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Comparing the Dimensions of Executive Functions in Monolingual and Bilingual Children 2 2 Objective: This study aimed to compare the executive functions of bilingual and monolingual children. Methods: We recruited 200 children, all under 5 years old, who participated in a cross-sectional study. These participants were separated into two groups based on their enrollment in a second language program. Group one consisted of children enrolled in a second language program (Mean±SD age: 9.86±2.69). Group two consisted of children who did not enroll in any second language program (Mean±SD age: 9.63±3.21). Participants’ executive functioning was assessed using the behavior rating inventory of executive function. The demographics and the socioeconomic status of all participants have been collected via parental reports. Results: Bilingual children scored higher in the components of inhibition, shift of attention, emotional control, initiation, working memory, strategic planning, organization of materials, and monitoring. Also, their total score was higher compared to monolingual children. Conclusion: Early exposure to a second language program during childhood enhances executive functions. 185 192 2022/02/8 1400/11/19 2022/07/23 1401/5/1 karim Abdolmohammadi karim Abdolmohammadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran karim.abdolmohamadi@yahoo.com Ayyoub Malek Ayyoub Malek Research Center of Psychiatry and Bahavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Iran maleka@tbzmed.ac.ir Farhad Ghadiri Sourman Abadi Farhad Ghadiri Sourman Abadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Iran farhadghadiri17@yahoo.com khoshdavi Ebrahimzadeh khoshdavi Ebrahimzadeh Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Iran ebrahimzade113@gmail.com Executive functions Bilingualism Monolingualism Abdolmohamadi, K., Alizadeh, H., Ghadiri, F., Taiebli, M., & Fathi, A. (2018). [Psychometric properties of behavioral rating scale of executive functions (BRIEF) in children aged 6 to 12 years (Persian)]. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 8(30), 135-151. [DOI:10.22054/JEM.2018.24457.1596]##Abdolmohammadi, K., Ghadiri, F., Alizadeh, H., Khodaei, R., & Norouzi, S. (2019). [Comparison of executive functions in preterm and normal children (Persian)]. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 11(2), 92-97. [Link]##Abdolmohamadi, k., Ashouri, A., Ghadiri Sourman Abadi, F., & Mohammadzadeh, A. (2020). [Prediction of executive functions based on impairment in motor and linguistic growth (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 26(2), 188-199. [DOI:10.32598/ijpcp.26.2.227.12]##Adi-Japha, E., Berberich-Artzi, J., & Libnawi, A. (2010). Cognitive flexibility in drawings of bilingual children. Child Development, 81(5), 1356–1366. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01477.x] [PMID]##Antón, E., Carreiras, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2019). The impact of bilingualism on executive functions and working memory in young adults. Plos One, 14(2), e0206770. [PMID] [PMCID]##Antoniou, M., Liang, E., Ettlinger, M., & Wong, P. C. M. (2015). The bilingual advantage in phonetic learning. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,18(4), 683-695 [DOI:10.1017/S1366728914000777]##Antoniou, M. (2019). The advantages of bilingualism debate. Annual Review of Linguistics, 5, 395-415. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011820]##Arizmendi, G. D., Alt, M., Gray, S., Hogan, T. P., Green, S., & Cowan, N. (2018). Do bilingual children have an executive function advantage? Results from inhibition, shifting, and updating tasks. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 49(3), 356-378. [PMID] [PMCID]##Baker, C. (2006). Foundation of bilingual education and bilingualism Clevedon. England: Multilingual Matters.##Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self-regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning. Child Development, 81(1), 326–339. [PMID] ##Bialystok, E. (2017). The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience. Psychological Bulletin, 143(3), 233-262. [PMID] [PMCID]##Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2012). Individual development and evolution: Experiential canalization of self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 647-657. [PMID] ##Carlson, S.M., Zelazo, P.D., & Faja, S. (2013). Executive function. In P. D. Zelazo (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 1: Body and Mind (pp. 706-743). Oxford: Oxford University Press [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958450.013.0025]##Chung-Fat-Yim, A., Sorge, G. B., & Bialystok, E. (2017). The relationship between bilingualism and selective attention in young adults: Evidence from an ambiguous figures task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 70(3), 366–372. [PMID] ##Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203771587/statistical-power-analysis-behavioral-sciences-jacob-cohen##Crespo, K., Gross, M., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2019). The effects of dual language exposure on executive function in Spanish-English bilingual children with different language abilities. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 188, 104663. [DOI:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104663]##Daller, M., & Ongun, Z. (2018). The Threshold Hypothesis revisited: Bilingual lexical knowledge and non-verbal IQ development. International Journal of Bilingualism, 22(6), 675-694. [DOI:10.1177/1367006917690835]##Delphi, M., Delphi, V., Zarifian, T., & Bakhshi, E. (2018). [Comparing phonological processes in Persian-Arabic bilingual children and monolingual children (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 28 (165), 140-149. [Link]##DeLuca, V., Rothman, J., Bialystok, E., & Pliatsikas, C. (2020). Duration and extent of bilingual experience modulate neurocognitive outcomes. NeuroImage, 204, 116222. [PMID] ##Devine, R. T., Ribner, A., & Hughes, C. (2019). Measuring and predicting individual differences in executive functions at 14 months: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 90(5), e618-e636. [PMID] [PMCID]##Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 64, 135-168. [PMID] [PMCID]##Fiske, A., & Holmboe, K. (2019). Neural substrates of early executive function development. Developmental Review: DR, 52, 42–62. [DOI:10.1016/j.dr.2019.100866] [PMID] [PMCID] ##Fogel, Y., Rosenblum, S., Hirsh, R., Chevignard, M., & Josman, N. (2020). Daily performance of adolescents with executive function deficits: An empirical study using a complex-cooking task. Occupational Therapy International, 2020, 3051809. [PMID] [PMCID] ##Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2017). Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex; A Journal Devoted to The Study of The Nervous System and Behavior, 86, 186–204. [PMID] [PMCID] ##Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). Test review behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychology, 6(3), 235-238. ##Halse, K.M. (2014). Stability and Predictors of Change in Executive Functions from the Age of 6 to 8 [MA thesis.] Høgskoleringen: Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. [Link]##Krizman, J., Skoe, E., & Kraus, N. (2016). Bilingual enhancements have no socioeconomic boundaries. Developmental Science, 19(6), 881-891. [PMID]##Kubota, M., Chevalier, N., & Sorace, A. (2020). Losing access to the second language and its effect on executive function development in childhood: The case of ‘returnees. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 55 , 100906. [DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100906]##Last, B. S., Lawson, G. M., Breiner, K., Steinberg, L., & Farah, M. J. (2018). Childhood socioeconomic status and executive function in childhood and beyond. PLoS One. 13(8), e0202964. [PMID] [PMCID]##Lee, H., & Kim, K.H. (2011). Can speaking more languages enhance your creativity? Relationship between bilingualism and creative potential among Korean American students with multicultural link. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(8), 1186-90 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.039]##Memisevic, H., & Sinanovic, O. (2013). Executive functions as predictors of visual-motor integration in children with intellectual disability. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 117(3), 913-22. [DOI:10.2466/15.25.PMS.117x25z4] [PMID]##Memisevic, H. (2015). Self-regulation in children with intellectual disability. Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation, 16(3-4), 71-83. [Link]##Müller, U., Baker, L., & Yeung, E. (2013). A developmental systems approach to executive function. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 45, 39-66. [PMID]##Nichols, E. S., Wild, C. J., Stojanoski, B., Battista, M. E., & Owen, A. M. (2020). Bilingualism affords no general cognitive advantages: a population study of executive function in 11,000 people. Psychological Science, 31(5), 548–567. [PMID] ##Olulade, O. A., Jamal, N. I., Koo, D. S., Perfetti, C. A., LaSasso, C., & Eden, G. F. (2016). Neuroanatomical evidence in support of the bilingual advantage theory. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 26(7), 3196–3204. [PMID] ##Ortega, L. (2019). The study of heritage language development from a bilingualism and social justice perspective. 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Relationship Between Hardiness and Stress of COVID-19 Through the Mediating Role of Mindfulness in Iranian Students 2 2 Objective: Some stressors, such as COVID-19, can cause anxiety and health concerns. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between hardiness and stress of COVID-19 by mediating the role of mindfulness in Iranian students. Methods: We conducted cross-sectional research for this study. Data were gathered from the student populations of 2020-2021, which comprised the statistical population. A convenience sampling method was used to select the participants based on the information obtained from online self-report tools. Students from Iranian universities were asked to participate in an online survey using Internet advertisements, e-mails, forums, social networks, and short message services. Participants were 414 university students. All respondents completed the mindful attention awareness scale, the COVID-19 stress scale, and the personal views survey. We carried out an analysis of the data based on independent t-tests, Pearson correlations, as well as regression tests. Results: It was found that there was a significant correlation between all variables and COVID-19 stress levels. It is worth noting that most of these correlations were in a moderate range. Structural equation modeling showed the overall effects of hardiness on the stress of COVID-19 (β=-0.536, P=0.001), the indirect effects (β=-0.177, P=0.002), and the direct effects of hardiness on the stress of COVID-19 (β=-0.365, P=0.009) were significant.  Conclusion: Considering these findings, we have clarified the role of mindfulness in affecting the hardiness and stress of COVID-19 among Iranian students. This study recommends implementing virtual and electronic mindfulness training workshops to reduce the stress associated with COVID-19 and increase psychological hardiness using these tools. 193 202 2022/02/82022/01/22 1400/11/2 2022/07/232022/07/19 1401/4/28 Roghieh Nooripour Roghieh Nooripour Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran nooripour.r@gmail.com Simin Hosseinian Simin Hosseinian Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hosseins1381@yahoo.com Fardin Farmani Fardin Farmani Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Iran aras.fardin66@gmail.com Nafiseh Abtahi Foroshani Nafiseh Abtahi Foroshani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Khomeini Shahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Ab.foroshani@gamil.com Nikzad Ghanbari Nikzad Ghanbari Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Iran nik.gh.pirkashan@gmail.com Vahideh Sadat Farkhojasteh Vahideh Sadat Farkhojasteh Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Iran farkhojasteh.v.1357@yahoo.com Rashin Abdollahi Rashin Abdollahi Department of General Psychology, Amin Police Academy, Tehran, Iran. Iran sblue.nasim@gmail.com Hossein Ilanloo Hossein Ilanloo Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran hosseinelanloo@gmail.com Mindfulness Stress of COVID-19 Hardiness Students Iran Abdollahi, A., Hosseinian, S., Nooripour, R., & Najafi, M. (2017). Clarifying the roles of hardiness and hopelessness in relation to suicidal ideation among Malaysian undergraduate students. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 5(4), 243-250. [DOI:10.29252/nirp.jpcp.5.4.243]##Antonova, E., Schlosser, K., Pandey, R., & Kumari, V. (2021). Coping with covid-19: Mindfulness-based approaches for mitigating mental health crisis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 563417. [PMID] [PMCID]##Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.005]##Bartone, P. T., & Bowles, S. V. (2020). Coping with recruiter stress: Hardiness, performance and well-being in US Army recruiters. Military Psychology, 32(5), 390-397. [DOI:10.1080/08995605.2020.1780061]##Barzilay, R., Moore, T. M., Greenberg, D. M., DiDomenico, G. E., Brown, L. A., & White, L. K., et al. (2020). Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 291. [DOI:10.1038/s41398-020-00982-4] [PMID] [PMCID]##Behan, C. (2020). The benefits of meditation and mindfulness practices during times of crisis such as COVID-19. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37(4), 256-258. [PMID] ##Belen, H. (2022). Fear of covid-19 and mental health: The role of mindfulness in during times of crisis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 607–618. [PMID] ##Benfer, N., Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Rogers, T. A. (2019). Factor structure and incremental validity of the original and modified versions of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(6), 598-608. [PMID]##Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848. [PMID]##Conversano, C., Di Giuseppe, M., Miccoli, M., Ciacchini, R., Gemignani, A., & Orrù, G. (2020). Mindfulness, age and gender as protective factors against psychological distress during covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1900. [PMID] [PMCID]##Czerwinski, N., Egan, H., Cook, A., & Mantzios, M. (2021). Teachers and mindful colouring to tackle burnout and increase mindfulness, resiliency and wellbeing. Contemporary School Psychology, 25(4), 535-545. [DOI:10.1007/s40688-020-00279-9]##Duan, W., Tang, X., Li, Y., Cheng, X., & Zhang, H. (2020). Perceived organizational support and employee creativity: The mediation role of calling. Creativity Research Journal, 32(4), 403-411. [DOI:10.1080/10400419.2020.1821563]##Dymecka, J., Gerymski, R., Machnik-Czerwik, A., Derbis, R., & Bidzan, M. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and life satisfaction: The role of the health-related hardiness and sense of coherence. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 712103. [PMID] [PMCID] ##Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Weathington, B. L. (2009). Mindfulness in Iran and the United States: Cross-cultural structural complexity and parallel relationships with psychological adjustment. Current Psychology, 28(4), 211-224. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-009-9060-3]##Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2021). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1875-1888. [PMID] ##Hartstone, J. M., & Medvedev, O. N. (2021). The role of mindfulness and life satisfaction in psychological distress during the covid-19 lockdown in New Zealand: A quasi-experimental study. Mindfulness, 12(11), 2693-2706. [PMID] ##Huang, F., Ding, H., Liu, Z., Wu, P., Zhu, M., & Li, A., et al. (2020). How fear and collectivism influence public’s preventive intention towards COVID-19 infection: A study based on big data from the social media. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1707. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-020-09674-6] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kowalski, C. M., & Schermer, J. A. (2019). Hardiness, Perseverative cognition, anxiety, and health-related outcomes: A case for and against psychological hardiness. Psychological Reports, 122(6), 2096-2118. [PMID]##Maddi, S. R. (2004). Hardiness: An operationalization of existential courage. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 44(3), 279-298. [DOI:10.1177/0022167804266101]##Maddi, S. R., Harvey, R. H., Khoshaba, D. M., Lu, J. L., Persico, M., & Brow, M. (2006). The personality construct of hardiness, III: Relationships with repression, innovativeness, authoritarianism, and performance. Journal of Personality, 74(2), 575-598. [PMID]##Malboeuf-Hurtubise, C., Léger-Goodes, T., Mageau, G. A., Joussemet, M., Herba, C., & Chadi, N., et al. (2021). Philosophy for children and mindfulness during COVID-19: Results from a randomized cluster trial and impact on mental health in elementary school students. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107, 110260. [DOI:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110260] [PMID]##Nooripour, R., Ghanbari, N., Hoseinian, S., HasaniAbharian, P., Dobkins, K., & Maadal, A. (2021). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive rehabilitation in reducing stress among hard of hearing adolescent girls. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 87-93. [DOI:10.30491/IJBS.2021.253241.1400]##Nooripour, R., Ghanbari, N., Radwin, L. E., Hosseinian, S., Hassani-Abharian, P., & Hosseinbor, M., et al. (2022). Development and Validation of COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS) in an Iranian non-clinical population. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 24(3), 1-9. [DOI:10.5812/zjrms-118719]##Nooripour, R., Hosseinian, S., Hussain, A. J., Annabestani, M., Maadal, A., & Radwin, L. E., et al. (2021). How resiliency and hope can predict stress of covid-19 by mediating role of spiritual well-being based on machine learning. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(4), 2306-2321. [PMID] ##Reknes, I., Harris, A., & Einarsen, S. (2018). The role of hardiness in the bullying-mental health relationship. Occupational Medicine, 68(1), 64-66. [PMID]##Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). Fear of covid-19, mindfulness, humor, and hopelessness: A multiple mediation analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(4), 2151–2164. [PMID] ##Scarinci, I. C., Pandya, V. N., Kim, Y. I., Bae, S., Peral, S., & Tipre, M., et al. (2021). Factors associated with perceived susceptibility to covid-19 among urban and rural adults in Alabama. Journal of Community Health, 46(5), 932-941. [PMID] ##Sun, S., Lin, D., Goldberg, S., Shen, Z., Chen, P., & Qiao, S., et al. (2022). A mindfulness-based mobile health (mHealth) intervention among psychologically distressed university students in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 69(2), 157–171. [PMID]##Vagni, M., Maiorano, T., Giostra, V., & Pajardi, D. (2020). Hardiness, stress and secondary trauma in Italian healthcare and emergency workers during the covid-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 12(14), 5592. [DOI:10.3390/su12145592]##Vos, L., Habibović, M., Nyklíček, I., Smeets, T., & Mertens, G. (2021). Optimism, mindfulness, and resilience as potential protective factors for the mental health consequences of fear of the coronavirus. Psychiatry Research, 300, 113927. [PMID]##Yalçın, İ., Can, N., Mançe Çalışır, Ö., Yalçın, S., & Çolak, B. (2022). Latent profile analysis of COVID-19 fear, depression, anxiety, stress, mindfulness, and resilience. Current Psychology, 41(1), 459-469. [PMID] ##Yıldırım, M., & Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 41(8), 5712–5722. [PMID] ##Zerbo, O., Lewis, N., Fireman, B., Goddard, K., Skarbinski, J., & Sejvar, J. 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Comparing Hope, Executive Function, and Procrastination in University Students: Implications for a Post-COVID-19 World 2 2 Objective: The global pandemic has impacted variously on students’ experiences of education globally. At this time, we must continue to isolate the key components contributing to supporting students’ academic performance so that education systems can begin to reduce the impact of this pandemic on children’s lives. Methods: We used the ex post facto research to compare hope, executive functions, and procrastination between students with high and low academic performances. The authors hope to contribute positively to rebuilding our education system as we move to a post-pandemic phase. The statistical population consisted of students with high and low academic performances at the University of Bojnurd, Bojnurd City, Iran, from 2019 to 2020. A total of 85 students were selected as samples using the available sampling method. The research data were collected using the behavior rating inventory of executive function for adults, the procrastination assessment scale for students, and the domain-specific hope scale. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups of students regarding the mean scores of executive functions and academic procrastination. In this regard, the scores of executive functions were reduced, but the academic procrastination in students with low performance was significantly higher than the high-performance students. The group factor predicted a significant amount of variance in the examined components. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the hope variable except for the academic hope subscale. Conclusion: The results have implications for understanding students’ academic performances and the use of interventions that can improve students’ outcomes in the future. 203 212 2022/02/82022/01/222022/04/26 1401/2/6 2022/07/232022/07/192022/08/30 1401/6/8 Abbas Nesayan Abbas Nesayan Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran. Iran anesayan@ub.ac.ir Roghayeh Asadi Gandomani Roghayeh Asadi Gandomani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran. Iran r.asadi@ub.ac.ir Emer Ring Emer Ring Early Childhood and Teacher Education, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. Ireland emer.ring@mic.ul.ie Hope Executive functions Academic procrastination Procrastination COVID-19 ## ##

Opinions and Experiences of National Iranian Oil Company Retirees on Psychological Wellbeing: A Grounded Theory Approach 2 2 Objective: Mental health refers to emotional balance and social adjustment, feeling comfortable, the absence of mental illness, the integration of personality, and the knowledge of self and the environment. This study aimed to investigate the opinions and experiences of Iranian Oil Company retirees about psychological wellbeing. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the grounded theory approach. The participants in this study were 15 retired senior managers of the National Iranian Oil Company in Tehran who were selected through purposive sampling based on the theoretical saturation criterion in 2021. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using Corbin and Strauss method (1998). Results: Data analysis revealed three selective codes, 11 axial codes, and 67 open codes. The selective codes include self-coherence and the balance between life needs and satisfaction with the current situation, contextual factors promoting psychological health in older adults, and the process of achieving psychological health and wellbeing in older adults. Conclusion: The insights from present research can be used for developing and implementing therapeutic and educational models for elders and recognizing retirement concerns. In addition, understanding the opinions and experiences of the psychological wellbeing of elders helps the healthcare system and social welfare professionals to realize the retirees’ psychological needs. 213 224 2022/02/82022/01/222022/04/262022/03/14 1400/12/23 2022/07/232022/07/192022/08/302022/06/22 1401/4/1 Zhila Zaheri Abdehvand Zhila Zaheri Abdehvand Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran zhila.zaherii@gmail.com Mohammad Reza Falsafinejad Mohammad Reza Falsafinejad Department of Assessment and Measurement, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran falsafinejad@atu.ac.ir Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Department of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran. Iran a.khodabakhshid@khatam.ac.ir Mental health Older adults Promotion Retirement Qualitative study Aging Quality improvement Belo, P., Navarro-Pardo, E., Pocinho, R., Carrana, P., & Margarido, C. (2020). Relationship between mental health and the education level in elderly people: Mediation of leisure attitude. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 573. [PMID] ##Bent, S., Padula, A., Moore, D., Patterson, M., & Mehling, W. (2006). Valerian for sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Medicine, 119(12), 1005-1012. [PMID] ##Berk, L., van Boxtel, M., & van Os, J. (2017). Can mindfulness-based interventions influence cognitive functioning in older adults? A review and considerations for future research. Aging & Mental Health, 21(11), 1113-1120. [DOI:10.1080/13607863.2016.1247423] [PMID]##Bhattacharyya, K. K. (2021). Aging and Mental Health. In K. K. Bhattacharyya (Eds.), Rethinking the aging transition (pp. 59-80). Cham: Springer. [Link]##Blanchet, S., Chikhi, S., &Maltais, D. (2018). The benefits of physical activities on cognitive and mental health in healthy and pathological aging. Geriatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement, 16(2), 197–205. [PMID]##Boulton-Lewis, G. M., Buys, L., & Lovie-Kitchin, J. (2006). Learning and active aging. Educational Gerontology, 32(4), 271-282. [DOI:10.1080/03601270500494030]##Bowling, A., & Gabriel, Z. (2007). Lay theories of quality of life in older age. Ageing & Society, 27(6), 827-848. [DOI:10.1017/S0144686X07006423]##Chen, L., Alston, M., & Guo, W. (2019). 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The Relationship Between Irrational Beliefs and the Marital Satisfaction Based on the Mediating Role of the Conflict Resolution Behavior and the Marital Stress 2 2 Objective: The current study was designed to explain the causal relationship between irrational beliefs and marital satisfaction based on the mediating role of conflict resolution behavior and marital stress. Methods: The research had a descriptive-correlational design, and the study’s statistical population consisted of all married men and women living in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019. Of whom, 933 people were selected based on the available method. The research instruments consisted of the first version of the Jones irrational beliefs questionnaire, the conflict tactics scales (Straus, 1979), the Stockholm female marital stress scale, and the marital satisfaction questionnaire. Results: The present study’s data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of the present study revealed that all fit indexes of the structural equation modeling analysis supported the goodness fit of the structural model of the collected data (χ2/df=2.82, comparative fit index [CFI]= 0.947, goodness-of-fit index (GFI)=0.946, adjusted goodness-of-fit index [AGFI]= 0.910, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.072). In the present study, the indirect path coefficient between irrational beliefs and marital satisfaction through conflict behavior (β=-0.071, P<0.05) and the path coefficient of both through marital stress (β=-0.127, P<0.01) was negative and significant, respectively at the levels of 0.05 and 0.01. Conclusion: Both variables of conflict behavior and marital stress negatively and significantly mediated the relationship between irrational beliefs and marital satisfaction. 225 232 2022/02/82022/01/222022/04/262022/03/142021/06/20 1400/3/30 2022/07/232022/07/192022/08/302022/06/222022/07/23 1401/5/1 Alaleh Adibkia Alaleh Adibkia Department of General Psychology, Faculty Psychology and Social Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Susan Emamipour Susan Emamipour Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Health, Tehran, Iran. Iran emamipursd@yahoo.com Farnaz Keshavarzi Arshadi Farnaz Keshavarzi Arshadi Department of General Psychology, Faculty Psychology and Social Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Parvaneh Mohammadkhani Parvaneh Mohammadkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Health, Tehran, Iran. Iran Family conflict Psychological Stress Beliefs Asoudeh, H., Khalili, Sh., & Lavasani, M. (2010). [Enrich Couple Questionnaire (Persian). Tehran: University of Tehran.##Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173] ##Bayrami, M., Babapour Khirodin, J., Esmali, E., & Bahadori Khosroshahi, J. (2013). Prediction of marital satisfaction on the basis of components of emotional intelligence and conflict resolution styles. Journal of Inflammatory Diseases, 17(3), 20-27. [Link]##Besharat, M. A., Shamsipour, H., & Barati, N. (2006). [Reliability and validity of Stockholm-Tehran Marital Stress Scale (STMSS) (Persian)]. Psychoscience, 5(19), 217-225. [Link] ##Bodenmann, G., Falconier, M. K., & Randall, A. K. (2019). Editorial: Dyadic coping. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1498. [PMID] [PMCID]##Chzhen, Y., Howarth, C., & Main, G. (2021). Deprivation and intra-family conflict: Children as agents in the Family Stress Model. Journal of Marriage and Family, 84(1), 121-140. [DOI:10.1111/jomf.12791]##Dibaji Foroushani, F. S., Emamipour, S., & Mahmoudi, Gh. (2009). The relationship between the attachment styles and the conflict resolution strategies among women’s marital satisfaction. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 3 (11), 67-101.##Dinero, R. E., Donnellan, M. B., & Hart, J. (2021). Developmental trajectories of adult romantic attachment: Assessing the influence of observed interactions with family of origin. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(3), 652-669. [DOI:10.1177/02654075211044123]##Dobson, K. S., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2019). Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (4th Ed.). New York: Guilford Press.##Ebadi, Gh. H., & Motamed, M. (2005). [Investigating the factor structure of Jones irrational beliefs’ test in Ahvaz (Persian)]. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 23, 73-92. [Link]##Fathi, E., Esmaeily, M., & Farahbakhsh, K. (2015). Areas of conflict and strategies of resolving conflicts in satisfied couples. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 6(24), 29-54. [DOI:10.22054/QCCPC.2015.4425]##Filipović, S., Vukosavljević-Gvozden, T., & Opačić, G. (2016). Irrational beliefs, dysfunctional emotions, and marital adjustment: A structural model. Journal of Family Issues, 37(16), 2333-2350. [DOI:10.1177/0192513X15572384]##Gottman, J. M. (1998). Psychology and the study of the marital processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 169-197. [PMID]##Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1998). Relation to sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 265-275. [PMID]##Hickey, M., & Doyle, K. A. (2017). Rational emotive behavior therapy. In A. Vernon, & K. A. Doyle (Eds.), Cognitive Behavior Therapies: A Guidebook for Practitioner (pp. 109-142). Virginia: American Counseling Association [DOI:10.1002/9781119375395.ch4]##Hossini, M., Rasouli, M., Nazari, A., & Khakpoor Chenari, I. K. C. (2013). [Relationship between health of family of origin and constructive and non-constructive conflict resolution style with marital intimacy: Exploring the mediating role of marital equality (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Health Breeze, 2(3), 29-36. [Link]##Jankvist, U. T., & Niss, M. (2018). Counteracting destructive student misconceptions of mathematics. Education Sciences, 8(2), 53. [DOI:10.3390/educsci8020053]##Jones, R. G. (1968). A factorial measure of Ellis’ irrational belief system, with personality and maladjustment correlates. Dissertation Abstracts International, 29, 4379B-4380B.##Karney, B. R., Story, L. B., & Bradbury, T. N. (2005). Marriages in Context: Interactions Between Chronic and Acute Stress Among Newlyweds. In T. A. Revenson, K. Kayser, & G. Bodenmann (Eds.), Couples coping with stress: Emerging perspectives on dyadic coping (pp. 13–32). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. [DOI:10.1037/11031-001]##Kreuzer, M., & Gollwitzer, M. (2022). Neuroticism and satisfaction in romantic relationships: A systematic investigation of intra-and interpersonal processes with a longitudinal approach. European Journal of Personality, 36(2), 149-179. [DOI:10.1177/08902070211001258]##Marchetti, R., & Tocci, N. (2020). Conflict society: Understanding the role of civil society in conflict. In R. Marchetti, & N. Tocci (Eds.), Conflict society and peacebuilding (pp. 11-40). London: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780367818050-3]##Mohammadi, Sh., & Maghsoudi, M. (2012). [An investigation of the relationship between jobs stress and marital satisfaction among females personnel (Persian)]. Journal of Career & Organizational Counseling, 3(9),74-87. [Link]##Monk, J. K., Ogolsky, B. G., Rice, T. M., Dennison, R. P., & Ogan, M. (2021). The role of family-of-origin environment and discrepancy in conflict behavior on newlywed marital quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(1), 124-147. [DOI:10.1177/0265407520958473]##Orth-Gomér, K., Wamala, S. P., Horsten, M., Schenck-Gustafsson, K., Schneiderman, N., & Mittleman, M. A. (2000). Marital stress worsens prognosis in women with coronary heart disease: The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. JAMA, 284(23), 3008-3014. [PMID]##Özgüç, S., & Tanrıverdi, D. (2018). Relations between depression level and conflict resolution styles, marital adjustments of patients with major depression and their spouses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(3), 337-342. [PMID]##Pourrahimi, M., & Shaker, A. (2012). [Predicting the marital satisfaction of couples based on the irrational beliefs, perfectionism, and type of attachment style (Persian)]. Psychological Research, 4(14), 1-16. [Link]##Saki, A. H. (1393). The relationship between perceived stress and burnout with the marital adjustment of teachers in Sanandaj [MA thesis]. Kermanshah: Islamic Azad University.##Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41(1), 75-88. [DOI:10.2307/351733]##Tadros, E., & Ansell, A. (2022). Romantic attachment, childhood stability, depression, and PTSD in couples with an incarcerated partner. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 67(2), 619-629. [PMID]##Yaghoubi, A., & Mohammadzadeh, S. (2016). [The effect of social perspective training on the couples’ conflict resolution styles (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 7( 28), 103-131. [Link]##Yu, Y., Wu, D., Wang, J. M., & Wang, Y. C. (2020). Dark personality, marital quality, and marital instability of Chinese couples: An actor-partner interdependence mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109689. 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Reasons for Living for Young Adults-II (RFL-YA-II): Psychometric Properties Among Iranian Students 2 2 Objective: The prevalence and increase of suicidal ideation and attempts among young people and students have been one of the concerns of researchers and mental health care professionals. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Reasons for Living for Young Adults-II (RFL-YA-II) in a group of Iranian students.  Methods: This study was conducted on a sample of 250 students of Kurdistan University, Iran in the academic year 2021-2022. The instruments used in this study were RFL-YA-II, suicide behaviors questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R), oxford happiness questionnaire-short form (OHQ-SF), beck hopelessness scale (BHS), and ryff scale of psychological wellbeing (RSPWB). Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a four-factor structure of the Persian version of RFL-YA-II, while the goodness of fit indices of the one-factor model were not satisfactory. The factor loads of items related to all four factors ranged from 0.41 to 0.91. The findings also provided evidence for the convergent (0.17 to 0.57) and discriminant (-0.20 to -0.56) validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.86 to 0.91. Conclusion: The Persian version of RFL-YA-II is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the reasons for living in Iranian university samples and it can be used in research and treatment settings. 233 244 2022/02/82022/01/222022/04/262022/03/142021/06/202022/02/1 1400/11/12 2022/07/232022/07/192022/08/302022/06/222022/07/232022/06/22 1401/4/1 Soliman Ahmadboukani Soliman Ahmadboukani Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Iran Arezbookani@yahoo.com Mohammad Rostami Mohammad Rostami Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. Iran m.rostami@uok.ac.ir Reasons for Living Suicide Students Protective Factors Factor Analyses Amini-Tehrani, M., Nasiri, M., Jalali, T., Sadeghi, R., Ghotbi, A., & Zamanian, H. (2020). Validation and psychometric properties of suicide behaviors questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R) in Iran. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 101856. [PMID]##American College Health Association (2006). American College Health Association National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA) Spring 2005 Reference Group Data Report (Abridged). Journal of American College Health : J of ACH, 55(1), 5-16. [DOI:10.3200/JACH.55.1.5-16] [PMID]##Bakhiyi, C. L., Calati, R., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2016). Do reasons for living protect against suicidal thoughts and behaviors? A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 77, 92-108. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.019] [PMID]##Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861-865. [PMID]##Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780203807644]##Costa, P. T., Jr, & McCrae, R. R. (1988). Personality in adulthood: A six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 853-863. [PMID]##Cruise, S. M., Lewis, C. A., & Guckin, C. M. (2006). Internal consistency, reliability, and temporal stability of the Oxford happiness questionnaire short-form: Test-retest data over two weeks. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34(2), 123-126. 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Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(2), 177-187. [PMID]##Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073-1082. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6]##Ivanoff, A., Jang, S. J., Smyth, N. J., & Linehan, M. M. (1994). Fewer reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The brief reasons for living inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16(1), 1-13. [DOI:10.1007/BF02229062]##Khanjani, M., Shahidi, S., Fathabadi, J., Mazaheri, M. A., & Shokri, O. (2014). [Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Ryff’s scale of psychological well-being, short form (18-item) among male and female students (Persian)]. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9(32), 27-36. [Link]##Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford publications. [Link]##Kopacz, M. S., Crean, H. F., L. Park, C., & Hoff, R. A. (2017). Religious coping and suicide risk in a sample of recently returned veterans. Archives of Suicide Research, 22(4), 615-627. [PMID]##Kreuze, E., & Lamis, D. A. (2018). A review of psychometrically tested instruments assessing suicide risk in adults. Omega, 77(1), 36–90. [DOI:10.1177/0030222816688151] [PMID]##Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. [DOI:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x]##Lester, D. (2012). The cultural meaning of suicide: What does that mean? Omega, 64(1), 83-94. [PMID]##Lester, D. (2017). Does religiosity predict suicidal behavior? Religions, 8(11), 238. [DOI:10.3390/rel8110238]##Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The reasons for living inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 276-286. [PMID]##Mesbah, N., & Abedian, A. 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Developing the Identity-based Psychodrama Package and Comparing It With Psychodrama on Neuroticism 2 2 Objective: Most studies have focused only on the neuroticism superstructure and the reduction of its symptoms, while there is no comprehensive model on the treatment of neuroticism infrastructurally. This research aimed to develop an identity-based psychodrama package and compare the effect of this therapy with psychodrama on neuroticism. Methods: This research consists of five studies. The first study was qualitative research with Attride-Stirling’s thematic analysis method. The research community in this stage for analyzing themes affecting identity achievement included all papers related to identity aspects. The second study was a qualitative content analysis based on an inductive approach through a semi-structured interview with neurotic individuals. The third study was a quantitative analysis, and an educational-therapeutic package was developed. The fourth study was of validation type with Lawshe’s method. The population in this stage included all specialized psychologists in identity issues. The last study was a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest type with a control group and a follow-up period of 60 days. The population in this stage included all people referred to Pendar Nik Counseling Center in Najafabad City, Isfahan Province, Iran, in 2020. Finally, 60 people were selected and randomly assigned into 2 experimental groups and 1 control group. To collect data, the 5-factor inventory was used. Results: The first study’s results suggested 8 general themes, and with additional information in the second study, the identity-based psychodrama package was developed in the third study. The results of the fourth study indicated the validity of the package by the evaluators. The results of the previous study showed that the mean scores of neuroticism in the two experimental groups significantly differed from the control group scores. Besides, identity-based psychodrama was more effective in reducing neuroticism than psychodrama (P<0.001). Conclusion: Compared with psychodrama, the identity-based psychodrama package is more effective in reducing neuroticism. 245 258 2022/02/82022/01/222022/04/262022/03/142021/06/202022/02/12022/04/15 1401/1/26 2022/07/232022/07/192022/08/302022/06/222022/07/232022/06/222022/06/22 1401/4/1 Amir Zolali Amir Zolali Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran zolali.amir.az@gmail.com Seyed Hamid Atashpour Seyed Hamid Atashpour Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran atashpour@khuisf.ac.ir Ilnaz Sajjadian Ilnaz Sajjadian Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran i.sajjadian@khuisf.ac.ir Psychodrama Neuroticism Identity Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385-405. [DOI:10.1177/146879410100100307]##Bagheri, M., Saadat, F., & Pouladi, F. (2018). [The effectiveness of psychodrama on emotional rehabilitation of patients with bipolar I disorder (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 16(2), 175-181. [Link]##Balfour, M. (2000). Drama, masculinity and violence. Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance, 5(1), 9-21. [DOI:10.1080/135697800114168]##Berra, L. (2021). Existential depression: A nonpathological and philosophical-existential approach. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(5), 757-765. [DOI:10.1177/0022167819834747]##Bouchard, G., Lussier, Y., & Sabourin, S. (1999). Personality and marital adjustment: Utility of the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(3), 651-660. [DOI:10.2307/353567]##Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. [DOI:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa]##Carbonell, D. M., & Parteleno-Barehmi, C. (1999). Psychodrama groups for girls coping with trauma. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 49(3), 285-306. [PMID]##Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.##Eneman, M., Vanhee, L., Liessens, D., Luyten, P., Sabbe, B., & Corveleyn, J. (2019). Humanistic psychiatry and psychotherapy: Listening to patients as persons in search of meaning. The case of schizophrenia. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 59(2), 148-169. [DOI:10.1177/0022167816637291]##Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the eysenck personality questionnaire. London: Hodde & Stoughton. [DOI:10.1037/t05462-000]##Rangell, L., & Fenichel, O. (2014). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. London: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780203754436]##Ferrer-Wreder, L., Lorente, C. C., Kurtines, W., Briones, E., Bussell, J., & Berman, S., et al. (2002). Promoting identity development in marginalized youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17(2), 168-187. [DOI:10.1177/0743558402172004]##Haghshenas, H. (2006). The five-factor model of personality traits (Persian). Shiraz: Shiraz University Press.##Hamamci, Z. (2002). The effect of integrating psychodrama and cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing cognitive distortions in interpersonal relationships. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, & Sociometry, 55, 3-14. [DOI:10.3200/JGPP.55.1.3-14]##Karataş, Z., & Gökçakan, D. Z. (2009). The effect of group-based psychodrama therapy on decreasing the level of aggression in adolescents. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 20(4), 357-366. [Link]##Lahey, B. B. (2009). Public health significance of neuroticism. The American Psychologist, 64(4), 241–256. [PMID] [PMCID]##Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. [DOI:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x]##Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Publications. [Link]##McCann, S. J. H. (2018). U.S. state resident big five personality and work satisfaction: The importance of neuroticism. Cross-Cultural Research, 52(2), 155-191. [DOI:10.1177/1069397117723607]##McCullough J. P., Jr (2003). Treatment for chronic depression: Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(8), 833-846. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.10176] ##Moreno, Z. T., Blomkvist, L. D., & Rutzel, T. (2000). Psychodrama, surplus reality and the art of healing. London and Philadelphia: Routledge. [Link]##Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Diederen, R. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C) in a Dutch sample of young adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(8), 1757-1769. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2004.11.018]##Nolte, J. (2019). J.L. moreno and the psychodramatic method. New York: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780429275661]##Patton, Q. M., & Herman, J. L. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. New York: Sage Publications. [Link]##Petty, N. J., Thomson, O. P., & Stew, G. (2012). Ready for a paradigm shift? Part 2: Introducing qualitative research methodologies and methods. Manual Therapy, 17(5), 378-384. [PMID]##Phillips, T. M., & Pittman, J. F. (2007). Adolescent psychological well-being by identity style. Journal of Adolescence, 30(6), 1021–1034. [PMID]##Rajaee, A. R., Bayazi, M. H., & Habibipour, H. (2009). [Basic religious beliefs, identity crisis, and general health in young adults (Persian)]. Journal of Developmental Psychology :Iranian Psychologists, 6(22), 97-107. [Link]##Rice, F. P., & Dolgin, K. (2005). The adolescent: Development, relationships, and culture. Pearson Education New Zealand. [Link]##Shaughnessy, M. F., & Nystul, M. S. (1997). An interview with Adam Blatner about psychodrama. North American Journal of Psychology, 5(1), 137-146. [Link]##Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. New York: Sage Publications, Inc. [Link]##Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2006). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford. [Link]##Zolali, A., Atashpour, S. H., & Sajjadian, I. (2021). Effectiveness of identity-based psychodrama educational-therapeutic program on identity styles and neuroticism. Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 7(3), 140-147. 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The Effectiveness of Marriage Enrichment Training of TIME Plan on Improving Marital Intimacy and Women’s Psychological Security 2 2 Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Training in Marriage Enrichment (TIME) plan on increasing marital intimacy and psychological security of married women.  Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study subjects (40 married women living in Mashhad City, Iran) were selected for the TIME plan with the available sampling method and according to the criteria for accepting couples. Then, they were randomly allocated to two equal groups. Of these, 20 were in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. The experimental group, along with regular medical care, received TIME plan for 8 weekly sessions of 2 hours (from May up to the end of July 2021) in the Psychology Clinic of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad City, Iran. The control group received only regular medical care in this period. Both groups responded to the Iranian version of the Bagarozzi marital intimacy needs questionnaire, and Maslow’s psychological security-insecurity questionnaire before the intervention (pretest) and immediately after the intervention (posttest). Results: After controlling the subjects’ age and education, the results of the statistical analysis showed a significant effect of the TIME plan on increasing the marital intimacy of women who were in the experimental group compared to the control group (P=0.001). Nevertheless, this plan did not increase women’s psychological security (P>0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this research show the importance and impact of the TIME plan training on increasing women’s marital intimacy, but it does not increase women’s psychological security. Therefore, in marriage counseling and interventions, it is possible to use the educational package of the TIME plan to improve the relationship of couples and increase their intimacy. 259 274 2022/02/82022/01/222022/04/262022/03/142021/06/202022/02/12022/04/152022/08/15 1401/5/24 2022/07/232022/07/192022/08/302022/06/222022/07/232022/06/222022/06/222022/08/30 1401/6/8 Tahmineh Tavaloli Tahmineh Tavaloli Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran drminaqucahni@gmail.com Seyed Ali Kimiaee Seyed Ali Kimiaee Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran drsakimiaei@gmail.com Hamidreza Agha Mohammadian Hamidreza Agha Mohammadian Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 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