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Cognitive Failure and Fear of COVID-19 2 2 Objective: In this study, the authors seek to investigate the relationship between cognitive impairment and fear of COVID-19. Among the residents of Tehran Province, Iran, 415 people were selected through the available sampling method.  Methods: The research data was obtained through online questionnaires that were distributed to participants via platforms, such as Instagram, WhatsApp, and Telegram. Broadbent’s cognitive failure questionnaire and the scale of fear of COVID-19 were used in this study. The obtained data were analyzed by the independent t test and stepwise regression. Results: According to the findings, the relationship between following COVID-19 news and the fear of COVID-19 is negative. Also, a positive and significant relationship exists between memory error and fear of COVID-19. Also, the standard coefficients show that despite the direction of the effect, both variables have the same power to change the dependent variable. Conclusion: The findings showed that the subscale of memory (forgetfulness) predicts the fear of COVID-19, and the existence of memory problems, false triggering, and distractibility, which are components of cognitive failure, decrease individuals’ mental health. 1 8 2022/03/5 1400/12/14 2022/11/5 1401/8/14 Marzieh Hayati Marzieh Hayati Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Iran Marzieh.hayati1988@yahoo.com Gholamreza Ahmadi Gholamreza Ahmadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Gholamrezaahmadi10@yahoo.com Shahab Lotfinia Shahab Lotfinia Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Iran Lotfiniashahab@gmail.com Seyed Morteza Hosseini Seyed Morteza Hosseini Quran and Hadith Reasearch Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran sm_hosseini@yahoo.com Seyedeh Elnaz Mousavi Seyedeh Elnaz Mousavi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Iran elnaz48.mousavi@gmail.com COVID-19 pandemic Cognitive neuroscience Cognitive function Cognitive test Memory deficits Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Whiteside, S. P. H. (2019). Exposure therapy for anxiety: Principles and practice. New York: Guilford Publications [Link]##Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. [DOI:10.1037/t78404-000]##Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45. [DOI:10.1177/1073191105283504] [PMID]##Boomsma, D. I. (1998). Genetic analysis of cognitive failures (CFQ): A study of Dutch adolescent twins and their parents. European Journal of Personality, 12(5), 321-330. [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0984(1998090)12:5<321::AID-PER334>3.0.CO;2-5]##Broadbent, D. E., Broadbent, M. H., & Jones, J. L. (1986). Performance correlates of self‐reported cognitive failure and of obsessionality. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(4), 285-299. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00708.x] [PMID]##Broadbent, D. E., Cooper, P. F., FitzGerald, P., & Parkes, K. R. (1982). The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21(1), 1-16. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1982.tb01421.x] [PMID]##Carrigan, N., & Barkus, E. (2016). A systematic review of cognitive failures in daily life: Healthy populations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 63, 29-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.010] [PMID]##Etkin, A., Gyurak, A., & O’Hara, R. (2013). A neurobiological approach to the cognitive deficits of psychiatric disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(4), 419-429. [PMID] [PMCID]##Fisher, J. E., Zhou, J., Liu, A. G., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Cozza, S. J. (2020). Effect of comorbid anxiety and depression in complicated grief on perceived cognitive failures. Depression and Anxiety, 37(1), 54-62. [DOI:10.1002/da.22943] [PMID]##Gonçalves, L. C., Vale, R. G., Barata, N. J., Varejão, R. V., & Dantas, E. H. (2011). Flexibility, functional autonomy and quality of life (QoL) in elderly yoga practitioners. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 53(2), 158-162. [DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2010.10.028] [PMID]##Hebert, E. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2019). Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: Challenging the unknown in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 26(2), 421-436. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.07.007]##Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954] [PMID] [PMCID]##Jahangasht, K. (2020). [Social stigma: The social consequences of covid-19 (Persian)]. Journal of Marine Medicine, 2(1), 59-60. [Link]##Keshvari, F., Heshmati, P., & Ghasemian-Shirvan, E. (2017). [The role of prefrotal cortex in subjective mood: A transcranial direct current stimulation study (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 11(1), 25-38. [DOI:10.29252/rph.11.1.25]##Kim, S. W., & Su, K. P. (2020). Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 4-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.025] [PMID] [PMCID]##Leong, K. C., Goodman, J., & Packard, M. G. (2015). Post-training re-exposure to fear conditioned stimuli enhances memory consolidation and biases rats toward the use of dorsolateral striatum-dependent response learning. Behavioural Brain Research, 291, 195-200. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.022] [PMID]##Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073] [PMID] [PMCID]##Matthews, G., Coyle, K., & Craig, A. (1990). Multiple factors of cognitive failure and their relationships with stress vulnerability. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 12(1), 49-65. [DOI:10.1007/BF00960453]##Matthews, G., & Wells, A. (1988). Relationships between anxiety, self-consciousness, and cognitive failure. Cognition and Emotion, 2(2), 123-132. [DOI:10.1080/02699938808408069]##Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., Nijman, H., & de Jong, P. J. (1996). Self-reported cognitive failures and neurotic symptomatology. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(6), 715-724. [DOI:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00024-4]##Merz, C. J., Hamacher-Dang, T. C., & Wolf, O. T. (2014). Exposure to stress attenuates fear retrieval in healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 41, 89-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.009] [PMID]##Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167] [PMID]##Mirza, S. S., Ikram, M. A., Bos, D., Mihaescu, R., Hofman, A., & Tiemeier, H. (2017). Mild cognitive impairment and risk of depression and anxiety: A population-based study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 13(2), 130-139. [DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.2361] [PMID]##Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. (2020). Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102076. 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Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Adult Sources of Self-esteem Inventory Among Iranian Students 2 2 Objective: This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the adult sources of self-esteem inventory as a cross-cultural scale for assessing self-esteem. Methods: A sample of 500 students (350 females, 150 males) were selected from Kharazmi University in Iran and they completed the Persian version of the adult sources of Elovson and Fleming’s self-esteem inventory and Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale.  Results: The Cronbach α of 0.90 indicated the satisfactory reliability of the inventory. Also, the results of the explanatory factor analysis proposed 3 factors, namely the outer self, personal self, and relational self. Additionally, the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this structure. Conclusion: The findings showed that the Persian version of the adult sources of self-esteem inventory is a suitable tool to assess sources of self-esteem and can be used in research and intervention fields in Iranian samples. 9 22 2022/03/52021/06/12 1400/3/22 2022/11/52022/11/5 1401/8/14 Negar Sadeghi Negar Sadeghi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran negar.sa.35@gmail.com Balal Ezanlu Balal Ezanlu Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran izan.b@khu.ac.ir Self-esteem Validity Reliability Factor analysis Aydm, B., & San, S. V. (2011). Internet addiction among adolescents: The role of self-esteem. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3500-3505. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.325]##Bachman, J. G., & O’Malley, P. M. (1984). Black-white differences in self-esteem: Are they affected by response styles? American Journal of Sociology, 90(3), 624-639. 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Global self-esteem and attitudes toward the high achiever for Australian and Japanese students. Social Psychology Quarterly, 56(1), 65-76. [DOI:10.2307/2786646]##Fleming, J. S., & Elovson, A. (2008). The Adult Sources of Self-Esteem Scale (ASSEI): Development, rationale and history. Arizona: Prescott. [Link]##Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. [DOI:10.1177/002224378101800104]##Franck, E., De Raedt, R., Barbez, C., & Rosseel, Y. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Psychologica Belgica, 48(1), 25-35. [Link]##Golino, H., & Christensen, A. P. (2020). EGAnet: Exploratory Graph Analysis -- A framework for estimating the number of dimensions in multivariate data using network psychometrics. Retrived from: [Link]##Hatcher, J., & Hall, L. A. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in African American single mothers. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30(2), 70-77. [PMID]##Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. [Link]##Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106(4), 766-794. [DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766] [PMID]##Hoge, D. R., & McCarthy, J. D. (1984). Influence of individual and group identity salience in the global self-esteem of youth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(2), 403-414. [PMID]##Jonstang, I. C. (2009). The effect of body dissatisfaction on eating disorder symptomatology: mediating effects of depression and low self-esteem: A partial test of the Dual-Pathway Model [MSc. thesis]. Oslo: University of Oslo. [Link]##Jung, J., & Lee, S. H. (2006). 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Understanding the Efficacy of Self-affirmation Intervention for Subclinical Depression Among Young Adults 2 2 Objective: This study aimed to understand the effectiveness of the Self-affirmation intervention for subclinical depression in Indian adults.  Methods: We used the experimental research design. Using purposive sampling, 80 participants with subclinical depression were chosen. The participants were randomly allocated equally to experimental (intervention) and control (non-intervention) groups. Their depression was measured at 3 intervals: pre- and post-interventions and follow-up. We hypothesized that Self-affirmation intervention will show curative and preventive capacity for subclinical depression. The data were analyzed using the 3-way analysis of variance method. Results: The results revealed the significant curative power of the Self-affirmation intervention for subclinical depression of the participants in the experimental group when compared to the control group. The main effects of conditions (intervention: control and experimental) and treatment intervals (pre-, post-, and follow-up) as well as their interaction effect were significant. Mean subclinical depression scores during pre- and post-interventions and follow-up intervals confirmed the curative and prophylactic power of the intervention.  Conclusion: The study findings indicated that the affirmation-based intervention carries both curative and preventive powers for subclinical depression, as reflected in the experimental group’s lower performance after the intervention and follow-up. The reverberating positive effects induced after Self-affirmation manipulation have remained active even after the intervention ended because of the underlying mechanisms of meaning, strengths, positive attributions, and beneficial social relationships that inhibit the relapse of subclinical depressive tendencies. 23 34 2022/03/52021/06/122022/06/11 1401/3/21 2022/11/52022/11/52022/10/11 1401/7/19 Ruchi Pandey Ruchi Pandey Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. India pandeyruchi66@gmail.com Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. India gyaneshpsychology@gmail.com Pramod Kumar Rai Pramod Kumar Rai Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. 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K., Lyubomirsky, S., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011). A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans. Cognition and Emotion, 25(7), 1263-1272. [PMID] [PMCID]##Burd, K. A., & Burrow, A. L. (2017). Conceptualizing similarities and differences between purpose in life and self-affirmation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(12), e12366. [DOI:10.1111/spc3.12366]##Cohen, G. L., Garcia, J., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Apfel, N., & Brzustoski, P. (2009). Recursive processes in self-affirmation: Intervening to close the minority achievement gap. Science, 324(5925), 400-403. [DOI:10.1126/science.1170769] [PMID]##Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014). The psychology of change: self-affirmation and social psychological intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 333-371. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137] [PMID]##Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 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Self-affirmation and the role of positive other-directed feelings. Psychological Science, 19(7), 740-747. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02150.x] [PMID]##Epton, T., & Harris, P. R. (2008). Self-affirmation promotes health behavior change. Health Psychology, 27(6), 746-752. [DOI:10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.746] [PMID]##Epton, T., Harris, P. R., Kane, R., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Sheeran, P. (2015). The impact of self-affirmation on health-behavior change: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 34(3), 187-196. [DOI:10.1037/hea0000116] [PMID]##Harris, P. R., Griffin, D. W., Napper, L. E., Bond, R., Schüz, B., & Stride, C., et al. (2019). Individual differences in self-affirmation: Distinguishing self-affirmation from positive self-regard. Self and Identity, 18(6), 589-630. [DOI:10.1080/15298868.2018.1504819]##Keyes C. L. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 539-548. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.539] [PMID]##Kleinman, A. M. (1977). Depression, somatization and the “new cross-cultural psychiatry.” Social Science & Medicine (1967), 11(1), 3-9. [DOI:10.1016/0037-7856(77)90138-X]##Koole, S. L., Smeets, K., van Knippenberg, A., & Dijksterhuis, A. (1999). The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 111-125. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.111]##Koole, S. L., & van Knippenberg, A. (2007). Controlling your mind without ironic consequences: Self-affirmation eliminates rebound effects after thought suppression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 671-677. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.07.001]##Lannin, D. G., Vogel, D. L., Kahn, J. H., Brenner, R. E., Heath, P. J., & Guyll, M. (2020). A multi-wave test of self-affirmation versus emotionally expressive writing. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 33(3), 333-351. [DOI:10.1080/09515070.2018.1553144]##Layous, K., Katherine Nelson, S., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). What Is the optimal way to deliver a positive activity intervention? The case of writing about one’s best possible selves. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 635-654. [DOI:10.1007/s10902-012-9346-2]##Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57-62. [DOI:10.1177/0963721412469809]##Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131. [DOI:10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111]##MCQueen, A., & Klein, W. M. (2006). Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review. Self and Identity, 5(4), 289-354. [DOI:10.1080/15298860600805325]##Nelson, S. K., Fuller, J. A., Choi, I., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Beyond self-protection: Self-affirmation benefits hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(8), 998-1011. [DOI:10.1177/0146167214533389] [PMID]##Pandey, R., Tiwari, G. K., & Rai, P. K. (2020). “Bouncing back” with self-affirmation intervention: A case of Indian adults with depressive tendencies. Madhya Bharti, 79(2), 252-263. [Link]##Pandey, R., Tiwari, G. K., & Rai, P. K. (2020). The independent and interdependent self-affirmation in action: Understanding their dynamics in India during COVID-19. [Unpublished]. [DOI:10.22541/au.158958018.83880224]##Pandey, R., Tiwari, G. K., & Rai, P. K. (2021). Restoring and preserving capacity of self-affirmation for well-being in Indian adults with non-clinical depressive tendencies. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 9(2), 135-147. [DOI:10.5114/cipp.2021.105260]##Russell, S. T., Pollitt, A. M., Li, G., & Grossman, A. H. (2018).Chosen name use is linked to reduced depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior among transgender youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(4), 503-505. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.003] [PMID] [PMCID]##Schimel, J., Arndt, J., Banko, K. M., & Cook, A. (2004). Not all self-affirmations were created equal: The cognitive and social benefits of affirming the intrinsic (vs. Extrinsic) self. Social Cognition, 22(1), 75-99. [DOI:10.1521/soco.22.1.75.30984]##Schmeichel, B. J., & Martens, A. (2005). Self-affirmation and mortality salience: Affirming values reduces worldview defense and death-thought accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(5), 658-667. [DOI:10.1177/0146167204271567] [PMID]##Schmeichel, B. J., & Vohs, K. (2009). Self-affirmation and self-control: Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 770-782. [DOI:10.1037/a0014635] [PMID]##Seligman, M. E. P. (2012). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Atria Books. [Link]##Sherman, D. K., Bunyan, D. P., Creswell, J. D., & Jaremka, L. M. (2009). Psychological vulnerability and stress: The effects of self-affirmation on sympathetic nervous system responses to naturalistic stressors. Health Psychology, 28(5), 554-562. [DOI:10.1037/a0014663] [PMID]##Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006). The Psychology of self‐defense: Self‐affirmation theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 183-242. [DOI:10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38004-5]##Simon, G. E., Specht, C., & Doederlein, A. (2016). Coping with suicidal thoughts: A survey of personal experience. Psychiatric Services, 67(9), 1026-1029. [PMID] [PMCID]##Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467-487. [PMID]##Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 261-302. [DOI:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60229-4]##Sweeney, A. M., & Moyer, A. (2015). Self-affirmation and responses to health messages: A meta-analysis on intentions and behavior. Health Psychology, 34(2), 149-159. [DOI:10.1037/hea0000110] [PMID]##Tiwari, G. K., Kashyap, A. K., Rai, P. K., Tiwari, R. P., & Pandey, R. (2022). Collective affirmation in action: Understanding the success of lockdown in India during the first wave of the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Research & Health, 12(3), 137-150. [DOI:10.32598/JRH.12.3.1992.1]##Tiwari, G. K., Tiwari, R. P., Pandey, R., Ray, B., Dwivedi, A., & Sharma, D. N., et al. (2020). The life outcomes of children during COVID-19: Exploring the protective roles of the joint and nuclear families in India [Unpublished]. [DOI:10.22541/au.159769493.33057412]##Ugwu, I. D., Amico, F., Carballedo, A., Fagan, A. J., & Frodl, T. (2015). Childhood adversity, depression, age and gender effects on white matter microstructure: A DTI study. 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The Role of Personality Traits, Personality Functioning, Traumatic Life Events, and Emotion-Regulation Difficulties in Predicting Polysubstance Use 2 2 Objective: Polysubstance use as a severity index in individuals with substance abuse disorder is associated with various psychological, social, cultural, and genetic factors. This research aims to examine the predictive role of personality traits, personality functions, traumatic life events, and emotion-regulation difficulties in polysubstance use and the severity of dependence. Methods: A total of 300 subjects (75.2% male) with the mean age of 40.07 years and standard deviation of 12.26 were chosen via the available sampling method. The subjects included individuals abusing one substance (30.6%), a group abusing multiple substances (37.5%), and a nonclinical group (31.7%). The participants completed the questionnaires of short-form personality inventory based on The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, levels of personality functioning scale, dysfunctional emotion regulation scale, and life events checklist. Results: The results of ranked regression and structural equation modeling indicated that the variables of personality traits (2.69), emotional regulation strategies (2.04), personality functioning (1.17), and stressful factors (1.65) had a significant role in predicting drug abuse. Conclusion: Personality affects all life dimensions. Emotion regulation strategies, by affecting maladaptive traits, especially negative affectivity and antagonism, as well as personality functions can predispose the person to polysubstance use. 35 44 2022/03/52021/06/122022/06/112022/11/6 1401/8/15 2022/11/52022/11/52022/10/112022/11/12 1401/8/21 مهدی امینی Mahdi Amini Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran محسن روشن پژوه Mohsen Roshanpajouh Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran ایمان همراز Iman Hamraz Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Iran M. Amin Abdolahpur M. Amin Abdolahpur Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanistic and Social Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. Iran Amin.Abdolahpur@uok.ac.ir Addiction Personality traits Emotion regulation Substance use DSM-5 Alternative model of personality disorders Trauma American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American psychiatric association. [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]##Amini, M., Lotfi, M., Azad, E., & Karami, A. (2018). [Assessing the DSM-5 levels of personality functioning: Development and psychometric evaluation of the brief semi-structured interview for DSM-5 personality functioning (BSSIDPF) (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 28(167), 121-132. [Link]##Amini, M., Shiasy, Y., Motallebi, Z., & Lotfi, M. (2020). [The role of emotion regulation and personality traits as predictors of quality of life and general health in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders (Persian)]. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 27(3), 424-430. [Link]##Bach, B., & Fjeldsted, R. (2017). The role of DSM-5 borderline personality symptomatology and traits in the link between childhood trauma and suicidal risk in psychiatric patients. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 4, 12. [DOI:10.1186/s40479-017-0063-7] [PMID] [PMCID]##Bach, B., & Hutsebaut, J. (2018). Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0: Utility in capturing personality problems in psychiatric outpatients and incarcerated addicts. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(660-670). [DOI:10.1080/00223891.2018.1428984] [PMID]##Bach, B., Maples-Keller, J. L., Bo, S., & Simonsen, E. (2016). The alternative DSM-5 personality disorder traits criterion: A comparative examination of three self-report forms in a Danish population. Personality Disorders, 7(2), 124–135. [DOI:10.1037/per0000162] [PMID]##Bach, B., & Tracy, M. (2022). Clinical utility of the alternative model of personality disorders: A 10th year anniversary review. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 13(4), 369–379. [DOI:10.1037/per0000527]##Bailey, A. J., Farmer, E. J., & Finn, P. R. (2019). Patterns of polysubstance use and simultaneous co-use in high risk young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 205, 107656. [DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107656] [PMID] [PMCID]##Bakhshaie, J., Rogers, A. H., Kauffman, B. Y., Tran, N., Buckner, J. D., & Ditre, J. W., et al. (2019). Emotion dysregulation as an explanatory factor in the relation between negative affectivity and non-medical use of opioid in a diverse young adult sample. Addictive Behaviors, 95, 103-109. [DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.02.025] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ball, S. A. (2005). Personality traits, problems, and disorders: Clinical applications to substance use disorders. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(1), 84-102. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.008]##Benoit, M., Bouthillier, D., Moss, E., Rousseau, C., & Brunet, A. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies as mediators of the association between level of attachment security and PTSD symptoms following trauma in adulthood. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 23(1), 101-118. [DOI:10.1080/10615800802638279] [PMID]##Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., & Lucas, R. E. (2018). Life events and personality trait change. Journal of Personality, 86(1), 83-96. [DOI:10.1111/jopy.12286] [PMID]##Cavicchioli, M., Ramella, P., Movalli, M., Prudenziati, F., Vassena, G., & Simone, G., et al. (2020). DSM-5 maladaptive personality domains among treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorder: The role of disinhibition and negative affectivity. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(11), 1746-1758. [DOI:10.1080/10826084.2020.1762650] [PMID]##Cisler, J. M., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(3), 182-187. [DOI:10.1007/s11920-012-0262-2] [PMID] [PMCID]##Cohen, S., Murphy, M. L. M., & Prather, A. A. (2019). Ten surprising facts about stressful life events and disease risk. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 577–597. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857] [PMID] [PMCID]##Compton, W. M., Valentino, R. J., & DuPont, R. L. (2021). Polysubstance use in the US opioid crisis. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(1), 41-50. [DOI:10.1038/s41380-020-00949-3] [PMID] [PMCID]##Connor, J. P., Gullo, M. J., White, A., & Kelly, A. B. (2014). Polysubstance use: Diagnostic challenges, patterns of use and health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24(7), 269-275. [DOI:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000069] [PMID]##Creswell, K. G., Bachrach, R. L., Wright, A. G., Pinto, A., & Ansell, E. (2016). Predicting problematic alcohol use with the DSM-5 alternative model of personality pathology. Personality Disorder, 7(1), 103-111. [DOI:10.1037/per0000131] [PMID] [PMCID]##Crummy, E. A., O'Neal, T. J., Baskin, B. M., & Ferguson, S. M. (2020). One is not enough: Understanding and modeling polysubstance use. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 569. [DOI:10.3389/fnins.2020.00569] [PMID] [PMCID]##Cuomo, C., Sarchiapone, M., Giannantonio, M. D., Mancini, M., & Roy, A. (2008). Aggression, impulsivity, personality traits, and childhood trauma of prisoners with substance abuse and addiction. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34(3), 339-345. [DOI:10.1080/00952990802010884] [PMID]##Dingle, G. A., Neves, D. D. C., Alhadad, S. S. J., & Hides, L. (2018). Individual and interpersonal emotion regulation among adults with substance use disorders and matched controls. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 186-202. [DOI:10.1111/bjc.12168] [PMID]##Enoch, M. A. (2011). The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 17-31. [DOI:10.1007/s00213-010-1916-6] [PMID] [PMCID]##Flouri, E., & Mavroveli, S. (2013). Adverse life events and emotional and behavioural problems in adolescence: The role of coping and emotion regulation. 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The relationship of personality traits to substance abuse in patients with bipolar disorder. European Psychiatry, 22(5), 305-308. [DOI:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.03.009] [PMID]##Hodson, C., Newcomb, M. D., Locke, T. F., & Goodyear, R. K. (2006). Childhood adversity, poly-substance use, and disordered eating in adolescent Latinas: Mediated and indirect paths in a community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(9), 1017-1036. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.017] [PMID]##Hutsebaut, J., Feenstra, D. J., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2016). Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of a brief self-report questionnaire for the assessment of the DSM-5 level of Personality Functioning Scale: The LPFS brief form (LPFS-BF). Personality Disorders, 7(2), 192-197. [DOI:10.1037/per0000159] [PMID]##Krueger, R. F. (2019). Criterion B of the AMPD and the interpersonal, multivariate, and empirical paradigms of personality assessment. In C. J. Hopwood, A. Mulay, & M. Waugh (Eds.), The DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders (pp. 60-76). New York: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781315205076-3]##Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879-1890. [PMID] [PMCID]##Manning, K., Paulus, D. J., Hogan, J. B. D., Buckner, J. D., Farris, S. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018). Negative affectivity as a mechanism underlying perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, barriers to cessation, and self-efficacy for quitting among urban cannabis users. Addictive Behaviors, 78, 216-222. [PMID] [PMCID]##Mazaheri, M. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) DERS-6 & DERS-5-revised (in an Iranian clinical sample. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 10(2), 115-122. [PMID]##McHugh, R. K., & Kneeland, E. T. (2019). 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Investigating the Relationship Between Childhood Sexual Abuse, Marital Satisfaction and Sexual Performance in Iranian Married Women 2 2 Objective: The present study defines the experiences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and aims to explain its relationship with satisfaction with married life and sexual performance in Iranian married women. Methods: The statistical population included all married women in Tehran Province, Iran, in 2021 in the age range of 18 to 50 years. According to the study population, 200 people were selected as the sample using the available sampling method and answered the female sexual function index, developed by Rosen et al. (2000), the marital satisfaction questionnaire by Enrich (1989), and the unwanted childhood sexual experiences questionnaire by Stevenson (1998). In the statistical method, the research hypotheses were tested according to the normally distributed research variables, using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. Results: The results of the Pearson correlation showed a negative and significant relationship between the experience of CSA and satisfaction with married life, along with the two components of sexual pain and sexual desire in the variable of sexual performance (P<0.01). In addition, the multivariate regression results showed that CSA experiences could predict marital life satisfaction. However, only the component of maximum contact in the CSA variable predicted the components of sexual pain and sexual desire in the sexual performance variable (P<0.01). Conclusion: The experience of CSA in Iranian married women can affect their marital relationship and sexual performance. Accordingly, efforts should be made to identify these people and consider appropriate psychological measures for their recovery because, in Iranian culture, most people hide this incident out of social shame and fear of being dishonored. 45 56 2022/03/52021/06/122022/06/112022/11/62022/08/25 1401/6/3 2022/11/52022/11/52022/10/112022/11/122022/10/4 1401/7/12 Milad Shirkhani Milad Shirkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran milad.shirkhani@mail.um.ac.ir Amirhosein Sadeghi Amirhosein Sadeghi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Science and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran sadeghiamirhosein.ahs@gmail.com Ali Naeemi Nezam Abad Ali Naeemi Nezam Abad Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, University of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran. Iran ali.naeemi1974@gmail.com Kimia Sabbagh Kimia Sabbagh Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran sabbagh.k99@gmail.com Marital satisfaction Sexual dysfunction Child sexual abuse Afifi, T. O., MacMillan, H. L., Boyle, M., Taillieu, T., Cheung, K., & Sareen, J. (2014). Child abuse and mental disorders in Canada. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 186(9), E324–E332. [DOI:10.1503/cmaj.131792] [PMID] [PMCID]##Assini-Meytin, L. C., Fix, R. L., & Letourneau, E. J. (2020). Child sexual abuse: The need for a perpetration prevention focus. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 29(1), 22-40. [DOI:10.1080/10538712.2019.1703232] [PMID]##Bachem, R., Levin, Y., Zhou, X., Zerach, G., & Solomon, Z. (2018). The role of parental posttraumatic stress, marital adjustment, and dyadic self‐disclosure in intergenerational transmission of trauma: A family system approach. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 44(3), 543-555. [DOI:10.1111/jmft.12266] [PMID]##Badrfam, R., Kabir, K., & Zandifar, A. (2020). Child abuse in Iran: Need to pay attention to next generation psychiatric problems. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 101935. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101935] [PMID]##Barrera, M., Calderón, L., & Bell, V. (2013). The cognitive impact of sexual abuse and PTSD in children: A neuropsychological study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(6), 625-638. [DOI:10.1080/10538712.2013.811141] [PMID]##Blais, R. K. (2020). Lower sexual satisfaction and function mediate the association of assault military sexual trauma and relationship satisfaction in partnered female service members/veterans. Family Process, 59(2), 586-596. [DOI:10.1111/famp.12449] [PMID]##Cashmore, J., & Shackel, R. (2013). Responding to child sexual abuse. The University of Sydney: Australian Review of Public. [Link]##Chizari, M., Ranjbaran, M., Seyyedzadeh-Aghdam, N., Ohadi, B., & Shamsi, M. (2019). [Some predictive factors of women’s sexual function in Tehran city (Persian)]. Journal of Health in the Field, 7(3), 22-28. [DOI:10.22037/jhf.v7i3.25974]##Choudhry, V., Dayal, R., Pillai, D., Kalokhe, A. S., Beier, K., & Patel, V. (2018). Child sexual abuse in India: A systematic review. PloS One, 13(10), e0205086. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0205086] [PMID] [PMCID]##Dalton, E. J., Greenman, P. S., Classen, C. C., & Johnson, S. M. (2013). Nurturing connections in the aftermath of childhood trauma: A randomized controlled trial of emotionally focused couple therapy for female survivors of childhood abuse. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 2(3), 209-221. [DOI:10.1037/a0032772]##DiMauro, J., Renshaw, K. D., & Blais, R. K. (2018). Sexual vs. Non-sexual trauma, sexual satisfaction and function, and mental health in female veterans. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(4), 403-416. [PMID]##Dolisgan, K. K., & Razisni, Y. (2020). A review of child abuses and its management in Iran. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(19), 9899-9906. [Link]##Dorri Mashhadi, N., Shirkhani, M., Mahdavian, M., & Mahmoudi, S. (2022). [Predicting the severity of obsessive-compulsive syndrome based on perceived parenting style: The mediating role of obsessive beliefs (Persian)]. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 24(1), 29-37. [DOI:10.22038/jfmh.2022.19449]##Esmaeili, M., Bahrami, N., & Oveisi, S. (2020). Effect of a structured educational package on women’s sexual function during pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 148(2), 225-230. [PMID]##Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., et al. (2019). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(6), 774–786. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.001] [PMID]##Finestone, H. M., Stenn, P., Davies, F., Stalker, C., Fry, R., & Koumanis, J. (2000). Chronic pain and health care utilization in women with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(4), 547-556. [DOI:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00112-5] [PMID]##Finkelhor, D. (2010). Sexually victimized children. New York: Free Press. [Link]##Fowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1989). Enrich marital inventory: A discriminant validity and cross‐validation assessment. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 15(1), 65-79. [PMID]##Francis Laughlin, C., & Rusca, K. A. (2020). Strengthening vicarious resilience in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A narrative approach to couples therapy. The Family Journal, 28(1), 15-24. [DOI:10.1177/1066480719894938]##Goodman, M. L., Hindman, A., Keiser, P. H., Gitari, S., Ackerman Porter, K., & Raimer, B. G. (2020). Neglect, sexual abuse, and witnessing intimate partner violence during childhood predicts later life violent attitudes against children among Kenyan women: Evidence of intergenerational risk transmission from cross-sectional data. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(3-4), 623-645. [DOI:10.1177/0886260516689777] [PMID]##Higgins, D. J., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Multiple forms of child abuse and neglect: Adult retrospective reports. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6(6), 547-578. [DOI:10.1016/S1359-1789(00)00030-6]##Impett, E. A., Strachman, A., Finkel, E. J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Maintaining sexual desire in intimate relationships: The importance of approach goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(5), 808-823. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.808] [PMID]##Khajehei, M., & Doherty, M. (2018). Women’s experience of their sexual function during pregnancy and after childbirth: A qualitative survey. British Journal of Midwifery, 26(5), 318-328. [DOI:10.12968/bjom.2018.26.5.318]##Khoori, E., Gholamfarkhani, S., Tatari, M., & Wurtele, S. K. (2020). Parents as teachers: Mothers’ roles in sexual abuse prevention education in Gorgan, Iran. Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, 104695. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104695] [PMID]##Kremer, I., Orbach, I., & Rosenbloom, T. (2017). Mental pain and suicidal tendencies in sexual and physical abuse victims. Archives of Suicide Research, 21(2), 307-321. [DOI:10.1080/13811118.2016.1175394] [PMID]##McTavish, J. R., Sverdlichenko, I., MacMillan, H. L., & Wekerle, C. (2019). Child sexual abuse, disclosure and PTSD: A systematic and critical review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 92, 196-208. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.006] [PMID]##Merghati-Khoei, E., Abolghasemi, N., & Smith, T. G. (2014). “Children are sexually innocent”: Iranian parents’ understanding of children’s sexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(3), 587-595. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-013-0218-6] [PMID]##Meston, C. M., Rellini, A. H., & Heiman, J. R. (2006). Women’s history of sexual abuse, their sexuality, and sexual self-schemas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(2), 229-236. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.229] [PMID]##Miller, A. B., Schaefer, K. E., Renshaw, K. D., & Blais, R. K. (2013). PTSD and marital satisfaction in military service members: Examining the simultaneous roles of childhood sexual abuse and combat exposure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(11), 979-985. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.05.006] [PMID]##Mohammadi, Kh., Heydari, M., & Faghihzadeh, S. (2008). [The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): Validation of the Iranian version (Persian)]. Payesh, 7(3), 269-278. [Link]##Moody, G., Cannings-John, R., Hood, K., Kemp, A., & Robling, M. (2018). Establishing the international prevalence of self-reported child maltreatment: A systematic review by maltreatment type and gender. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1164. [PMID] [PMCID]##Olafson, E. (2011). Child sexual abuse: Demography, impact, and interventions. 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Investigating the Relationship Between Local and Global Coherence and Cognitive Processes in Persian-speaking Elderly Population 2 2 Objective: Many studies have suggested a relationship between coherence and cognitive processes. This study aims to investigate this hypothesis by assessing the relationship between cognitive variables and coherence in the discourse of 2 groups of Persian-speaking young adults and the elderly. Methods: To evaluate our participants’ cognitive capabilities, we employed the cognitive tests of the mini-mental status test, the Stroop-color task, the digit symbol copy task, the clock-drawing task, and the backward digit span. On the other hand, the specific tasks to evaluate the discourse properties of the participants were the single task of talking and the dual task of talking while walking. Results: The results demonstrated that the dual task did not impact local coherence while global coherence was significantly disrupted in both tasks. However, the global coherence scale was more negatively affected in the dual task compared to the single task. While the relationship between global coherence and cognitive variables was significant in both tasks, the relationship between global coherence and working memory measures was only significant in the dual task. Furthermore, no relationship was observed between the scale of local coherence and either cognitive or working memory measures.  Conclusion: Our findings corroborate previous findings that local and global coherence is manipulated by different cognitive processes and the maintenance of global coherence requires more demanding cognitive processes and is disrupted before local coherence occurs. 57 68 2022/03/52021/06/122022/06/112022/11/62022/08/252022/09/15 1401/6/24 2022/11/52022/11/52022/10/112022/11/122022/10/42022/11/5 1401/8/14 Omid Azad Omid Azad Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran. Iran oazadling@gmail.com Cognition Working memory Coherence Arslan, S., Devers, C., & Ferreiro, S. M. (2021). Pronoun processing in post-stroke aphasia: A meta-analytic review of individual data. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 59, 101005. [DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2021.101005]##Azad, O. (2020). [Metaphor comprehension in Persian-speaking Alzheimer’s patients: The role of central executive (Persian)]. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 7(4), 13-22. [Link]##Bao, L., Brownlie, E. B., & Beitchman, J. H. (2016). Mental health trajectories from adolescence to adulthood: Language disorder and other childhood and adolescent risk factors. Development and Psychopathology, 28(2), 489-504. [DOI:10.1017/S0954579415001054] [PMID]##Barnett, M., & Coldiron, A. (2021). Off-topic verbosity: Relationships between verbal abilities and speech characteristics among young and older adults. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 29(6), 1362–1368. [PMID]##Cova, I., Mele, F., Zerini, F., Maggiore, L., Rosa, S., & Cucumo, V., et al. (2022). The Clock Drawing Test as a predictor of cognitive decline in non-demented stroke patients. Journal of Neurology, 269(1), 342-349. [DOI:10.1007/s00415-021-10637-z] [PMID] [PMCID]##Dion, C., Arias, F., Amini, S., Davis, R., Penney, D., & Libon, D. J., et al. (2020). Cognitive correlates of digital clock drawing metrics in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 75(1), 73-83. [DOI:10.3233/JAD-191089] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ellis, C., Henderson, A., Wright, H. H., & Rogalski, Y. (2016). Global coherence during discourse production in adults: A review of the literature. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 51(4), 359-367. [DOI:10.1111/1460-6984.12213] [PMID]##Feenaughty, L. (2022). Linguistic performance during monologues and correlates of neuropsychological function for adults with multiple sclerosis. Aphasiology, 1-24. 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Stausberg(Eds.), The Routledge handbook of research methods in the study of religion (pp. 229-244). London: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781003222491-17]##Hunter, S. W., Omana, H., Madou, E., Wittich, W., Hill, K. D., & Johnson, A. M., et al. (2020). Effect of dual-tasking on walking and cognitive demands in adults with Alzheimer’s dementia experienced in using a 4-wheeled walker. Gait & Posture, 77, 164-170. [DOI:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.01.024] [PMID]##Binti Mohamad Ismail, F. N., Chu, S. Y., Gan, K. B., Park, H. R., Lee, J., & Barlow, S. M., et al. (2022). Speech performance among healthy malay female speakers during dual tasks and sentence complexity. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 74(2), 112-121. [DOI:10.1159/000517759] [PMID]##Jafari, Z., Esmaili, M., Toufani, R., & Aghamolaei, M. (2015). Bilingual proficiency and cognitive reserve in Persian-English bilingual older adults. Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(3), 351-357. [PMID]##Kandana Arachchige, K. G., Holle, H., Rossignol, M., Loureiro, I. S., & Lefebvre, L. (2022). High verbal working memory load impairs gesture-speech integration: Evidence from a dual task paradigm. Gesture, 20(3), 354 - 375. [DOI:10.1075/gest.20028.kan]##Kemper, S., Bontempo, D., Schmalzried, R., McKedy, W., Tagliaferri, B., & Kieweg, D. (2014). Tracking reading: Dual task costs of oral reading for young versus older adults. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 43(1), 59-80. [DOI:10.1007/s10936-013-9240-z] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kintz, S., Fergadiotis, G., & Wright, H. H. (2016). Aging effects on discourse production. Cognition, Language and Aging, 81-106. [DOI:10.1075/z.200.04kin]##Laske, C., Sohrabi, H. R., Frost, S. M., López-de-Ipiña, K., Garrard, P., & Buscema, M., et al. (2015). Innovative diagnostic tools for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 11(5), 561-578. [DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.004] [PMID]##Leaman, M. C., & Edmonds, L. A. (2021). Measuring global coherence in people with aphasia during unstructured conversation. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 30(1S), 359-375. [DOI:10.1044/2020_AJSLP-19-00104] [PMID]##Linnik, A., Bastiaanse, R., & Höhle, B. (2016). Discourse production in aphasia: A current review of theoretical and methodological challenges. Aphasiology, 30(7), 765-800. [DOI:10.1080/02687038.2015.1113489]##Linnik, A., Bastiaanse, R., Stede, M., & Khudyakova, M. (2022). Linguistic mechanisms of coherence in aphasic and non-aphasic discourse. Aphasiology, 36(2), 123-146. [DOI:10.1080/02687038.2020.1852527]##McGurn, M., Dworkin, J. D., Chapman, S., Huey, E. D., Cosentino, S., & Louis, E. D. (2022). Can the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination detect cognitive decline in elderly patients with essential tremor? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1-18. [PMID]##Muci, B., Keser, I., Meric, A., & Karatas, G. K. (2022). What are the factors affecting dual-task gait performance in people after stroke? Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 38(5), 621-628. [DOI:10.1080/09593985.2020.1777603] [PMID]##Mungas, D., Fletcher, E., Gavett, B. E., Widaman, K., Zahodne, L. B., & Hohman, T. J., et al. (2021). Comparison of education and episodic memory as modifiers of brain atrophy effects on cognitive decline: Implications for measuring cognitive reserve. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 27(5), 401-411. [DOI:10.1017/S1355617720001095] [PMID] [PMCID]##Nejati, V. (2010). Cognitive executive functions of brain frontal lobe in aged adults. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 4 (1), 59-64. [Link]##Nenna, F., Do, C. T., Protzak, J., & Gramann, K. (2021). Alteration of brain dynamics during dual‐task overground walking. The European journal of neuroscience, 54(12), 8158–8174. [PMID]##Obermeyer, J. A., Rogalski, Y., & Edmonds, L. A. (2021). 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Predicting Moral Reasoning With Spiritual Well-being and Personality: The Mediating Role of Empathy in Physicians and Nurses 2 2 Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has created many problems. This paper aims to predict moral reasoning through spiritual health and personality via the mediating role of empathy in physicians and nurses. Methods: The current research is a cross-sectional analysis conducted on 320 physicians and nurses working in hospitals’ COVID-19 wards. We used the available sampling method, and the research tools included the brief form of personality inventory for The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (Krueger et al. 2012), the spiritual well-being scale (Dehshiri 2009), the defining issue test-2 (Rest et al. 1986), and the interpersonal reactivity index (Davis 1983).  Results: The results of the current investigation indicated that spiritual well-being has a positive and significant effect on empathy (P<0.0001, β=0.236). Empathy has a positive and significant correlation with moral reasoning (P=0.032, β=0.117). And finally, the moral reasoning variable in the current model was calculated at 0.019. Conclusion: The current study shows that empathy can predict moral reasoning. Meanwhile, understanding the feelings of others can be more useful in judgment and decision-making. In addition, spiritual health can play an important role in empathy. 69 80 2022/03/52021/06/122022/06/112022/11/62022/08/252022/09/152022/07/3 1401/4/12 2022/11/52022/11/52022/10/112022/11/122022/10/42022/11/52022/10/4 1401/7/12 Fateme Chitgari Fateme Chitgari Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran f.chitgari@yahoo.com Amir Sam Kianimoghadam Amir Sam Kianimoghadam Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran as.kianimoghadam@gmail.com Farnaz Doostdari Farnaz Doostdari Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran f.doostdari@sbmu.ac.ir Zahra Tavalaee Nezhad Zahra Tavalaee Nezhad Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Iran zahratavalaye@ gmail.com Maryam Bakhtiari Maryam Bakhtiari Department of Clinical Psychology, Religion and Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran dr.bakhtiari54@gmail.com Moral reasoning Spiritual well-being Personality disorders Empathy Physicians Nurses Abdi, R., & Chalabianlou, G. (2017). [Adaptation and psychometric characteristic of personality inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) (Persian)]. Journal of Modern Psychological Research, 45(12), 131-154. [Link]##Abe, K., Niwa, M., Fujisaki, K., & Suzuki, Y. (2018). 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The Effectiveness of Acceptance-and-Commitment-Based Parenting Training on Mood and Anxiety in Children and Self-compassion in Parents 2 2 Objective: Depression and anxiety are common in children and a major cause of many illnesses and disabilities in this age group; Moreover, parents have the greatest impact on shaping the mental health and well-being of their children and there is a vast literature describing the importance of parenting factors in the development of depression and anxiety in children.  Methods: We used the experimental research design in this study. The sample consisted of 34 children with depression and anxiety who were randomly allocated into ACT on parenting (intervention) and control groups via the randomization method. The intervention group received eight 2-h sessions weekly. The revised child anxiety and depression scale, parent short versions and the self-compassion scale were administered in both groups. The analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) and the repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to determine the difference between the intervention and control groups on depression, anxiety, and self-compassion.  Results: ANCOVA and repeated measures ANOVA results showed clinically significant changes in depression and anxiety in children and self-compassion in parents in the intervention group (P<0.001). The Mean±SD of depression in the intervention group was 16.50±0.89 at baseline, which significantly decreased to 2.94±3.27 at post-measure and 2.25±3.35 at follow-up (P<0.001). The Mean±SD of anxiety was 18.19±1.87, which significantly decreased to 7.63±4.34 at post-measure and 7.06±4.52 at follow-up (P<0.001). Additionally, the mean and SD score of self-compassion was 56.43±3.14 in pre-intervention, which significantly improved to 97.18±3.72 in post-intervention and 98.25±4.76 at follow-up (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results show that ACT-based parenting is an effective treatment for depression and anxiety in children. This method also improves self-compassion in parents. 81 92 2022/03/52021/06/122022/06/112022/11/62022/08/252022/09/152022/07/32022/08/28 1401/6/6 2022/11/52022/11/52022/10/112022/11/122022/10/42022/11/52022/10/42022/10/17 1401/7/25 Elaheh Ghorbanikhah Elaheh Ghorbanikhah Department of Psychology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. Iran eli.ghorbani@gmail.com Mohammad Ali Mohammadyfar Mohammad Ali Mohammadyfar Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran alimohammadyfar@semnan.ac.ir Shahab Moradi Shahab Moradi Department of Psychology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. Iran Shahabmoradi66@gmail.com MohammadAgha Delavarpour MohammadAgha Delavarpour Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. 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