pain, 116(3), 311–321. [DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.008] [PMID] ##Roberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H., & Kassel, J. D. (1996). Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 310–320. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.310] [PMID] ##Rosmarin, D. H., Pargament, K. I., & Mahoney, A. (2009). The role of religiousness in anxiety, depression, and happiness in a Jewish community sample: A preliminary investigation. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 12(2), 97-113. [DOI:10.1080/13674670802321933] ##Rouhani, A., & Manavipour, D. (2008). [The relationship between practicing religious beliefs and happiness and marital satisfaction in Islamic Azad University, Mobarakeh branch (Persian)]. Journal of Science and Research in Psychology, 35-36, 189-206. [Link]##Rowatt, W., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2002). Two dimensions of attachment to god and their relation to affect, religiosity, and personality constructs. Journal for the Scientific of Religion, 41(4), 637-651. [DOI:10.1111/1468-5906.00143]##Ryan, E. M., & Francis, J. A. (2012). Locus of control beliefs mediate the relationship between religious functioning and psychological health. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(3), 774–785. [DOI:10.1007/s10943-010-9386-z] [PMID] ##Safaei, S., Bigdali, I., Talepasand, S. (2011). [The relationship between mother’s self-concept and attachment style and child’s self-concept (Persian)]. Clinical Psychology Research Journal, 1(2), 39-52. [Link]##Sahraian, A., Gholami, A., Javadpour, A., & Omidvar, B. (2013). Association between religiosity and happiness among a group of Muslim undergraduate students. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(2), 450-453. [DOI:10.1007/s10943-011-9484-6] [PMID] ##Salehi, L., Soleimanizadeh, L., BagheriYazdi, S. A., & Abbaszadeh, A. (2007). [The relationship between religious beliefs and locus of control, and mental health in college students (Persian)]. Qazvin Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(1), 50-55. [Link]##Schimmel, J. (2009). Development as happiness: The subjective perception of happiness and UNDP’s analysis of poverty, wealth and development. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 93-111. [DOI:10.1007/s10902-007-9063-4] ##SediqiArfai, F., Tamanaeifar, M. R., AbedinAbadi, A. (2012). [The relationship between religious orientation, coping styles and happiness in college students (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology and Religion, 5(3), 135-165. [Link]##Shaver, P. R., Schachner, D. A., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment style, excessive reassurance seeking, relationship processes, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 343-359. [DOI:10.1177/0146167204271709] [PMID] ##Shelley, M., & Pakenham, K. I. (2004). External health locus of control and general self-efficacy: Moderators of emotional distress among university students. Australian Journal of Psychology, 56(3), 191-199. [Link]##Skevington, S. M., Mac Arthur, P., & Somerset, M. (2011). Developing items for the WHOQOL: An investigation of contemporary beliefs about quality of life related to health in Britain. Health Psychology, 2(1), 55-72. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00523.x] ##Snoep, L. (2008). Religiousness and happiness in three nations: A research note. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 207-211. [DOI:10.1007/s10902-007-9045-6] ##Solati, S. K., Rabiei, M., Shariati, M. (2011). [The relationship between religious orientation and mental health (Persian)]. Journal of Qom University of Medical Sciences, 5(3). [Link]##Taqavi, M. (2001). [Validity and reliability of the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) in college students of Shiraz Universi1y (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology, 5(4), 381-398. [Link]##Thomas, K., Lyndes, K., & Jackson, K. (2021). The perception of religious coping and health related quality of life in the case of an ALS caregiver during covid-19. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 102(10), e16-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.438] ##Totunchi, M., Samani, S., ZandiQashqaei, K. (2012). [The mediating role of self-concept for perfectionism and mental health in Shiraz adolescents (Persian)]. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 2, 210-217. ##Yiengprugsawan, V., Somboonsook, B., Seubsman, S. A., & Sleigh, A. C. (2012). Happiness, mental health and socio-demographic associations among a national cohort of thai adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(6), 1019–1029.[DOI:10.1007/s10902-011-9304-4] [PMID] ##You, S., You, J. E., & Koh, Y. (2019). Religious practices and mental health outcomes among Korean adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 142, 7-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.026] ##ZarinKelk, H. R., & TabatabaiBarzouki, S. (2012). [The relationship between attachment style and perceived parenting methods and spiritual experiences and religious practices (Persian)]. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 31(8), 305-313. [Link]## ##

The Relationship Between Perceived Social Support With Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis 2 2 Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Psychological manifestations, such as depression, anxiety, and stress are common in patients with MS. Social support is involved in the well-being of patients with MS. This study aims to assess the relationship between perceived social support with depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with MS. Methods: This descriptive correlation study was conducted on 240 patients with MS who were referred to the MS Center of Isfahan Province, Iran. Three questionnaires of the depression anxiety stress scale 21 (DASS-21), social support, and demographic questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed with SPSS software, version 20 using descriptive and analytical statistics (independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation).  Results: In the current study, the mean perceived social support was 27.35±9.06. The mean depression, anxiety, and stress were 14.96±5.42, 13.92±5.88, and 15.39±4.82, respectively. In addition, an inverse correlation was observed between social support with depression, and anxiety (P<0.01). Moreover, no significant relationship was observed between social support and stress (P=0.21). Social support was a significant negative predictor that accounted for 11.8% of the variance in depression (R2=0.118, P<0.001) and 3.4% of the variance in anxiety (R2=0.034, P=0.002). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, social support of patients with MS can be one of the effective suggestions to decrease depression and anxiety.  Coresponding author: Samaneh Yazdani, E-mail: Samanehyazdani1371@gmail.com You can also search for this author in: Google scholar 319 328 2023/04/232023/03/12023/01/312023/01/252023/01/23 1401/11/3 2023/08/132023/05/292023/05/132023/05/292023/06/28 1402/4/7 Maasoumeh Barkhordari-Sharifabad Maasoumeh Barkhordari-Sharifabad Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Barkhordary_m@yahoo.com Morteza Zangeneh Soroush Morteza Zangeneh Soroush Department of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Research Center in Medicine and Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Morteza.bme@gmail.com Samaneh Yazdani Samaneh Yazdani Community Health Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Samanehyazdani1371@gmail.com Anxiety Depression Multiple sclerosis Stress Social support Abedini, E., Abadi, G. H., & Talibian Sharif, J. (2016). The effectiveness of hope and depression group therapy in women with MS. Clinical Psychology, 8(2), 1-12##Alsaadi, T., El Hammasi, K., Shahrour, T. M., Shakra, M., Turkawi, L., & Mudhafar, A., et al. (2015). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among patients with multiple sclerosis attending the MS clinic at Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, UAE: Cross-Sectional Study. Multiple Sclerosis International, 2015, 487159.[DOI:10.1155/2015/487159] [PMID] ##Arasteh, Z., & Azadi, M. (2019). [Evaluation of the effect of neurofeedback on quality of life and anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 26(9), 88-101. [Link]##Baghbanian, S. M., Zahedi, Z., Cheraghmakani, H., Elyasi, F., & Nadi, A. (2020). [Frequency of sexual dysfunction and associated causes in female patients with multiple sclerosis (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 29(181), 131-137. [Link]##Bambara, J. K., Turner, A. P., Williams, R. M., & Haselkorn, J. K. (2011). Perceived social support and depression among veterans with multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33(1), 1-8. [DOI:10.3109/09638288.2010.481026] [PMID] ##Bahathig, A., Alblowi, M. A., Alhilali, A. A., AlJasim, B. S., Alhelow, M., & Aldakheel, H., et al. (2020). The prevalence and association of depression and anxiety with Multiple Sclerosis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Cureus, 12(12), e12389. [DOI:10.7759/cureus.12389] [PMID] ##Bayati, Z., Jamshidimanesh, M., Hasani, M., & Afshar, B. (2020). [Effects of home visit on perceived social support of mothers and the continuation of exclusive breastfeeding: A randomized clinical trial study (Persian)]. Koomesh, 22(4), 581- 588 [DOI:10.29252/koomesh.22.4.581] ##Beiske, A. G., Svensson, E., Sandanger, I., Czujko, B., Pedersen, E. D., & Aarseth, J. H., et al. (2008). Depression and anxiety amongst multiple sclerosis patients. European Journal of Neurology,15(3), 239-245 [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.02041.x] [PMID] ##Dehghan, A., & Memarian, R. (2013). [Abundance of stress, anxiety and depression in multiple sclerosis patients (Persian)]. Alborz University Medical Journal, 2(2), 82-88. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.aums.2.2.82]##Eskandari, E., Jalali, A., Moosavi, M., & Akrami, N. (2019). [Predicting psychological resilience based on social support and attachment style mediated by self-efficacy and meaning in life (Persian)]. Positive Psychology Research, 5(2), 17-30. [DOI: 10.22108/PPLS.2019.116694.17211] ##Feinstein A. (2004). The neuropsychiatry of multiple sclerosis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(3), 157–163. [PMID] ##Ghodusi Burojeni, M., Heidari, M., Neyestanak, S., & Shahbazi, S. (2013). Correlation of perceived social support and some of the demographic factors in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Health Promotion Management, 2(1), 24-31. [Link]##Hasanzadeh, P., Fallahi Khoshknab, M., &Norozi, K. (2012). [Impacts of journaling on anxiety and stress in multiple sclerosis patients (Persian)]. Complementary Medicine Journal, 2(2), 183-193. [Link]##Hosseininezhad, M., Saadat., S, Bakhshipour, H., & Nasiri, P. (2021). Prevalence and incidence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in Guilan Province. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 29(1), 3438-3447. [DOI:10.18502/ssu.v29i1.5887] ##Hyarat, S., Al-Gamal, E., & Dela Rama, E. (2018). Depression and perceived social support among Saudi patients with multiple sclerosis. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 54(3), 428-435. [DOI:10.1111/ppc.12293] [PMID]##Jafari, S., Mohtashami, J., Alaee Karahroudi, F., Mansouri, S., & Rassouli, M. (2016). [Perceived social support and its correlated factors in adolescents with chronic disease (Persian)]. Journal of Hayat, 22(1), 65-78. [Link] ##Jalaei, T., Astanegi, S., Rahmati, M., & Salari, N. (2018).[The survey of perceived social support status and its relation to fear and anxiety of Cabg Candidate Patient's In Imam Ali's Hospital of Kermanshah (Persian)]. Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 16(5), 354-363. [Link]##Jung, C., & Na-Sun, H. (2009).[The relationship among image of nurses, self esteem and professional socialization in nursing students (Chinese)]. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 15(1), 54-63. [Link]##Karimi, S., Andayeshgar, B., & Khatony, A. (2020). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress in patients with multiple sclerosis in Kermanshah-Iran: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 166. [DOI:10.1186/s12888-020-02579-z] [PMID] ##Krokavcova, M., van Dijk, J. P., Nagyova, I., Rosenberger, J., Gavelova, M., & Middel, B., et al. (2008). Social support as a predictor of perceived health status in patients with multiple sclerosis. Patient Education and Counseling, 73(1), 159-165. [DOI:10.1016/j.pec.2008.03.019] [PMID] ##Montazer, M., Katani, M. R., SefidmooyAzar, A., Mobaraki-Asl, N., & Dorosti, A. (2019). [The relationship between social support and depression in patients with breast cancer (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Breast Diseases, 12(1), 58-66. [DOI:10.30699/acadpub.ijbd.12.01.58] ##Musa, R., Fadzil, M. A., & Zain, Z. A. I. N. I. (2007). Translation, validation and psychometric properties of Bahasa Malaysia version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 8(2), 82-89. [Link]##Papa, A., Koutelekos, I., Stefanidou, S., Chrysovitsanou, C., & Polikandrioti, M. (2021). Factors associated with perceived social support of patients with multiple sclerosis. Current Journal of Neurology, 20(2), 64-72. [DOI:10.18502/cjn.v20i2.6741] ##Ramezankhani, A., Gharlipour, Z., Babaei Heydarabadi, A., Tavassoli, E., Motalebi, M., & Barekati, H., et al. (2013). Perceived social support, depression, and perceived stress in university students. Archives of Advances in Biosciences, 4(4). [DOI:10.22037/jps.v4i4.4846]##Salimi, A., & Kikhavani, S. (2018). [The impact of motivational interviewing on fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis (Persian)]. Technology and Research Information System, 1(2). [Link]##Seyfzadeh, A., Haghighatian, M., & Mohajerani, A. (2019). [Perceived social support and social isolation in the older adults (Persian)]. Depiction of Health, 10(4), 300-309. [Link]##Samani, S., & Jokar, B. (2008).[Validity and reliability short-form version of the depression, anxiety and stress (Persian)]. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities of Shiraz University, 26(3), 65-77. [Link]##Shareinia, H., Jourian, M., Banaei, F., Daneshfar, M., Amiri Delui, M., & Nezami, H. (2020). [Relationship between social support and old age stress in the elderly of Gonabad City in 2017 (Persian)]. Journal of Gerontology, 5(2), 42-49. [Link] ##Zarei, M., Hasanzade, M. A., & Sheykh, S. (2015). [Assessment of the prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in multiple sclerosis patients conducted in Zahedan (Persian)]. Beyhagh,19(3), 13-21. [Link]## Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41 [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2]## ##

Comparing the Effectiveness of Emotion-focused Therapy and the Unified Trans-diagnostic Treatment on Fear of Negative and Positive Evaluation of Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder 2 2 Objective: Most of the research conducted so far on effective treatments for social anxiety disorder has used traditional cognitive-behavioral therapies. However, recent pathological theories emphasize the role of emotion regulation in the formation and continuation of the symptoms of this disorder. Thus, this study was conducted to compare the efficacy of emotion-focused therapy (EFT) and the unified trans-diagnostic treatment for individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test control group design and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all the people aged 18-40 years who were diagnosed with social anxiety disorder from September to March 2021 in Tehran City, Iran. A total of 21 patients were selected using purposive sampling and assigned to three groups (two experimental groups and one control group (7 patients in each group). The experimental groups 1 and 2 received EFT in twenty 120-minute sessions (one session every week) and the unified trans-diagnostic treatment in twelve 120-minute sessions (one session every week), respectively, while the control group did not receive therapy intervention during this period. The brief fear of negative evaluation scale (BFNE) and the fear of positive evaluation scale (FPES) were used to collect data. The repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data in SPSS software, version 24. The significance level of the research was considered to be α=0.05. Results: The results indicated that both EFT and trans-diagnostic treatment effectively reduced the fear of positive evaluation, but unified trans-diagnostic treatment had no significant impact on reducing the fear of negative evaluation in this group (P<0.05).  Conclusion: Accordingly, EFT and unified trans-diagnostic treatment were effective and practical methods to reduce the fear of positive and negative evaluation in this group. It is recommended that psychotherapists and counselors employ these approaches in practice. Coresponding author: Shima Zohrabiy, E-mail: Shima.zohrabi@gmail.com   329 340 2023/04/232023/03/12023/01/312023/01/252023/01/232023/06/5 1402/3/15 2023/08/132023/05/292023/05/132023/05/292023/06/282023/07/18 1402/4/27 Shima Zohrabiy Shima Zohrabiy Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Iran Shima.zohrabi@gmail.com Abbas Abolghasemi Abbas Abolghasemi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Iran Mousa Kafi Masoole Mousa Kafi Masoole Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Iran Mahnaz Khosrojavid Mahnaz Khosrojavid Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Iran Emotion-focused therapy Unified trans-diagnostic treatment Fear of negative and positive evaluation Social anxiety disorder. Arshadi, N., Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M., & Fakhri, A. (2018). The effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic treatment on brain-behavioral systems and anxiety sensitivity in female students with social anxiety symptoms. International Journal of Psychology (IPA), 12(2), 46-72. [Link] ##Bandelow, B. (2020). Current and novel psychopharmacological drugs for anxiety disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1191, 347–365. [PMID]##Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T. J., Bullis, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Murray-Latin, H., & Sauer-Zavala, S., et al. (2017). The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders compared with diagnosis-specific protocols for anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(9), 875-884. [DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2164] [PMID] [PMCID] ##Bullis, J. R., Fortune, M. R., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). A preliminary investigation of the long-term outcome of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(8), 1920-1927. [PMID] ##Butler, R. M., Boden, M. T., Olino, T. M., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J., et al. (2018). Emotional clarity and attention to emotions in cognitive behavioral group therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55, 31-38. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.03.003] [PMID] [PMCID]##Deer, T., Pope, J., Benyamin, R., Vallejo, R., Friedman, A., & Caraway, D., et al. (2016). Prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, partial crossover study to assess the safety and efficacy of the novel neuromodulation system in the treatment of patients with chronic pain of peripheral nerve origin. Neuromodulation: Journal of The International Neuromodulation Society, 19(1), 91–100. [PMID]##de Ornelas Maia, A. C., Nardi, A. E., & Cardoso, A. (2015). The utilization of unified protocols in behavioral cognitive therapy in transdiagnostic group subjects: A clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 179-183. [PMID] ##Elliott, R., & Shahar, B. (2017). Emotion-focused therapy for social anxiety (EFT-SA). Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 16(2), 140-158. [Link]##García-Escalera, J., Valiente, R. M., Chorot, P., Ehrenreich-May, J., Kennedy, S. M., & Sandín, B. (2017). The Spanish version of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in adolescents (UP-A) adapted as a school-based anxiety and depression prevention program: Study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 6(8), e149. [PMID]##Ghaderi, F., Akrami, N., Namdari, K., & Abedi, A. (2023). Investigating the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment on maladaptive personality traits and mentalized affectivity of patients with generalized anxiety disorder comorbid with depression: A case study. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 11(2), 117-130. [DOI:10.32598/jpcp.11.2.862.1] ##Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(Pt 1), 31–50. [DOI:10.1348/014466504772812959] [PMID] ##Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A., Jazaieri, H., Brozovich, F., Heimberg, R., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(5), 427-437. [DOI:10.1037/ccp0000092] [PMID] [PMCID] ##Goodman, F. R., Kelso, K. C., Wiernik, B. M., & Kashdan, T. B. (2021). Social comparisons and social anxiety in daily life: An experience-sampling approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 130(5), 468-489. [DOI:10.1037/abn0000671] [PMID] [PMCID] ##Haberman, A., Shahar, B., Bar-Kalifa, E., Zilcha-Mano, S., & Diamond, G. M. (2019). Exploring the process of change in emotion-focused therapy for social anxiety. Psychotherapy Research, 29(7), 908–918. [DOI:10.1080/10503307.2018.1426896]##Hedman, E., Ström, P., Stünkel, A., & Mörtberg, E. (2013). Shame and guilt in social anxiety disorder: Effects of cognitive behavior therapy and association with social anxiety and depressive symptoms. PloS One, 8(4), e61713. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0061713] [PMID] [PMCID] ##Heinonen, E. & Pos, A. E. (2020) The role of pre-treatment interpersonal problems for in-session emotional processing and long-term outcome in emotion-focused psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2019.163077]##Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020). Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries. PloS One, 15(9), e0239133. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0239133] [PMID] [PMCID] ##Klemanski, D. H., Curtiss, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2017). Emotion regulation and the transdiagnostic role of repetitive negative thinking in adolescents with social anxiety and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(2), 206–219. [PMID]##Laposa, J. M., Mancuso, E., Abraham, G., & Loli-Dano, L. (2017). Unified protocol transdiagnostic treatment in group format. Behavior Modification, 41(2), 253-268. [DOI:10.1177/0145445516667664] [PMID] ##Lee, S. W., & Kwon, J. H. (2013). The efficacy of imagery rescripting (IR) for social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(4), 351-360. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.03.001] [PMID] ##Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Delgado, B., Inglés, C. J., & Escortell, R. (2020). Cyberbullying and social anxiety: A latent class analysis among Spanish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 406. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17020406] [PMID] [PMCID] ##Martin P. (2003). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: A review. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 5(3), 281–298. [PMID] ##Newman, M. G., Rackoff, G. N., Zhu, Y., & Kim, H. (2023). A transdiagnostic evaluation of contrast avoidance across generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 93, 102662. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102662] [PMID] ##Okawa, S., Arai, H., Sasagawa, S., Ishikawa, S. I., Norberg, M. M., & Schmidt, N. B., et al. (2021). A cross-cultural comparison of the bivalent fear of evaluation model for social anxiety. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, 31(3), 205-213. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbct.2021.01.003] ##Pittelkow, M. M., Aan Het Rot, M., Seidel, L. J., Feyel, N., & Roest, A. M. (2021). Social Anxiety and Empathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 78, 102357. [10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102357] [PMID]##Reichenberger, J., Wiggert, N., Wilhelm, F. H., Liedlgruber, M., Voderholzer, U., & Hillert, A., et al. (2019). Fear of negative and positive evaluation and reactivity to social-evaluative videos in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 116, 140-148. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.009] [PMID] ##Roushani, K., Nejad, S. B., Arshadi, N., Honarmand, M. M., & Fakhri, A. (2016). Examining the efficacy of the unified transdiagnostic treatment on social anxiety and positive and negative affect in students. Razavi International Journal of Medicine, 4(4), e41233. [Link]##Sackl-Pammer, P., Jahn, R., Özlü-Erkilic, Z., Pollak, E., Ohmann, S., & Schwarzenberg, J., et al. (2019). Social anxiety disorder and emotion regulation problems in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13, 37. [PMID]##Shahar, B. (2014). Emotion-focused therapy for the treatment of social anxiety: An overview of the model and a case description. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21(6), 536-547. [DOI:10.1002/cpp.1853] [PMID] ##Salarrad, Z., Leilabadi, L., Nafissi, N., & Kraskian Mujembari, A. (2022). [Effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on anxiety and quality of life in women with breast cancer (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Health Psychology, 5(3), 35-46. [DOI:10.30473/ijohp.2022.60436.1205]##Sherman, J. A., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2020). Changes in risk factors during the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 51(6), 869-881. [PMID] ##Yap, K., Gibbs, A. L., Francis, A. J., & Schuster, S. E. (2016). Testing the bivalent fear of evaluation model of social anxiety: The relationship between fear of positive evaluation, social anxiety, and perfectionism. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 45(2), 136-149. [DOI:10.1080/16506073.2015.1125941] [PMID]##Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2008). The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: Assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(1), 44–55. [PMID]## ##

Role of Types of Inner Speech in the Prediction of Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, Somatization, and Distress in the Normal Population 2 2 Objective: It is extremely common for adults to use self-talk to regulate their behavior. However, the underlying processes leading to differences in inner speech are not well understood. In this study, the correlation between various forms of self-talk and symptoms of anxiety (hyperactivity), depression, sleepiness, and distress was investigated. Methods: The research method is a descriptive correlation type. The statistical population of the study included all 10 000 students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in Iran in the academic year of 2019-2020. A total of 378 students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The varieties of the inner speech questionnaire (VISQ) and the four-dimensional symptom questionnaire (4DSQ) were administered to all subjects. Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multivariate regression analysis were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 23. Results: The results showed the strongest inner speech for predicting anxiety, depression, and somatization disorders is another type of inner speech. On the other hand, in those with distress symptoms, evaluative/critical inner speech was appropriately predictive. Also, positive-regulative inner speech negatively predicts anxiety, depression, and distress. In the normal population, positive regulative inner speech is considered an appropriate predictor.  Conclusion: Consequently, probably two types of inner speech evaluation-critical and positive-regulative exist that have more powerful construct validity, and usage of other inner speech is questionable. Coresponding author: Fatemeh Jamshiddoust Miyanroudi, E-mail: f.jamshiddoust@student.uma.ac.ir You can also search for this author in: Google scholar 341 348 2023/04/232023/03/12023/01/312023/01/252023/01/232023/06/52023/02/19 1401/11/30 2023/08/132023/05/292023/05/132023/05/292023/06/282023/07/182023/06/13 1402/3/23 Hossein Ghamari Kivi Hossein Ghamari Kivi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran. Iran h-ghamari@uma.ac.ir Fatemeh Jamshiddoust Miyanroudi Fatemeh Jamshiddoust Miyanroudi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran. Iran f.jamshiddoust@student.uma.ac.ir Sara Mousavi Sara Mousavi Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Iran saramasti@yahoo.com Effat Ghavibazou Effat Ghavibazou Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran Effat.gavibazu@gmail.com Inner speech Anxiety Depression Somatization Distress ## ##

Comparison of Object Relations, Personality Organization, and Personal and Relational Meaning of Life in Psychology Graduates vs Other Students in Lahijan Azad University 2 2 Objective: This study aims to compare object relations, personality organization, personal meaning of life, and relational meaning in life among students of Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch. Methods: The research design was post-event (causal-comparative). The sample included 200 students (100 psychology students and 100 students from other majors) selected based on convenience sampling criteria. The tools used in this study were Bell object relations and reality testing inventory (BORRTI), Kernberg’s inventory of personality organization (IPO), Steger’s meaning in life questionnaire (MLQ), and relational meaning in life questionnaire (RMLQ). The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and SPSS software, version 24. Results: The results showed no significant difference between the scores of object relations among psychology students and students from other majors of Islamic Azad University, Lahijan City, Iran. On the other hand, a significant difference was observed between the variables of personality organization, personal meaning in life, and relational meaning in life in psychology students and other university students. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the overall status of psychology students in terms of personality organization, personal meaning in life, and relational meaning in life was better than other students. However, it is recommended that therapists, counselors, and educational administrators pay more attention to object relations and some personality organization variables (such as primary defenses and identity confusion) in themselves or their students because examining and improving these variables through psychotherapy can provide a better basis for future services and prevent potential harm to clients. Coresponding author: Tahereh Hamzehpoor Haghighi, E-mail: Psy.hamzehpoor@gmail.com You can also search for this author in: Google scholar 349 358 2023/04/232023/03/12023/01/312023/01/252023/01/232023/06/52023/02/192023/05/8 1402/2/18 2023/08/132023/05/292023/05/132023/05/292023/06/282023/07/182023/06/132023/06/13 1402/3/23 Mahyar Arzpeyma Mahyar Arzpeyma Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran. Iran Mahyar.arzpeyma@gmail.com Tahereh Hamzehpoor Haghighi Tahereh Hamzehpoor Haghighi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran. Iran Psy.hamzehpoor@gmail.com Object relations Personality organization Meaning in life Relational meaning in life Ahmadi Marvili, N., Mirzahoseini, H., & Monirpoor, N. (2019). [The prediction model of self- harm behaviors and tendency to suicide in adolescence based on attachment styles and personality organization: Mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (Persian)]. Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 10(3), 101-117. [DOI:10.22059/JAPR.2019.274866.643162] ##Allebehbahani, M., & Mohammadi, N. (2007). [Examination of psychometric properties of Kernberg’s personality organization inventory ( Persian)]. Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 185-197. [Link]##Anderson, T., Ogles, B. M., Patterson, C. L., Lambert, M. J., & Vermeersch, D. A. (2009). Therapist effects: Facilitative interpersonal skills as a predictor of therapist success. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(7), 755-768. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.20583] [PMID] ##Arbab, H., Mirzahoseini, H., & Monirpour, N. (2021). [Predicting pathological substance use relapse based on object-relations and personality organization in male addicts treated with methadone (Persian)]. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ), 10(5), 173-184. [Link] ##Bell, M. D. (2007). Bell object relations and reality testing inventory: BORRTI. Western Psychological Services. [Link]##Caligor, E., Kernberg, O. F., & Clarkin, J. F. (2007). Handbook of dynamic psychotherapy for higher level personality pathology. Washington: American Psychiatric Pub. [Link] ##Das, A. K. (1998). Frankl and the realm of meaning. The Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, 36(4), 199-211. [DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4683.1998.tb00392.x] ##Delgadillo, J., Branson, A., Kellett, S., Myles-Hooton, P., Hardy, G. E., & Shafran, R. (2020). Therapist personality traits as predictors of psychological treatment outcomes. Psychotherapy Research, 30(7), 857-870. [DOI:10.1080/10503307.2020.1731927] [PMID] ##Diguer, L., Pelletier, S., Hébert, É., Descôteaux, J., Rousseau, J. P., & Daoust, J. P. (2004). Personality organizations, psychiatric severity, and self and object representations. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21(2), 259-275. [DOI:10.1037/0736-9735.21.2.259] ##Fonagy, P., Target, M., & Gergely, G. (2006). Psychoanalytic perspectives on developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method (pp. 701–749). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [Link]##Frankl, N. (1985) Man's search for meaning [A. Kheirabadi, Persian. Tehran: Tehran University Publications. [Link]##Irani, Z., & Bakhtiari, S. (2018). [The role of personality organization and psychological basic psychological needs in predicting malformed body-seem attempters admitted to cosmetic surgery (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Surgery, 25(4), 66-74. [Link]##Jamil, L., Atef Vahid, M., Dehghani, M., & Habibi, M. (2015). [The mental health through psychodynamic perspective: The relationship between the ego strength, the defense styles, and the object relations to mental health (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 21(2), 144-154. [Link]##Kelly, F. D. (2014).The assessment of object relations phenomena in adolescents: Tat and rorschach measu. New York: Routledge.[DOI:10.4324/9781315805931] ##Lenzenweger, M. F., Clarkin, J. F., Kernberg, O. F., & Foelsch, P. A. (2001). The inventory of personality organization: psychometric properties, factorial composition, and criterion relations with affect, aggressive dyscontrol, psychosis proneness, and self-domains in a nonclinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 13(4), 577-591. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.577] [PMID] ##Majdabadi, Z. (2017). Meaning in life questionnaire (Persian)]. Developmental Psychology (Journal of Iranian Psychologists) 13(51), 331-333. [Link] ##Mesgarian, F., Azad Fallah, P., Farahani, H., & Ghorbani, N. (2017). [Object relations and defense mechanisms in social anxiety (Persian)]. Journal of Developmnetal Psychology, 14(53), 3-14. [Link] ##Mesrabadi, J., Jafariyan, S., & Ostovar, N. (2013). Discriminative and construct validity of meaning in life questionnaire for Iranian students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 7(1), 83-90. [Link]##Mohammad Nia, S., & Mashhadi, A. (2018). [The effect of meaning of life on the relationship between attitude toward substance abuse and depression (Persian)]. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 6(3), 43-51. [DOI:10.29252/shefa.6.3.43]##Rostami Y. (2018). [Schopenhauer on the meaning of life: An evaluation (Persian)]. Philosophy of Religion Research (Namah-I Hikmat). 16(1), 109-126. [DOI: 10.30497/PRR.2018.2351]##Sipowicz, K., Podlecka, M., & Pietras, T. (2021). Logotherapy-an attempt to establish a new dialogue with one’s own life. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 46(2), 261-269.[DOI:10.34766/fetr.v46i2.811] ##St Clair M. (2007). Object relations and self psychology: An introduction [A.Tahmasb, & H. Aliaghaei, Persian trans.). Tehran: Ney. [Link]##Stadter M. (2009). Object relations brief therapy: The therapeutic relationship in short-term work: Jason Aronson; 2009. [Link]##Steger, M. F. (2010). MLQ description scoring and feedback packet [Internet]. Retrieved from [Link]##Topolinski, S., & Hertel, G. (2007). The role of personality in psychotherapists’ careers: Relationships between personality traits, therapeutic schools, and job satisfaction. Psychotherapy Research, 17(3), 365-375. [DOI:10.1080/10503300600830736] ##Tremblay, J. M., Herron, W. G., & Schultz, C. L. (1986). Relation between therapeutic orientation and personality in psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 17(2), 106–110. [DOI:10.1037/0735-7028.17.2.106] ##Van, H. L., Hendriksen, M., Schoevers, R. A., Peen, J., Abraham, R. A., & Dekker, J. (2008). Predictive value of object relations for therapeutic alliance and outcome in psychotherapy for depression: An exploratory study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(9), 655-662. [DOI:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318183f8c2] [PMID] ##Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books. [Link]## Yu, E. A., & Chang, E. C. (2021). Relational meaning in life as a predictor of interpersonal well-being: A prospective analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110377. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110377] ##Yu, E. A., & Chang, E. C. (2021). Construction of the relational meaning in life questionnaire: An exploratory and confirmatory factor-analytic study of relational meaning. Current Psychology, 40, 1746-1751. [Link]## ##