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Predicting Fear of COVID-19 Based on Spiritual Well-being and Self-efficacy in Iranian University Students by Emphasizing the Mediating Role of Mindfulness 2 2 Objective: Given the importance of COVID-19 consequences and students’ health, this study aimed to predict the fear of COVID-19 based on spiritual well-being and self-efficacy among Iranian university students by focusing on the mediating role of mindfulness. Methods: This study was a descriptive correlational study. An online sampling method was used, and the sample included 396 university students in Tehran City, Iran. Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), general self-efficacy scale, fear of COVID-19 scale, and Paloutzian and Ellison’s spiritual well-being scale were used for data collection. An independent t test, the Pearson correlation, and the regression test were used to analyze the obtained data. Results: The results show that the overall effects of religious well-being (β=-0.192, P=0.001), existential well-being (β=-0.227, P=0.001), and self-efficacy (β=-0.093, P=0.013) were significant. The indirect effects of religious well-being (β=-0.026, P=0.001), existential well-being (β=-0.013, P=0.016), and self-efficacy (β=-0.04, P=0.001) were significant, too. The direct effects of religious well-being (β=-0.253,P=0.001), existential well-being (β=-0.205, P=0.016), and self-efficacy (β=-0.133, P=0.013) were significant, as well. Conclusion: Spiritual well-being, self-efficacy, and mindfulness are associated with a reduction in perceived fear of COVID 19 in Iranian students, and mindfulness has a role in these relationships.  1 10 2021/10/15 1400/7/23 2021/12/9 1400/9/18 Roghieh Nooripour Roghieh Nooripour Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran r.noori@alzahra.ac.ir Simin Hosseinian Simin Hosseinian Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran hosseinian@alzahra.ac.ir Maryam Sobhaninia Maryam Sobhaninia Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran sar.nour66@gmail.com Nikzad Ghanbari Nikzad Ghanbari Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Iran nik.gh.pirkashan@gmail.com Saba Hassanvandi Saba Hassanvandi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanistic Sciences, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran. Iran nimsada.2020@gmail.com Hossein Ilanloo Hossein Ilanloo Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 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Comparing the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy With Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Cognitive Avoidance in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 2 Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) using exposure techniques on cognitive avoidance in female patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Methods: A total of 10 women with generalized anxiety disorder were selected through purposeful sampling with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-5). To determine the absence of personality disorder, Millon’s clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI-III) (Millon and Groosman, 2005) was used. Schema therapy was conducted for 20 weekly sessions and ACT with exposure techniques for 12 weeks and follow-up for 6 weeks. The cognitive avoidance questionnaire (CAQ) (Sexton and Douglas, 2004) was used as a pretest and posttest to follow up on the results. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: The results showed that schema therapy is more effective than ACT in the subscales of thought suppression (F=12.80, P=0.037) and avoidance of threatening (F=25.61, P=0.015), but they have no significant statistical difference in other subscales and total score. Both treatments significantly reduced the total score of cognitive avoidance, but they lacked a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Schema therapy and ACT with exposure techniques are effective in reducing the severity of symptoms and improving cognitive avoidance in females with generalized anxiety disorder. 11 22 2021/10/152018/07/14 1397/4/23 2021/12/92021/12/4 1400/9/13 Asie Eftekari Asie Eftekari Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 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A comparison of key processes of RNT in depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and community controls. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 64, 45-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.02.006] [PMID]##Weisman, J. S., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2018). Exposure therapy augmentation: A review and extension of techniques informed by an inhibitory learning approach. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 41-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.010] [PMID]##Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2018). Executive function and other cognitive deficits are distal risk factors of generalized anxiety disorder 9 years later. Psychological Medicine, 48(12), 2045-53. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291717003579] [PMID] [PMCID]## ##

Investigating the Relationships Between Reinforcement Sensitivity and Positive and Negative Emotion Dysregulation 2 2 Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between reward and punishment sensitivities and positive and negative emotion regulation strategies among university students. Methods: A total of 189 students of one of the universities in Tehran City, Iran, were selected by accessible random sampling. Then, the emotion regulation scale, attention control scale, experience questionnaire, emotional regulation questionnaire, positive emotion response questionnaire, and punishment and reward sensitivity questionnaire were distributed among them to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software v. 26 using the Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between punishment and reward sensitivity and positive and negative emotion regulation strategies. Multiple regression analysis showed that sensitivity to reward and punishment could predict positive emotion regulation strategies properly. Multiple regression analysis results indicated that sensitivity to reward and punishment could also predict negative emotion regulation strategies. Conclusion: Sensitivity to punishment and reward were significant and common factors in emotion regulation. These results show that activation as a technique plays a significant role in the behavior that enhances the individual’s search for reward. It suggests that this approach can increase reward-seeking and thus improve emotional regulation. 23 32 2021/10/152018/07/142021/11/26 1400/9/5 2021/12/92021/12/42022/01/2 1400/10/12 Mitra Aghajani Mitra Aghajani Department of Education and Counseling, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran aghajanimitra@gmail.com Mahshid Izadi Mahshid Izadi Department of Education and Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Dr.izadi.mahshid1452@gmail.com Noorali Farrokhi Noorali Farrokhi Department of Assessment and Measurement, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran farrokhinoorali@gmail.com Fariba Hassani Fariba Hassani Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hassani.fariba@gmail.com Emotion regulation strategies Reward sensitivity Punishment sensitivity Student Abasi, I., Feldman, G., Farazmand, S., Pourshahbaz, A., & Sarichloo, M. E. (2018). A psychometric evaluation of Iranian version of the Responses to Positive Affect (RPA) Questionnaire. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12(4), e11923. [DOI:10.5812/ijpbs.11923]##Abasi, I., Mohammadkhani, P., Pourshahbaz, A., & Dolatshahi, B. (2017). The psychometric properties of attentional control scale and its relationship with symptoms of anxiety and depression: A study on Iranian population. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(2), 109-17. [PMID] [PMCID]##Abasi, I., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., & Dolatshahi, B. (2017). Mediation role of emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between emotional intensity, safety and reward motivations with social anxiety symptoms, rumination and worry: A structural equation modeling. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 11(3), e9640. [DOI:10.5812/ijpbs.9640]##Aghajani, M., Izadi, M., Farrokhi, N., & Hassani, F. (2021). Emotional dysregulation symptoms based on sensitivity to punishment and reward and intensity mediated by emotion regulation. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 153-64. [DOI:10.32598/jpcp.9.2.771.1]##Mahmoud Alilou, M., Ghasempour, A., Azimi, Z., Akbari, E., & Fahimi, S. (2012). [Role of emotion regulation strategies in the prediction of borderline personality disorder symptoms (Persian)]. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 6(24), 9-18. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=215289##Balzarotti, S., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2010). An Italian adaptation of the emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 61-7. [DOI:10.1027/1015-5759/a000009]##Corr, P. J. (2008). Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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[DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003] [PMID]##Gomez, R., & Cooper, A. (2008). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and mood induction studies. In: J. P. Corr (Ed.), The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality (pp. 291-316). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511819384.010]##Goodarzi, M., & Shameli, L. (2010). [Prediction of identity styles based on sensitivity to reward and punishment (Persian)]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(3), 81-95. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=127908##Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. [DOI:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94]##Gray, J. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. 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The Effectiveness of Group Schema Therapy-based Parenting Education of Mothers on Modifying Maladaptive Schemas of the Child and Improving the Quality of the Parent-Child Relationship 2 2 Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of group schema therapy-based parenting education in modifying the child’s early maladaptive schemas and improving the parent-child relationship quality. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study’s statistical population includes all mothers and their daughters (8 to 10 years old, living in District 2 of Tehran City, Iran, who are students in 2020-2021). Among 65 mothers willing to participate in the study, 40 were selected by the available sampling method, according to the inclusion criteria. Then, they were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 people in the experimental and control groups. In this study, the schema inventory for children (by Rijkeboer & De Boo) and the parent-child relationship scale (by Pinata) were used. The data of this study were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: Data analysis showed that parenting education had a significant effect on schemas of vulnerability, mistrust/abuse, failure, submission, unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness, self-sacrifice, and entitlement/grandiosity, but on the schemas of loneliness, defectiveness/shame, enmeshment/undeveloped self, and insufficient self-control/self-discipline had no significant effect. Data analysis also showed that parenting education significantly affects the subscales of closeness, dependence, and total positive relationship but has no significant effect on the conflict subscale.  Conclusion: The present study shows that group schema therapy-based parenting education for mothers is effective in modifying some of the early maladaptive schemas of children and improving the quality of the parent-child relationship. 33 44 2021/10/152018/07/142021/11/262021/09/23 1400/7/1 2021/12/92021/12/42022/01/22021/12/14 1400/9/23 Narges Sabzi Narges Sabzi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran nsabzi107@gmail.com Azam Farah Bijari Azam Farah Bijari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran a.f.bidjari@alzahra.ac.ir Zohre Khosravi Zohre Khosravi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran zohreh.khosravi38@gmail.com Schema therapy-based parenting education Early maladaptive schemas Parent-child relationship Abareshi, Z., Tahmasian, K., Mazaheri, M. A., & Panaghi L. (2009). [The impact of psychosocial Child Development training program, done through improvement of mother-child interaction, on parental self-efficacy and relationship between mother and child under three (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 3(3), 49-58. https://rph.khu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=115&sid=1&slc_lang=en##Amirsardari, L., & Esmali Kooraneh, A. (2014). Predicting early maladaptive schemas by young parenting styles. International Journal of Psychology, 8(1), 23-42. http://ijpb.ir/article-1-182-fa.html##Anbari, K., Mahdavian, A., & Naderi, S. (2014). [Predictive factors of mother-child communication patterns in the mothers referred to Khorramabad Shahid Madani hospital in 2012 (Persian)]. Yafteh, 50(5), 13-22. http://yafte.lums.ac.ir/article-1-1489-en.html##Ardestani, Taybeh. (2017). [The effectiveness of combined education of schema therapy techniques and parenting techniques on interactions between parents and adolescents (Persian)]. Papr presented at The Third Conference on Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 20 December 2017. https://civilica.com/doc/757719/certificate/print/##Arefnia, S., Sarandi, P., & Yousefi, R. (2012). [Comparison of Early maladaptive schemas in high school students with school anxiety and normal students (Persian)]. Journal of School Psychology and Institution, 1(4), 74-89. http://jsp.uma.ac.ir/article_50.html?lang=en##Azimi, A. L., Vaziri, S., & Kashani, F. L. (2012). Relationship between maternal parenting style and child's aggressive behavior. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 1276-1281. https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/277811/1-s2.0-S1877042812X00405/1-s2.0-S1877.pdf?X-urity-Token= ##Bach, B., Lockwood, G., & Young, J. E. (2018). A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(4), 328-49. [DOI:10.1080/16506073.2017.1410566] [PMID]##Baladi, R., Johnson, R., & Law, G. U. (2018). Strengthening child-parent relationships. Community Practitioner, 91(9), 45-7. https://www.communitypractitioner.co.uk/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/research_c_practitne.pdf##Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental psychology, 4(1p2). https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1971-07956-001##Bögels, S. M., Hellemans, J., van Deursen, S., Römer, M., & van der Meulen, R. (2014). Mindful parenting in mental health care: effects on parental and child psychopathology, parental stress, parenting, coparenting, and marital functioning. Mindfulness, 5(5), 536-551. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-13744-001##Cozby, P. C., Bates, S., Krageloh, C., Lacherez, P., & Van Rooy, D. (1977). Methods in behavioral research. Houston: Mayfield Publishing Company. https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/UkLIAQAACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEw##Dalaei, M., Ashouri, A., & Habibi, M. (2015). [The relationship between solidarity and flexibility of the family and the styles of parenting to stress of mothers in child breeding district 1 of Tehran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 21(2), 167-74. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2417-en.html##Daneshmand Khorasgani. M., & Yousefi, Z. (2016). [The effectiveness of group education on parenting style modification based on the correction of maladaptive schemas to mothers on improving the behavioral problems of preschool children (Persian)]. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 18(4), 62-71. http://jsr-p.khuisf.ac.ir/article_539409.html##Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (2017). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. In D. Canter, B. Laursen, & R. Žukauskienė (Eds.), Interpersonal Development (pp. 161-70). 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Tabriz: Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan.##Haugh, J. A., Miceli, M., & DeLorme, J. (2017). Maladaptive parenting, temperament, early maladaptive schemas, and depression: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39(1), 103-16. [DOI:10.1007/s10862-016-9559-5]##Hutchings, J., Owen, D., & Williams, M. (2018). Web-based parenting support: Development of the COPING confident parenting programme. Education Sciences, 8(2), 59. [DOI:10.3390/educsci8020059]##Inanloo Ganji, S., Monirpoor, N., & Zargham Hajebi, M. (2018). [A model of marital adjustment based on parenting styles by mediating the role of coping and disconnection/rejection schema (Persian)]. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 8, 67. [DOR:20.1001.1.23222840.1397.8.0.91.6]##Isa Nejad, O, Saeedi, T, & Alipour. (2019). The effect of positive parenting education on parents on behavioral problems and responsibility of aggressive elementary students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 16(35), 191-210. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=744110##Khayamfar, F., Madani, Y., Hejazi, E., & Poortaheri, K. (2019). [The effectiveness of parenting training program based on choice theory on mother-son relationship quality (Persian). Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 10(3), 67-83. [DOI:10.22059/JAPR.2019.259011.642862]##Khodam Hosseini, S. (2017). The effectiveness of the Young Schema-based educational program on parent-child relationship and self-discovery of parents with 3-6 year old [MAthesis]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University.##Khorasani Zadeh, A., Ranjbari Pour, T., Poursharifi, H., Bagheri, F., & Pouyamanesh, J. (2019). [Prediction early maladaptive schemas based on parent child relationship patterns and attachment styles (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 13 (50), 17-26. https://jtbcp.riau.ac.ir/article_1470.html?lang=en##Li, H. C. W., Chan, S. S., Mak, Y. W., & Lam, T. H. (2013). Effectiveness of a parental training programme in enhancing the parent-child relationship and reducing harsh parenting practices and parental stress in preparing children for their transition to primary school: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 13, 1079. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1079] [PMID] [PMCID]##Louis, P. J., & Louis. K. M. (2015). Good enough parenting: An in-depth perspective on meeting core emotional needs and avoiding exasperation. New York: Morgan James Publishing. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Good_Enough_Parenting/m2G3oQEACAAJ?hl=en##Mofrad, F. (2011). [Investigating the relationship between mother-child relationship with functional emotional development and functional language development in preschool children in District 7 of Mashhad (Persian)] [MSc. thesis] . Mashhad: Ferdowsi University Mashhad. https://elmnet.ir/Article/10541533-435224##Montazeri, M. S., Kaveh Farsani, Z., Mehrabi, H., & Shakiba, A. (2013). [Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in guidance school students in Falavarjan (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 23(98), 179-88. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-1907-en.html##Moradi, M., & Faghihi, A. (2017). [The relation of parental connection and early maladaptive schemas (Persian)]. Women & Family Islamic Research Journal, 5(8), 23-43. http://pzk.journals.miu.ac.ir/article_1043.html##Nauman, C. (2019). Adolescent academic resilience: Teacher-child interactions as a buffer for negative mother-child relationships in early childhood [MSc. thesis]. San Marcos: Texas State University. https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/8009/NAUMAN-THESIS-2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y##Nili Ahadabadi, Z., Bagheri, F., & Salimi Bajestani, H. (2019). [Effectiveness of instructional plan of child-rearing with emphasis on choice theory on improvement of parent-child relationship and life-satisfaction of mothers (Persian)]. Culture Counseling, 10(39), 99-122. [DOI:10.22054/QCCPC.2019.43869.2168]##Rijkeboer, M. M., & de Boo, G. M. (2010). Early maladaptive schemas in children: Development and validation of the schema inventory for children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(2), 102-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.11.001] [PMID]##Saritas-Atalar, D., & Altan-Atalay, A. (2018). Differential roles of early maladaptive schema domains on the link between perceived parenting behaviors and depression, anxiety, and anger. Current Psychology, 1-10. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-018-9852-4]##Satoorian, A., Tahmassian, K., & Ahmadi, M. (2016). [The role of parenting dimensions and child-parent relationship in children’s internalized and externalized behavioral problems (Persian)]. Journal of Family Research, 12(4), 683-705. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97463.html?lang=en##Sheffield, A., Waller, G., Emanuelli, F., Murray, J., & Meyer, C. (2005). Links between parenting and core beliefs: Preliminary psychometric validation of the young parenting inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(6), 787-802. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-005-4291-6]##Shiralinia, K., Izadi, M., & Aslani, K. (2019). The role of mediators of parenting stress, the quality of mother-child relationship and mental health of mother in the relationship between mindful parenting and behavioral problems of children. Culture Counseling, 10(38), 135-46. [DOI:10.22054/QCCPC.2019.36302.1989]##Sundag, J., Zens, C., Ascone, L., Thome, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2018). Are schemas passed on? A study on the association between early maladaptive schemas in parents and their offspring and the putative translating mechanisms. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46(6), 738-53. [DOI:10.1017/S1352465818000073] [PMID]##Taheri, F., Arjmandnia, A. A., & Afrrooz, G. A. (2018). [Effectiveness of positive parenting program training on relationship between parents and their slow-paced child (Persian)]. Empowering Exceptional Children, 9(3), 111-21. [DOI:10.22034/CECIRANJ.2018.82265]##Tajrishi, M., Ashuri, M., Afrooz, Gh. Arjmandian, A., & Ghobari Bonab, B., (2015). [The effectiveness of positive parenting program training on the mother’s interaction with a mentally retarded child (Persian)]. Archieves of Rehabilitation, 16(2), 128-37. http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-fa.html##Varasteh, M., Aslani, K., & Amanullahi, A. (2016). [The effectiveness of positive parenting program training on the quality of parent-child interaction (Persian)]. Culture Counseling, 7(28), 183-201. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=606358##Yaryari, F., Ayoubi, T., & Mantazeri, G. A. (2018). [The effectiveness of teaching the principles of parenting based on Young’s approach on the parenting style of parents in the suburbs of Karaj (Persian)]. Paper presented at the First National Conference on Sustainable Development in Humanities and Cultural Studies of Iran, Tehran, Iran, 11 September 2018. https://civilica.com/doc/798422/##Young, J., Klasko, Z. & Wishaar, J. M. (2003). Schema therapy: A practioner’s guide for clinical specialists. New York: Guilford Press. https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/vScjGGgJEZgC?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJzbLv0O31AhUJt6QKHTXRBp4Qre8FegQIFBAH##Yousefi Zohreh (1394). [The effectiveness of mindfulness-based family empowerment program (MSFP) on reducing stress and improving in-person and out-of-parent-child interactions and improving children's executive engagement (Persian)][MA thesis]. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.## ##

Determinants of Students’ Attitudes Toward People With Physical-Motor Disability 2 2 Objective: This study examined the role of social desirability, self-esteem, and some demographic variables in predicting university students’ attitudes toward people with physical-motor disabilities.  Methods: The participants in this cross-sectional study were 300 students of Kurdistan University, Sanandaj city, Iran, selected using convenience sampling. The students completed the items in the Google forms of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale (MC-SDS), Rosenberg self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965b), a demographic information form, and the multidimensional attitudes scale towards persons with disability (MAS). The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficients and hierarchical linear regression analysis in SPSS software v. 23.  Results: The results showed significant attitudinal differences in students with different demographic characteristics except for gender and education (P<0.05). In addition, social desirability and self-esteem were stronger predictors of the students’ attitudes toward people with physical-motor disability than each variable alone (P>0.05). Conclusion: Various demographic variables and other factors like self-esteem and social desirability affect students’ attitudes toward people with physical-motor disabilities. A key implication of the present study is that the role of tested variables could differ depending on cognitive, affect, and behavioral dimensions of attitudes. Researchers must pay attention to this point in future studies.  45 54 2021/10/152018/07/142021/11/262021/09/232021/10/31 1400/8/9 2021/12/92021/12/42022/01/22021/12/142022/01/9 1400/10/19 Soliman Ahmadboukani Soliman Ahmadboukani Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran. Iran Arezbookani@yahoo.com Mohammad Rostami Mohammad Rostami Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. Iran m.rostami@uok.ac.ir Attitude People with disability Self-esteem Social desirability Al-Aoufi, H., Al-Zyoud, N., & Shahminan, N. (2012). Islam and the cultural conceptualization of disability. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 17(4), 205-19. [DOI:10.1080/02673843.2011.649565]##Alnahdi, G. H. (2019). The positive impact of including students with intellectual disabilities in schools: Children’s attitudes towards peers with disabilities in Saudi Arabia. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 85, 1-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.10.004] [PMID]##Bossaert, G., Colpin, H., Pijl, S. J., & Petry, K. (2011). The attitudes of Belgian adolescents towards peers with disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 504-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.033] [PMID]##Crowne, D. P, & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349-54. [DOI:10.1037/h0047358] [PMID]##Dastyar, V, & Mohammadi, A. (2019). [Investigating the empowerment of the physically-handicapped people and its related factors: A cross-sectional, analytical study in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in 2015 (Persian)]. Archives of Rehabilitation, 19(4), 354-69. [DOI:10.32598/rj.19.4.354]##De Laat, S., Freriksen, E., & Vervloed, M. P. (2013). Attitudes of children and adolescents toward persons who are deaf, blind, paralyzed, or intellectually disabled. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(2), 855-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.11.004] [PMID]##Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance (Vol. 2). Redwood City: Stanford University Press. https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Theory_of_Cognitive_Dissonance/v##Findler, L., Vilchinsky, N., & Werner, S. (2007). The Multidimensional Attitudes Scale toward persons with disabilities (MAS) construction and validation. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 50(3), 166-76. [DOI:10.1177/00343552070500030401]##Ganji, H. (2005). [Personality evaluation (Persian)]. Tehran: Savalan Publications. http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/1141302 ##Getachew, A. (2011). Attitudes of Ethiopian college students toward people with visible disabilities [PhD dissertation]. Iowa: University of Iowa. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-99110-204##Holden, R. R. (2010). Social desirability. In: I. B. Weiner & W. E. Craighead (Eds.), The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. (pp. 1-2). Hoboken: Wiley. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Corsini_Encyclopedia_of_PsychologYicfrontcover##Keller, C, & Siegrist, M. (2010). Psychological resources and attitudes toward people with physical disabilities. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(2), 389-401. [DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00579.x]##Khan, K. A., Khan, S. A., Wahaj, U., Hussain, S. A., & Farooq, U. (2020). Attitude of the students towards people with disability: A cross-sectional survey. Northwest Journal of Medical Sciences, 4(1), 43-8. https://www.njms.pk/index.php/njms/article/view/230##Kim, K. H., Lu, J., & Estrada-Hernandez, N. (2015). Attitudes toward people with disabilities: The tripartite model, social desirability, and other controversial variables. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 5(1), 23-37. [DOI:10.18401/2015.5.1.2.]##Kleintjes, S., Lund, C., & Swartz, L. (2013). Barriers to the participation of people with psychosocial disability in mental health policy development in South Africa: A qualitative study of perspectives of policymakers, professionals, religious leaders, and academics. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 13, 17. [DOI:10.1186/1472-698X-13-17] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kowalska, J, & Winnicka, J. (2013). Attitudes of undergraduate students towards persons with disabilities: The role of the need for social approval. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44(1), 40-9. [DOI:10.2478/ppb-2013-0005]##Lawson, J. E., Cruz, R. A., & Knollman, G. A. (2017). Increasing positive attitudes toward individuals with disabilities through community service learning. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 69, 1-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.07.013] [PMID]##Li, C., Tsoi, E. W., & Wang, J. C. (2012). Chinese college students’ attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities: Differences by study major, gender, contact, and knowledge. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 58(3), 137-44. [DOI:10.1179/2047386912Z.00000000014]##Male, D. B. (2011). The impact of a professional development program on teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion. Support for Learning, 26(4), 182-6. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9604.2011.01500.x]##McDougall, J., DeWit, D. J., King, G., Miller, L. T., & Killip, S. (2004). High school‐aged youths’ attitudes toward their peers with disabilities: The role of school and student interpersonal factors. International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education, 51(3), 287-313. [DOI:10.1080/1034912042000259242]##Mohammadi, N. (2005). [The preliminary study of validity and reliability of Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale (Persian)]. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1(4), 55-62. http://jip.azad.ac.ir/article_512444.html?lang=en##World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). World report on disability [Internet]. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/accessible_en.pdf##Patka, M., Keys, C. B., Henry, D. B., & McDonald, K. E. (2013). Attitudes of Pakistani community members and staff toward people with intellectual disabilities. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 118(1), 32-43. [DOI:10.1352/1944-7558-118.1.32] [PMID]##Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. American Sociological Review, 60(1) 141-56. [DOI:10.2307/2096350]##Rosenberg, Morris. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press. https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/HwmqQgAACAAJ?=eAI##Satchidanand, N., Gunukula, S. K., Lam, W. Y., McGuigan, D., New, I., Symons, A. B., et al. (2012). Attitudes of healthcare students and professionals toward patients with physical disability: A systematic review. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 91(6), 533-45. [DOI:10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182555ea4] [PMID]##Sharifi, M., Rostami, M., Younesi, S. J., Sharifian Sani, M., & Movallali, G. (2016). Iranian adolescents with physical-motor disabilities: Needs and problems in education and employment. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 14(2), 101-6. [DOI:10.18869/nrip.irj.14.2.101]##Szumski, G., Smogorzewska, J., & Grygiel, P. (2020). Attitudes of students toward people with disabilities, moral identity and inclusive education-A two-level analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 102, 103685. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103685] [PMID]##Tough, Hannah, Siegrist, Johannes, & Fekete, Christine. (2017). Social relationships, mental health, and wellbeing in physical disability: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 518. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-017-4308-6] [PMID] [PMCID]##Uysal, A., Albayrak, B., Koçulu, B., Kan, F., & Aydın, T. (2014). Attitudes of nursing students toward people with disabilities. Nurse Education Today, 34(5), 878-84. [DOI:10.1016/j.nedt.2013.09.001] [PMID]##Vakilizad, N., & Faramarzi, S. (2017). [Investigating psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of attitudes towards people with disabilities in students of Isfahan University in 2015 (Persian)]. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 15(12), 1119-32. http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-3447-en.html##Vincent-Onabajo, G. O, & Malgwi, W. S. (2015). Attitudes of physiotherapy students in Nigeria toward persons with disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 8(1), 102-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.06.009] [PMID]##Wang, Z., Xu, X., Han, Q., Chen, Y., Jiang, J., & Ni, G. X. (2021). Factors associated with public attitudes towards persons with disabilities: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1058. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-021-11139-3] [PMID] [PMCID]## ##

A Structural Equation Modeling to Explain Marital Burnout: Pornography Consumption and Perfectionism With the Mediating Role of Sexual Self-concept 2 2 Objective: With the development of technology and easy access to various contents in the Internet, pornography consumption, along with individual characteristics, can be one of the factors affecting couples’ relationships. This study aimed to assess the role of pornography consumption and sexual perfectionism with the mediating role of sexual self-concept on marital burnout among university students in Iran. Methods: The research was a cross-sectional and correlational study. The study population consisted of married students of Islamic Azad University, of which 210 answered online to Pornography Consumption Inventory (PCI), the Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ), multidimensional sexual perfectionism questionnaire (MSPQ), and couple burnout measure. The PCI and MSSCQ questionnaires were translated into Persian for the first time and used after confirming their validity and reliability. Correlation coefficients (using SPSS software v. 26) and path analysis (using LISREL statistical software) were used to investigate the variables of the couple burnout prediction model.  Results: Based on the study results, positive sexual self-concept was not related to marital burnout. However, negative self-concept was positively related to marital burnout. There was no direct relationship between pornography and marital burnout, but there is a positive relationship with the mediating role of negative sexual self-concept. Sexual perfectionism was positively associated with marital burnout. Negative sexual self-concept also mediates between sexual perfectionism and marital burnout. Conclusion: The results indicated that high sexual perfectionism was associated with higher marital burnout and individual with negative sexual self-concept under the influence of pornography and high sexual perfectionism were more prone to marital burnout. 55 68 2021/10/152018/07/142021/11/262021/09/232021/10/312021/11/6 1400/8/15 2021/12/92021/12/42022/01/22021/12/142022/01/92022/01/25 1400/11/5 Sepideh Minoosepehr Sepideh Minoosepehr Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Iran sep_minoosepehr@yahoo.de Ahmad Karbalaei Mohammad Meyguni Ahmad Karbalaei Mohammad Meyguni Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Iran dr.karbalae1335@gmail.com Mansooreh Nikoogoftar Mansooreh Nikoogoftar Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Iran mnikoogoftar@gmail.com Masoud Gholamali Lavasani Masoud Gholamali Lavasani Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran lavasani@ut.ac.ir Pornography Sexual perfectionism Sexual self-concept Marital burnout Adib Rad, N., & Adib Rad, M. (2005). Investigating the relationship between communication beliefs and marital burnout and its comparison in divorced women and women seeking to live together. News and Consulting Research, 13(4), 99-110. ##Bobkowski, P. S., Shafer, A., & Ortiz, R. R. (2016). Sexual intensity of adolescents’ online self-presentations: Joint contribution of identity, media consumption, and extraversion. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 64-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.009]##Calaxton, A., O’Rurke, N., Smith, J., & DeLongis, A. (2012). Personality traits and marital satisfaction within enduring relationships: An intra-couple discrepancy approach. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, 29(3), 375-96. [DOI:10.1177/0265407511431183]##Campbell, L., & Kohut, T. (2017). The use and effects of pornography in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 6-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.004] [PMID]##Candemir Karaburç, G., & Tunç, E. (2020). Problematic İnternet use, marital adjustment, couple burnout and basic psychological need satisfaction levels of married individuals. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 7(55), 1695-721. [DOI:10.26450/jshsr.1925]##Carroll, J. S., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nelson, L. J., Olson, C. D., McNamara Barry, C., & Madsen, S. D. (2008). Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23(1), 6-30. [DOI:10.1177/0743558407306348]##Daines, R. M., & Shumway, T. (2011). Pornography and divorce. Paper presented at the 7th Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies Paper, Stanford, USA, June 2011. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2112435##Davis, A. C., Carrotte, E. R., Hellard, M. E., & Lim, M. S. (2018). What behaviors do young heterosexual australians see in pornography? A cross-sectional study. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 310-9. [DOI:10.1080/00224499.2017.1417350] [PMID]##DeDonno, M. A., & Rivera-Torres, K. (2018). The influence of perfectionism on academic self-concept. International Journal of Education and Practice, 6(4), 192-9. [DOI:10.18488/journal.61.2018.64.192.199]##Doran, K., & Price, J. (2014). Pornography and marriage. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(4), 489-98. [DOI:10.1007/s10834-014-9391-6]##Eidelson, R. J., & Epstein, N. (1982). Cognition and relationship maladjustment: Development of a measure of dysfunctional relationship beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(5), 715-20. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.50.5.715] [PMID]##Eusanio, J., Thomson, P., & Jaque, S. (2014). Perfectionism, shame, and self-concept in dancers: A mediation analysis. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 18(3), 106-14. [DOI:10.12678/1089-313X.18.3.106] [PMID]##Grubbs, J. B., Volk, F., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Internet pornography use: Perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(1), 83-106. [DOI:10.1080/0092623X.2013.842192] [PMID]##Gwinn, A. M., Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Maner, J. K. (2013). Pornography, relationship alternatives, and intimate extradyadic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(6), 699-704. [DOI:10.1177/1948550613480821]##Habke, A. M., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1999). Perfectionism and sexual satisfaction in intimate relationships. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21(4), 307-22. [DOI:10.1023/A:1022168715349]##Hald, G. M., & Malamuth, N. N. (2015). Experimental effects of exposure to pornography: The moderating effect of personality and mediating effect of sexual arousal. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 99-109. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-014-0291-5] [PMID]##Hamidi, F., Hamzehgardeshi, Z., & Shahhosseini, Z. (2020). Bio-psycho-social factors related to female sexual self-concept: A scoping review. Clinical Excellence, 9(3), 23-34. http://ce.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-486-en.html##Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456-70. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456] [PMID]##Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-39. [DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319] [PMID]##Hooman, H. A. (2005). [Structural equation modeling with lisrel application (Persian)]. Tehran: SAMT. file:///C:/Users/E.hasanpour/Desktop/64813906006.pdf.##Jaafarpour M, Maroufi M, & Molaeinezhad M. (2016). [Relationship between sexual self-concept and sexual performance in married women referring to Mobarakeh health centers, Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Research Development in Nursing and Midwifery, 12(53), 40-7. http://nmj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-814-en.html##Karimi, B., & Khalatbari, J. (2017). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on couple’s burnout, marital adjustment and intimacy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(1), 65-74. http://psyedu.toniau.ac.ir/article_595337.html?lang=en##Kennis, M., Duecker, F., T’Sjoen, G., Sack, A. T., & Dewitte, M. (2021). Sexual self-concept discrepancies mediate the relation between gender dysphoria sexual esteem and sexual attitudes in binary transgender individuals. The Journal of Sex Research, 1-13. [DOI:10.1080/00224499.2021.1951643] [PMID]##Kluck, A. S., Zhuzha, K., & Hughes, K. (2016). Sexual perfectionism in women: Not as simple as adaptive or maladaptive. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(8), 2015-27. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-016-0805-4] [PMID]##Kluck, A. S., Hughes, K., & Zhuzha, K. (2018). Sexual Perfectionism and Women’s Sexual Assertiveness: Understanding the Unique Effects of Perfectionistic Expectations about Sex Originating from and Directed toward the Sexual Partner. Sex Roles, 79(11), 715-725. [DOI:10.1007/s11199-018-0901-0]##Kohut, T., & Fisher, W. A. (2017). Pornography, effects on attitudes and behaviors In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (pp. 132-9). Amsterdam: Elsevier. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00283-4]##Kor, A., Zilcha-Mano, S., Fogel, Y. A., Mikulincer, M., Reid, R. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2014). Psychometric development of the problematic pornography use scale. Addictive Behaviors, 39(5), 861-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.027] [PMID]##Leibel, I. (2021). Potential and hypothesized determinants of the positive and negative effects as a result of pornography use in dyadic relationships. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth, 13(3), 11-21. [DOI:10.29173/cjfy29618]##Leon-Larios, F., Saavedra-Macias, F. J., Albar-Marin, M. 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The Psychometric Evaluation of Somatic Symptom Scale-8 in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder 2 2 Objective: Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) is characterized by somatic symptoms that are very distressing or cause considerable functional disability. SSD is associated with various medical and psychiatric conditions and imposes high costs on the health care system. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of SSD are crucial. The somatic symptom scale-8 (SSS-8) is a valuable and brief self-report questionnaire to assess somatic symptom burden. The current study determined the psychometric properties of the Persian version of SSS-8 in depressed samples. Methods: The study data were collected from a clinical setting with individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD, n=122). The convergent validity of SSS-8 was examined by assessing its correlation with the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), the Whiteley index (WI-14), and somatic symptom disorder-B criteria scale (SSD-12) questionnaires. Results: The Cronbach α results confirmed the reliability of SSS-8. Reliability assessment with test-retest showed excellent reliability for scale. The confirmatory factor analysis also approved the SSS-8 single-factor structure. The results of construct validity analysis of the questionnaire showed that SSS-8 has a positive and significant relationship with depression, anxiety, WI, and SSS-12. Conclusion: The Persian version of the SSS-8 is an 8-item self-report questionnaire that health professionals and researchers can use to assess and screen somatic symptoms in individuals diagnosed with MDD.  69 78 2021/10/152018/07/142021/11/262021/09/232021/10/312021/11/62022/01/19 1400/10/29 2021/12/92021/12/42022/01/22021/12/142022/01/92022/01/252022/02/2 1400/11/13 Ala Ghapanch Ala Ghapanch Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran ghapanchiala@gmail.com Imaneh Abasi Imaneh Abasi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran imanehabasi@gmail.com Maryam Bitarafan Maryam Bitarafan Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hamid Zarabi Hamid Zarabi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Fatemeh Sara Derakhshan Fatemeh Sara Derakhshan Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mohammad Kamran Derakhshan Mohammad Kamran Derakhshan Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taleqani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Sepideh Ghanadanzadeh Sepideh Ghanadanzadeh Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Alireza Shamsi Alireza Shamsi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 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