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Effectiveness of Transference-focused Psychotherapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Promoting the Mental Health and Psychological Capital of Staff Working in Hospitals Covered by Social Security in Tehran Province 2 2 Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Transference-focused Psychotherapy (TFP) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on promoting the mental health and psychological capital of staff working in hospitals covered by social security in Tehran Province.  Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the present study was the personnel working in hospitals covered by social security in Tehran Province. A total of 120 personnel from three hospitals were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group (40 people in each group). All three groups answered the Mental Health Questionnaire (Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R)) and Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) as a pre-test. Then, the transfer-oriented treatment group and the acceptance and commitment treatment group (during eight sessions) received the experimental intervention and the control group did not receive any kind of intervention. At the end of the sessions, all three groups answered the questions of the SCL-90-R and PCQ again. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the collected data.  Results: The results of the present study showed that both TFP and ACT were effective in promoting the mental health of staff working in hospitals covered by social security. There was also a difference between the effectiveness of TFP and ACT in promoting the mental health of staff working in hospitals covered by social security. Thus, in the TFP group, the components of anxiety, morbid fear, psychosis, and paranoia gained significantly lower scores compared to the ACT group. Regarding the components of psychological capital, the ACT group scored significantly lower than the TFP group. Conclusion: Both methods can be used by counselors and therapists to promote the mental health of staff working in hospitals covered by social security.  259 270 2021/06/13 1400/3/23 2021/09/10 1400/6/19 Mahdi Shahmoradi Mahdi Shahmoradi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. Iran dr.shahmoradi13@gmail.com Raheb Ghorbani Raheb Ghorbani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. Iran ghorbani.raheb93@gmail.com Nemat Sotoodeh Asl Nemat Sotoodeh Asl Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. Iran sotodeh1@yahoo.com‬ Transference-focused Psychotherapy Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Mental Health Psychological capital ## ##

Effect of Two Couple Therapies, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Schema Therapy, on Forgiveness and Fear of Intimacy in Conflicting Couples 2 2 Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Aceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and schema therapy on forgiveness and fear of intimacy in conflicting couples. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The participants were selected from the conflicting couples who were referred to counseling and psychological service centers in districts 1 and 5 of Tehran in 2019. Of the couples who scored high on the Fear-of-Intimacy Scale and obtained a low score on the Interpersonal Forgiveness Inventory, 30 couples (60 people) were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the schema therapy group (10 couples), the ACT group (10 couples), and the control group (10 couples). Then, the participants in each of the intervention groups attended eight 90-minute therapy sessions based on ACT and Schema therapy techniques. After the interventions, the participants in the three groups completed the questionnaires again and were followed up after three months.  Results: The results showed that both ACT and schema therapy had a significant effect on fear of intimacy and forgiveness. Upon controlling the pre-test score, significant differences were found between the two ACT and schema therapy groups in terms of reconnection and revenge control (P<0.01), but the two groups were not significantly different in terms of resentment control, realistic perceptions, and fear of intimacy and schema couple therapy was more effective than ACT in controlling conflicting couples’ revenge and improving reconnection and this greater effectiveness was still retained in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: ACT and schema-based couple therapies can be used by psychologists and counselors as effective approaches to increase forgiveness and reduce fear of intimacy in couples. However, schema couple therapy is more effective than ACT in controlling negative emotions and treating them in couples. 271 282 2021/06/132021/07/13 1400/4/22 2021/09/102021/09/9 1400/6/18 Fatemeh Fani Sobhani Fatemeh Fani Sobhani Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran anna_khodabakhshi@yahoo.com Shohreh Ghorban Shiroudi Shohreh Ghorban Shiroudi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran. Iran shohreshiroudi@gmail.com Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Department of Psychology and Education Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran. Iran a.khodabakhshid@khatam.ac.ir Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Schema therapy Forgiveness Intimate relationship Couple therapy Atkinson, T., & Perris, P. (2020). Schema Therapy for couples: Interventions to promote secure connections. In G. Heath, & H. Startup (Eds.), Creative Methods in Schema Therapy (pp. 210-24). Milton Park: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781351171847-13]##Bach, P., & Hayes, S. C. (2002). The use of acceptance and commitment therapy to prevent the rehospitalization of psychotic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(5), 1129-39. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.70.5.1129]##Bach, B., Lockwood, G., & Young, J. (2018) A new look at the schema therapy model: Organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(4), 328-49. [DOI:10.1080/16506073.2017.1410566] [PMID]##Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2003). The role of acceptance and job control in mental health, job satisfaction, and work performance. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(6), 1057-67 [DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.1057] [PMID]##Calvete E., Orue I., & Hankin B. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents: The mediating role of anxious automatic thoughts. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(3), 278-88. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.011] [PMID]##Dahl, J., Stewart, I., Martell, C., Kaplan, J. S., & Walser, R. D. (2014). ACT and RFT in relationships: Helping clients deepen intimacy and maintain healthy commitments using acceptance and commitment therapy and relational frame theory. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications. https://www.google.com/books/edition/ACT_RFT_in_Relationships/SITSNAEACAAJ?hl=en##Descutner, C. J., & Thelen, M. H. (1991). Development and validation of a Fear-of-Intimacy Scale. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(2), 218-25. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.3.2.218]##Enright, R. D. (2001). Forgiveness is a choice: A step-by-step process for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Forgiveness_is_a_Choice/OWN3QgAACAAJ?hl=en##Ehteshamzadeh, P., Ahadi, H., Enayati, M. S., & Heidari, A. (2011). [Construct and validation of a scale for measuring interpersonal forgiveness (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 16(4), 443-55. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1209-en.html##Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. (2002). Forgiveness in marriage: Implications for psychological aggression and constructive communication. Personal Relationships, 9(3), 239-51. [DOI:10.1111/1475-6811.00016]##Forman, E. M., & Herbert, J. D. (2009). New directions in cognitive behavior therapy: Acceptance-based therapies. In W. T. O’Donohue, & J. E. Fisher (Eds.), General Principles and Empirically Supported Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (pp. 77–101). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-02305-005##Gehart, D. R. (2012). Mindfulness and acceptance in couple and family therapy. Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4614-3033-9]##Harris, R. (2009). ACT with love: Stop struggling, reconcile differences, and strengthen your relationship with acceptance and commitment. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications. https://www.google.com/books/edition/ACT_with_=frontcover##Jamalnik, M., Falsafinejad, M. R., & Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A. (2020). Long-term marital satisfaction: Couples’ narratives of the role of mate selection. Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care, 6(4), 267-76. [DOI:10.32598/JCCNC.6.4.337.1]##Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. (2003). Mindfulness: Method and process. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 161-5. [DOI:10.1093/clipsy/bpg018]##Lebow, J. L., Chambers, A. L., Christensen, A., & Johnson, S. M. (2012). Research on the treatment of couple distress. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1), 145-68. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00249.x] [PMID]##Kanter, J. W., Baruch, D. E., & Gaynor, S. T. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy and behavioral activation for the treatment of depression: Description and comparison. The Behavior Analyst, 29(2), 161- 85. [DOI:10.1007/BF03392129] [PMID] [PMCID]##Karakis, E. N., & Levant, R. F. (2012). Is normative male alexithymia associated with relationship satisfaction, fear of intimacy, and communication quality among men in relationships? The Journal of Men’s Studies, 20(3), 179-86. [DOI:10.3149/jms.2003.179]##Khodabakhshi Koolaee, A., & Hashemi Asl, Z. (2016). [The relationship between fear of intimacy and attachment styles among elderly divorced women (Persian)]. Journal of Prevention and Health, 3, 2. magiran.com/p1552802##Khodabakhshi Koolaee, A., Ahangar, A., Khozani, H. A., & Hammedy, M. A. (2013). Fear of intimacy and attachment styles in women who apply for divorce. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, 7(10), 37. [DOI:10.5742/MEJPA.2013.41182]##Körük, S. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles predicting tendencies in intimate relationship. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(9), 393-411. https://www.oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejes/article/view/1028##Montesi, J. L., Conner, B. T., Gordon, E. A., Fauber, R. L., Kim, K. H., & Heimberg, R. G. (2013). On the relationship among social anxiety, intimacy, sexual communication, and sexual satisfaction in young couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(1), 81-91. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-012-9929-3] [PMID]##McKay, M., Lev, A., & Skeen, M. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy for interpersonal problems: Using mindfulness, acceptance, and schema awareness to change interpersonal behaviors. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Acceptance_and_=en##Najjari, F., Khodabakhshi Koolaee, A., & Falsafinejad, M., R. (2017). [The effectiveness of group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) on loneliness and psychological adjustment in women after divorce (Persian)]. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, 5(3), 68-75. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=569302##Nenadić I., Lamberth S., & Reiss N. (2017). Group schema therapy for personality disorders: A pilot study for implementation in acute psychiatric in-patient settings. Psychiatry Research, 253, 9-12 [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.093] [PMID]##Padgett, E., Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., & DeMaris, A. (2019). Marital sanctification and spiritual intimacy predicting married couples’ observed intimacy skills across the transition to parenthood. Religions, 10(3), 177-89. [DOI:10.3390/rel10030177]##Pananakhonsab, W. (2019). Migration for love? Love and intimacy in marriage migration processes. Emotion, Space, and Society, 31, 86-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.emospa.2019.03.001]##Obeid, S., Sacre, H., Haddad, C., Akel, M., Fares, K., & Zakhour, M., et al. (2019). Factors associated with fear of intimacy among a representative sample of the Lebanese population: The role of depression, social phobia, self‐esteem, intimate partner violence, attachment, and maladaptive schemas. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56(3), 486-94. [DOI:10.1111/ppc.12438] [PMID]##Peterson, B. D., Eifert, G. H., Feingold, T., & Davidson, S. (2009). Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to treat distressed couples: A case study with two couples. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(4), 430-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.12.009]##Roediger, E., Zarbock, G., Frank-Noyon, E., Hinrichs, J., & Arntz, A. (2020). The effectiveness of imagery work in schema therapy with couples: A clinical experiment comparing the effects of imagery rescripting and cognitive interventions in Brief Schema Couples Therapy. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 35(3), 320-37. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14681994.2018.1529411##Shirzadi, Z., Khakpour, R., & Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A. (2021). The role of attachment styles and spiritual intelligence in predicting women’s emotional divorce. Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care, 7(1), 17-26. https://jccnc.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=294&sid=1&slc_lang=en&ftxt=0##Simeone-DiFrancesco, C., Roediger, E., & Stevens, B. A. (2015). Schema therapy with couples: A practitioner’s guide to healing relationships. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [DOI:10.1002/9781118972700]##Spokas, M., Luterek, J. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Social anxiety and emotional suppression: The mediating role of beliefs. 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Affective and Emotional Temperament in Trauma-exposed Women With and Without Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Following Intimate Partner Violence 2 2 Objective: The present study was done to compare emotional and affective temperament in trauma-exposed women with and without Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following intimate partner violence. Methods: A total of 195 trauma-exposed women with and without PTSD participated in this study, and completed the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS). Collected data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).  Results: The mean scores of the group with PTSD were significantly higher compared to the group without PTSD in the overall scores of affective temperament, including cyclothymic, depressive, anxious, apathetic, Volatile, Dysphoric, obsessive, euthymic, disinhibited, euphoric, and also the emotional temperament, including anger and sensitivity.  Conclusion: Findings suggest that emotional and affective temperament can increase the risk of developing PTSD following exposure to intimate partner violence. 283 292 2021/06/132021/07/132021/04/14 1400/1/25 2021/09/102021/09/92021/08/21 1400/5/30 Masumeh Shafiei Masumeh Shafiei Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran. Iran shafiei.ma@fh.lu.ac Somayeh Daneshvar Somayeh Daneshvar Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran somayeh.daneshvar@shirazu.ac.ir Sajjad Basharpour Sajjad Basharpour Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Iran basharpoor_sajjad@yahoo.com Mina Taherifard Mina Taherifard Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Iran taherifard70@yahoo.com Affect Emotion Temperament Trauma Posttraumatic stress disorder Violence Akiskal, H. S., Mendlowicz, M. V., Jean-Louis, G., Rapaport, M. H., Kelsoe, J. R., & Gillin, J. C., et al. (2005). TEMPS-A: Validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85(1-2), 45-52. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.012] [PMID]##Albanese, B. J., Norr, A. M., Capron, D. W., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Panic symptoms and elevated suicidal ideation and behaviors among trauma-exposed individuals: Moderating effects of post-traumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 61, 42-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.05.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##American Psychiatric Association Publishing. (2019). The structured clinical interview for DSM-5®. Retrieved from https://www.appi.org/products/structured-clinical-interview-for-dsm-5-scid-5##Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Coffey, S. F., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012). Anxiety sensitivity and breath-holding duration in relation to PTSD symptom severity among trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(1), 134-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.004] [PMID] [PMCID]##Brown, W. J., Bruce, S. E., Buchholz, K. R., Artime, T. M., Hu, E., & Sheline, Y. I. (2014). Affective dispositions and PTSD symptom clusters in female interpersonal trauma survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(3), 407-24. [DOI:10.1177/0886260514555866] [PMID]##Carta, M. G., Balestrieri, M., Murru, A., & Hardoy, M. C. (2009). Adjustment disorder: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 15. [DOI:10.1186/1745-0179-5-15] [PMID] [PMCID]##Chossegros, L., Hours, M., Charnay, P., Bernard, M., Fort, E., & Boisson, D., et al. (2011). Predictive factors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder 6 months after a road traffic accident. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(1), 471-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.aap.2010.10.004] [PMID]##Clapp, J. D., Patton, S. C., & Beck, J. G. (2015). Expressive inhibition in response to stress: Implications for emotional processing following trauma. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29, 109-18. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.008] [PMID] [PMCID]##Clark, L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 505-21. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.505] [PMID]##Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(12), 975-90. [DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008] [PMID]##Cyniak-Cieciura, M., & Zawadzki, B. (2019). The relationship between temperament traits and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and its moderators: Meta-analysis and meta-regression. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 22(4), 702-16. [DOI:10.1177/1524838019876702] [PMID]##Dahlberg, L. L., & Mercy, J. A. (2009). History of violence as a public health problem. Virtual Mentor, 11(2), 167-72. [DOI:10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.2.mhst1-0902] [PMID]##Duffy, R. D., Jadidian, A., Douglass, R. P. & Allan, B. A. (2015). Work Volition among U.S. veterans locus of control as a mediator. Counseling Psychologist, 43(6), 853-78. [DOI:10.1177/0011000015576800]##Forbes, D., Elhai, J. D., Miller, M. W., & Creamer, M. (2010). Internalizing and externalizing classes in posttraumatic stress disorder: A latent class analysis. 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Impact of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder on functional outcome and health-related quality of life of patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(11), 853-62. [DOI:10.1089/neu.2013.3283] [PMID]##Jacob, G. A., Guenzler, C., Zimmermann, S., Scheel, C. N., Rüsch, N., & Leonhart, R., et al. (2007). Time course of anger and other emotions in women with borderline personality disorder: A preliminary study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(3), 391-402. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.009]##Jan, S., & Bogdan, Z. (2004). Trauma and temperament as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and its dimensions 3, 15 months and two years after experiencing a flood. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 10(2), 124-35. [DOI:10.1027/1016-9040.10.2.124]##Jobson, L. (2009). Drawing current posttraumatic stress disorder models into the cultural sphere: The development of the “threat to the conceptual self” model. 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Intimate partner violence in the eastern part of Iran: A path analysis of risk factors. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34(8), 619-25. [DOI:10.3109/01612840.2013.785616] [PMID]##Noohi, S., Azar, M., Shafiei Kandjani, A., Tavallaee, S. A., Karami, G., & Raadfar, S., et al. (2006). [Studying the relation of aggression with the clinical severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (Persian)]. Researcher Bulletin of Medical Science, 11(50), 95-9. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=53573##Orang, T. (2018). Continuous intimate partner violence. Mental health consequences and feasibility of psychological interventions: The case of Iran [PhD dissertation]. Konstanz: University of Knostanz. http://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/43122/Orang_2-18yglnubmjzie4.##Overstreet, N. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2013). The intimate partner violence stigmatization model and barriers to help seeking. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 109-22. [DOI:10.1080/01973533.2012.746599] [PMID] [PMCID]##Patrick, C. J., & Bernat, E. M. (2006). The construct of emotion as a bridge between personality and psychopathology. In R. F. Krueger, & J. Tackett (Eds.), Personality and Psychopathology (pp. 174-209). New York: Guildford Press. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Personality_and_Psychopathol=frontcover##Paul, S. (2016). Intimate partner violence and women’s help-seeking behaviour: Evidence from India. Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics, 28(1), 53-82. [DOI:10.1177/0260107915609818]##Powers, A., Cross, D., Fani, N., & Bradley, B. (2015). PTSD, emotion dysregulation and dissociative symptoms in a highly traumatized sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 61, 174-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.12.011] [PMID] [PMCID]##Roley, M. E., Claycomb, M. A., Contractor, A. A., Danger, P., & Elhai, C. J. (2015). The relationship between rumination, PTSD, and depression symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 180, 116-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.006] [PMID]##Roussos, A., Goenjian, A., & Steinberg, A. (2005). Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquake in Ano Liosina, Greece. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(3), 530-7. [DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.530] [PMID]##Rowan, K., Mumford, E., & Clark, C. J. (2015). Is women’s empowerment associated with help-seeking for spousal violence in India? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(9), 1519-48. [DOI:10.1177/0886260515618945] [PMID] [PMCID]##Rzeszutek, M., Oniszczenko, W., Schier, K., Biernat-Kałuża, E., & Gasik, R. (2015). Trauma symptoms, temperament traits, social support and the intensity of pain in a Polish sample of patients suffering from chronic pain. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 13-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.036]##Shepherd, L., & Wild, J. (2014). Emotion regulation, physiological arousal and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. 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Investigation of Relationships Between Sensitivity to Reinforcement Traits and Emotion Dysregulation 2 2 Objective: We investigated the relationship between the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) traits and emotion dysregulation signs, including social anxiety, general anxiety, and depression in students. Methods: A total of 189 students of the public universities in Tehran were selected by convenience sampling and answered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, and Punishment Sensitivity Questionnaire and Reward Sensitivity. Data analysis was done using SPSS v. 26 software by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between punishment and reward sensitivity and symptoms of emotional dysregulation. Also, multiple regression analysis showed that reward and punishment sensitivity could predict emotion dysregulation. Conclusion: Punishment hypersensitivity and reward hyposensitivity were higher-order, shared factors for emotion dysregulation signs, including depression, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. These findings emphasize the effect of behavioral activation as a technique to increase reward pursuit by the individual and suggested that this technique is able to increase reward-seeking and consequently, improve emotional regulation. 293 302 2021/06/132021/07/132021/04/142021/04/10 1400/1/21 2021/09/102021/09/92021/08/212021/08/23 1400/6/1 Mitra Aghajani Mitra Aghajani Department of Education & Counseling, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran aghajanimitra@gmail.com Mahshid Izadi Mahshid Izadi Department of Education and Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran dr.izadi.mahshid1452@gmail.com Noorali Farrokhi Noorali Farrokhi Department of Assessment & Measurement, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran farrokhinoorali@gmail.com Fariba Hassani Fariba Hassani Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hassani.fariba@gmail.com Emotional regulation Reinforcement Sensitivity Student Abasi, F., Kimiaei, S. A., Safariyan Tosi, M., & Abedi, M. R. (2017). [Psychometric properties of the Persian version of physical health questionnaire (Persain)]. Research in Medicine, 41(4), 275-81. http://pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-1741-en.html##Abasi, I., Feldman, G., Farazmand, S., Pourshahbaz, A., & Sarichloo, M. E. (2018). A psychometric evaluation of iranian version of the Responses to Positive Affect (RPA) Questionnaire. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12(4), e11923. [DOI:10.5812/ijpbs.11923]##Abasi, I., Mohammadkhani, P., Pourshahbaz, A., & Dolatshahi, B. (2017). The psychometric properties of attentional control scale and its relationship with symptoms of anxiety and depression: A study on Iranian population. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(2), 109-17. [PMID] [PMCID]##Andrasik, F. (2005). Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology, adult psychopathology. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Comprehensive_Handbook_of_Personality_an/6jWdj##Bienvenu, O. J., Nestadt, G., Samuels, J. F., Costa, P. T., Howard, W. T., & Eaton, W. W. (2001). Phobic, panic, and major depressive disorders and the five-factor model of personality. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(3), 154-61. [DOI:10.1097/00005053-200103000-00003] [PMID]##Bienvenu, O. J., & Stein, M. B. (2003). Personality and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(2: Special issue), 139-51. 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An investigation into the psychobiology of social phobia: Personality domains and serotonergic function. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 95(6), 544-50. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10144.x] [PMID]##Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(6), 573-88. [DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014] [PMID]##Coplan, R. J., Wilson, J., Frohlick, S. L., & Zelenski, J. (2006). A person-oriented analysis of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation in children. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(5), 917-27. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.019]##Corr, P. J. (2002). JA Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory: Tests of the joint subsystems hypothesis of anxiety and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(4), 511-32. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00170-2]##Corr, P. J. (2008). The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality. 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A., Mataix-Cols, D., Caseras, X., Alonso, P., Menchón, J. M., & Vallejo, J., et al. (2004). High sensitivity to punishment and low impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive patients with hoarding symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 129(1), 21-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.02.017] [PMID]##Gomez, R., & Francis, L. M. (2003). Generalised anxiety disorder: Relationships with Eysenck’s, Gray’s and Newman’s theories. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(1), 3-17. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00020-X]##Goodarzi, M., & Shameli, L. (2010). [Prediction of identity styles based on sensitivity to reward and punishment (Persian)]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(3), 81-95. [DOI:20.1001.1.20084331.1389.4.4.2.6]##Gray, J. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Psychology_of_Fear_and_Stress/nww5##Gray, J., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septohippocampal system. 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[DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.10.005]##Katz, B., Matanky, K., Aviram, G., & Yovel, I. (2020). Reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation model. Clinical Psychology Review, 77, 101842. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101842] [PMID]##Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-27. [DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617] [PMCID]##Khamseh, M. E., Baradaran, H. R., Javanbakht, A., Mirghorbani, M., Yadollahi, Z., & Malek, M. (2011). Comparison of the CES-D and PHQ-9 depression scales in people with type 2 diabetes in Tehran, Iran. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 61. [DOI:10.1186/1471-244X-11-61] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kimbrel, N. A., Cobb, A. R., Mitchell, J. T., Hundt, N. E., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2008). Sensitivity to punishment and low maternal care account for the link between bulimic and social anxiety symptomology. Eating Behaviors, 9(2), 210-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.09.005] [PMID]##Kimbrel, N. A., Nelson-Gray, R. O., & Mitchell, J. T. (2007). Reinforcement sensitivity and maternal style as predictors of psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 1139-49. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.028]##Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ‐9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-13. [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x] [PMID] [PMCID]##Marteinsdottir, I., Tillfors, M., Furmark, T., Anderberg, U. M., & Ekselius, L. (2003). Personality dimensions measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in subjects with social phobia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 57(1), 29-35. [DOI:10.1080/08039480310000239] [PMID]##Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). 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Comparison of Perfectionism and Tolerance of Ambiguity in the Subtypes of Illness Anxiety Disorder 2 2 Objective: Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD) has two subtypes, care-seeking type, and care-avoidant. There is little information about the differences between the two subtypes.  Methods: This study was carried out to compare perfectionism and tolerance of ambiguity in the subtypes of the IAD. To this end, a causal-comparative design was employed. The statistical population of the study included clients with symptoms of IAD who were referred to psychiatric and psychological clinics in Urmia city (West Azerbaijan Province, Iran) in 2019. After conducting a semi-structured interview, 60 subjects were selected as samples, using a convenience sampling method. The Perfectionism Inventory and the Tolerance of Ambiguity questionnaire were utilized for data collection. The collected data were analyzed by the multivariate analysis of variance test. Results: The care-avoiding subtype showed significantly higher scores on some subscales of perfectionism, including concern over mistakes (F=8.735; P=0.005), need for approval (F=4.988; P=0.029), and organization (F=4.505; P=0.038). On the contrary, the care-seeking type showed a significantly lower tolerance of ambiguity than the care-avoidant type (t=2.689; P=0.001).  Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest some subtle differences between the subtypes of IAD. As a result, paying attention to these differences can lead to developing tailored treatments for each of the IAD subtypes. 303 312 2021/06/132021/07/132021/04/142021/04/102021/04/24 1400/2/4 2021/09/102021/09/92021/08/212021/08/232021/09/19 1400/6/28 Berivan Moloudi Berivan Moloudi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. Iran berivanmoloudi@yahoo.com Ali Khademi Ali Khademi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. Iran clinicalpsy8@gmail.com Perfectionism Anxiety disorders Hypochondriasis Aalipour, K., Abbasi, M., & Mirderikvand, F. (2018). [The effect of teaching breath’s thinking strategies on subjective wellbeing and tolerance of ambiguity among students (Persian)]. Journal of Education Strategic in Medical Science, 11(1), 1-7. http://edcbmj.ir/article-1-1322-en.html##Abbasnia, S., Sangani, A., Donyavi, R., Abbasniya, N., Rezaeefard, E., & Moosavi, S. M. (2019). [Comparison of metacognitive beliefs and tolerance of ambiguity in depressed, anxious and normal people (Persian)]. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 21(1), 60-8. http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-3236-en.html##Ahmed, S. R. H., Salem, S. G., Saber, N. M., Abou Elazab, R. T. A., & Atia, M. M. (2021). 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A., Bardeen, J. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Examining the specific facets of distress tolerance that are relevant to health anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29(1), 32-44. [DOI:10.1891/0889-8391.29.1.32] [PMID]##Fezi, A., Mahbobi, T., Zare, H., & Mostafaei, A. (2012). [The relationship among cognitive intelligence and tolerance for ambiguity with critical job of Payame-Noor University students (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 10(4), 276-84. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=339090##Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449-68. [DOI:10.1007/BF01172967]##Frost, R. O., & Marten, P. A. (1990). Perfectionism and evaluative threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(6), 559-72. [DOI:10.1007/BF01173364]##Gäde, J. C., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Klein, A. G. (2017). Disentangling the common variance of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: A bifactor model of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 160. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00160] [PMID] [PMCID]##Gärtner, J., Bußenius, L., Prediger, S., Vogel, D., & Harendza, S. (2020). Need for cognitive closure, tolerance for ambiguity, and perfectionism in medical school applicants. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 132. [DOI:10.1186/s12909-020-02043-2] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hancock, J., & Mattick, K. (2020). Tolerance of ambiguity and psychological well‐being in medical training: A systematic review. Medical Education, 54(2), 125-37. [DOI:10.1111/medu.14031] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hasanpoor, P., Aghayousefi, A., Alipoor, A., & Zamir, M. (2019). [Effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment on ambiguity tolerance, executive functions (accuracy and time) and memory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (Persian)]. Journal of Psychological Science, 17(71), 837-47. http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-52-fa.html##Higgins-Chen, A. T., Abdallah, S. B., Dwyer, J. B., Kaye, A. P., Angarita, G. A., & Bloch, M. H. (2019). Severe illness anxiety treated by integrating inpatient psychotherapy with medical care and minimizing reassurance. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 150. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00150] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hill, R. W., Huelsman, T. J., & Araujo, G. (2010). Perfectionistic concerns suppress associations between perfectionistic strivings and positive life outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 584-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2009.12.011]##Hill, R. W., Huelsman, T. J., Furr, R. M., Kibler, J., Vicente, B. B., & Kennedy, C. (2004). A new measure of perfectionism: The perfectionism inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82(1), 80-91. [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa8201_13] [PMID]##Johnson, S. (2019). The role of perfectionism and cognitive processing abnormalities in dysmorphic concern. [PhD. dissertation]. Adelaide: Flinders University. https://flex.flinders.edu.au/file/ff27d0c0-d0e9-4b12-b45b-933ed2037234/1/ThesisJohnson2019.pdf##Kamushadze, T., Martskvishvili, K., Mestvirishvili, M., & Odilavadze, M. (2021). Does perfectionism lead to well-being? The role of flow and personality traits. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 17(2), 43-57. [DOI:10.5964/ejop.1987]##Koven, N. S., & Abry, A. W. (2015). The clinical basis of orthorexia nervosa: Emerging perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 385-94. [DOI:10.2147/NDT.S61665] [PMID] [PMCID]##Letzring, T. D. (2008). The good judge of personality: Characteristics, behaviors, and observer accuracy. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 914-32. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.12.003] [PMID] [PMCID]##Leung, J., Cloninger, C. R., Hong, B. A., Cloninger, K. M., & Eley, D. S. (2019). Temperament and character profiles of medical students associated with tolerance of ambiguity and perfectionism. PeerJ, 7, e7109. [DOI:10.7717/peerj.7109] [PMID] [PMCID]##Luyten, P., Kempke, S., Van Wambeke, P., Claes, S., Blatt, S. J., & Van Houdenhove, B. (2011). Self-critical perfectionism, stress generation, and stress sensitivity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: Relationship with severity of depression. Psychiatry, 74(1), 21-30. [DOI:10.1521/psyc.2011.74.1.21] [PMID]##McLain, D. L. (2009). Evidence of the properties of an ambiguity tolerance measure: The multiple stimulus types ambiguity tolerance scale-II (MSTAT-II). Psychological Reports, 105(3), 975-88. [DOI:10.2466/PR0.105.3.975-988] [PMID]##McLain, D. L., Kefallonitis, E., & Armani, K. (2015). Ambiguity tolerance in organizations: Definitional clarification and perspectives on future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 344. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00344] [PMID] [PMCID]##McLain, D. L. (1993). The MSTAT-I: A new measure of an individual's tolerance for ambiguity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(1), 183-9. [DOI:10.1177/0013164493053001020]##Mitchell, J. H., Newall, C., Broeren, S., & Hudson, J. L. (2013). The role of perfectionism in cognitive behaviour therapy outcomes for clinically anxious children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(9), 547-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.015] [PMID]##Moroz, M., & Dunkley, D. M. (2019). Self-critical perfectionism, experiential avoidance, and depressive and anxious symptoms over two years: A three-wave longitudinal study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 112, 18-27. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.006] [PMID]##Newby, J. M., Hobbs, M. J., Mahoney, A. E., Wong, S. K., & Andrews, G. (2017). DSM-5 illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder: Comorbidity, correlates, and overlap with DSM-IV hypochondriasis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 101, 31-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.010] [PMID]##Pourhoseinzadeh, M., Gheibizadeh, M., & Moradikalboland, M. (2017). The relationship between health locus of control and health behaviors in emergency medicine personnel. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 5(4), 397-407. [PMID] [PMCID]##Reuman, L., Jacoby, R. J., Blakey, S. M., Riemann, B. C., Leonard, R. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2017). Predictors of illness anxiety symptoms in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 256, 417-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.012] [PMID]##Rosenbloom, T., & Eldror, E. (2017). Perfectionism as a moderator of the association of Work Connectivity Behavior After-hours (WCBA) and burnout. North American Journal of Psychology, 19(2), 461–76. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-24005-013##Seeliger, H., & Harendza, S. (2017). Is perfect good? Dimensions of perfectionism in newly admitted medical students. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 206. [DOI:10.1186/s12909-017-1034-9] [PMID] [PMCID]##Sharifi, H. P., Salehi, M., EmamiPour, S., & Bashardoust, S. (2015). An Investigation into Psychometric Properties of Hill’s Perfectionism Inventory. Journal of Modern Industrial/Organization Psychology, 2(7), 9-19. http://psy.journals.iau-garmsar.ac.ir/article_538721_5bb10073fad537b9b0223c9ea9651a79.pdf##Shumaker, E. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2009). Perfectionism and social anxiety: Rethinking the role of high standards. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(3), 423-33. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.04.002] [PMID] [PMCID]##Skidmore, J. R., Dyson, S. J., Kupper, A. E., & Calabrese, D. (2014). Predicting illness behavior: health anxiety mediated by locus of control. American Journal of Health Behavior, 38(5), 699-707. [DOI:10.5993/AJHB.38.5.7] [PMID]##Soidla, K., & Akkermann, K. (2020). Perfectionism and impulsivity based risk profiles in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(7), 1108-19. [DOI:10.1002/eat.23285] [PMID]##Stoeber, J., & Childs, J. H. (2011). Perfectionism. In R. J. R. Levesque (ed), Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_279]##Taghavizade Ardakani, M., Akbari, B., Hossein Khanzade, A. A., & Moshkbide Haghighi, M. (2019). [Comparing the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on the perfectionism of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (Persian)]. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 26(1), 24-37. [DOI:10.32598/hms.26.1.3093.1]##Williams, S. E., Zahka, N. E., & Kullgren, K. A. (2020). Somatic symptom and related disorders. In B. D. Carter, & K. A. Kullgren (Eds.), Clinical Handbook of Psychological Consultation in Pediatric Medical Settings (pp. 169-81). Berlin: Springer International Publishing. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-35598-2_14]##Willis, C., & Chalder, T. (2021). Concern for Covid-19 cough, fever and impact on mental health. What about risk of somatic symptom disorder? 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The Relationship Between Multiple Dimensions of Schizotypy and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Inferential Confusion 2 2 Objective: The relationship between obsessive-compulsive and schizotypal symptoms has been repeatedly mentioned in various studies, but the exact pattern of this relationship is still unclear. Recently, the Inference-Based Approach (IBA) tries to explain this relationship through Inferential Confusion (IC). This study aimed to determine the mediating role of inferential confusion in the relationship between different dimensions of schizotypy and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms (OCS). Methods: The study sample consisted of 341 (158 men and 183 women) university students of Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. Participants were randomly selected by cluster sampling method and completed Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), Inferential Confusion Questionnaire-Expanded Version (ICQ-EV), and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). The proposed model was examined by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: Model fit indices (GFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.04, X2/df=1.54) indicated good fit. Results showed that among the three dimensions of schizotypy, only the direct effect of positive schizotypy on obsessive-compulsive symptoms (β=0.60, P<0.001) and inferential confusion (β=0.64, P<0.001) were statistically significant. Also, Bootstrap method showed that only the indirect effect of positive schizotypy on OCS was statistically significant [CI(95%)= 0.01-0.25]. Conclusion: Consistent with previous findings, it seems that the relationship between OCS and schizotypy is meaningful along the positive dimension of schizotypy and inferential confusion can explain this relationship to some extent.  313 320 2021/06/132021/07/132021/04/142021/04/102021/04/242021/08/15 1400/5/24 2021/09/102021/09/92021/08/212021/08/232021/09/192021/09/10 1400/6/19 Akram Ghorbali Akram Ghorbali Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran s.ghorbali@yahoo.com Schizotypal personality disorder Obsessive behavior Compulsive behavior Confusion Aardema, F., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & O’Connor, K. P. (2005). Inferential confusion, cognitive change and treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psycholoy and Psychotherapy, 12(5), 337-45. [DOI:10.1002/cpp.464]##Aardema, F., & Wu, K. D. (2011). Imaginative, dissociative, and schizotypal processes in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 74-81. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.20729] [PMID]##Aardema, F., Kleijer, T. M., Trihey, M., O’Connor, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2006). Processes of inference, schizotypal thinking, and obsessive-compulsive behaviour in a normal sample. Psychological Reports, 99(1), 213-20. [DOI:10.2466/PR0.99.5.213-220] [PMID]##Aardema, F., Wu, K. D., Careau, Y., O’Connor, K., Julien, D., & Dennie, S. (2010). The expanded version of the inferential confusion questionnaire: Further development and validation in clinical and non-clinical samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment, 32(3), 448-62. [DOI:10.1007/s10862-009-9157-x]##Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781315757421]##Chmielewski, M., & Watson, D. (2008). The heterogeneous structure of schizotypal personality disorder: Item-level factors of the schizotypal personality questionnaire and their associations with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, dissociative tendencies, and normal personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 364-76. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.364] ##Claridge, G., McCreery, C., Mason, O., Bentall, R., Boyle, G., & Slade, P., et al. (1996). The factor structure of ‘schizotypal’ traits: A large replication study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(1), 103-15. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01166.x] [PMID]##Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Hajcak, G., Langner, R., & Kichic, R., et al. (2002). The obsessive-compulsive inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14(4), 485-96. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485] [PMID]##Ghassemzadeh, H., Shams, G., Abedi, J., Karamghadiri, N., Ebrahimkhani, N., & Rajabloo, M. (2011). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R-Persian). Psychology, 2(3), 210-5. [DOI:10.4236/psych.2011.23032]##Ghorbali, A., Shairi, M., & Gholami-Fesharaki, M. (2018). [Preliminary study of psychometric properties of the persian version of the expanded version of the Inferential Confusion Questionnaire (Icq-Ev) in a non-clinical sample (Persian)]. Journal of Psychological Science, 17(67), 373-9. http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-131-fa.html##Hajcak, G., Huppert, J. D., Simons, R. F., & Foa, E. B. (2004). Psychometric properties of the OCI-R in a college sample. Behavior Re-search & Therapy, 42(1), 115-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.002]##Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Principles_and_Practice_of_##Lee, H. J., Cougle, J. R., & Telch, M. J. (2005). Thought-action fusion and its relationship to schizotypy and OCD symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(1), 29-41. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2003.11.002] [PMID]##Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. [DOI:10.4324/9781410609823]##Mohammadzadeh, A. (2007). The study of psychometric properties of Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B). International Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 47-61. http://ijpb.ir/article-1-109-fa.html##Mohammadzadeh, A. (2010). Relationship between the three-factor schizotypal personality model and obsession: An investigation among a non-clinical sample (Persian)]. Contemporary Psychology, 5(1), 42-50 http://bjcp.ir/browse.php?a_id=273&sid=1&slc_lang=en##Mohammadzadeh, A., Borjali, A., Sohrabi, F., & Delavar, A. (2009). [The effect of co-morbidity of positive and negative schizotypal personality traits on treatment outcome of obsessive-compulsive subtypes (Persian)]. Journal of Behavioral Science Research, 7(1), 13-24. [DOI:20.1001.1.17352029.1388.7.1.2.5]##Moritz, S., Fricke, S., Jacobsen, D., Kloss, M., Wein, C., & Rufer, M., et al. (2004). Positive schizotypal symptoms predict treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 42(2), 217−27. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00120-7] [PMID]##Norman, R. M., Davies, F., Malla, A. K., Cortese, L., & Nicholson, I. R. (1996). Relationship of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology to anxiety, depression and schizotypy in a clinical population. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(4), 553-66. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01211.x] [PMID]##O’Connor, K. P., & Robillard, S. (1995). Inference processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Some clinical observations. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33(8), 887-96. [DOI:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00042-V]##O’Connor, K., Aardema, F., & Pelissier, M. C. (2005). Beyond reasonable doubt: Reasoning processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. [DOI:10.1002/0470030275]##O’Leary, N. (2015). The relationship between inferential confusion, obsessive compulsiveness, schizotypy and dissociation in a non-clinical sample [PhD dissertation]. Guildford: University of Surrey. https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/esploro/outputs/doctoral/The-relationship-between-infer##Paradisis, S. M., Aardema, F., & Wu, K. D. (2015). Schizotypal, dissociative, and imaginative processes in a clinical OCD sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(6), 606-24. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.22173] [PMID]##Perris, F., Fabrazzo, M., De Santis, V., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., & Fiorillo, A., et al. (2019). Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizotypal personality disorder: Clinical response and treatment resistance to pharmacotherapy in a 3-year follow-up naturalistic study. Front Psychiatry, 10, 386. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00386] [PMID] [PMCID]##Poyurovsky, M. (2013). Schizo-obsessive disorder. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511686931]##Rachman, S. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35(9), 793-802. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00040-5]##Raine, A., & Benishay, D. (1995). The SPQ-B: A brief screening instrument for schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9(4), 346-55. [DOI:10.1521/pedi.1995.9.4.346]##Raynal, P., Goutaudier, N., Nidetch, V., & Chabrol, H. (2016). Typology of schizotypy in non-clinical young adults: Psychopathological and personality disorder traits correlates. Psychiatry Research, 246, 182-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.042] [PMID]##Rossi, A., & Daneluzzo, E. (2002). Schizotypal dimensions in normal and schizophrenic patients: A comparison with other clinical samples. Schizophrenia Research, 54(1), 67-75. [DOI:10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00353-X]##Shan, H., Zhang, R., Jiang, S., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., & Cheung, E. F. C., et al. (2020). Schizotypal and obsessive-compulsive traits: Co‐occurrence rate and relationship with executive function, emotion experience, and emotion expressivity in college students. PsyCh Journal, 9(5), 749-59. [DOI:10.1002/pchj.372] ##Sobin, C., Blundell, M. L., Weiller, F., Gavigan, C., Haiman, C., & Karayiorgou, M. (2000). Evidence of a schizotypy subtype in OCD. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 34(1), 15-24. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-3956(99)00023-0] [PMID]##Suhr, J. A., Spitznagel, M. B., & Gunstad, J. (2006). An obsessive-compulsive subtype of schizotypy: Evidence from a nonclinical sample. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(11), 884-6. [DOI:10.1097/01.nmd.0000243929.45895.d9] [PMID]##Tallis, F., & Shafran, R. (1997). Schizotypal personality and obsessive compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 4(3), 172-8. [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199709)4:33.0.CO;2-#]##Weintraub, M. J., Brown, C. A., & Timpano, K. R. (2018). The relationship between schizotypal traits and hoarding symptoms: An examination of symptom specificity and the role of perceived cognitive failures. Journal of Affective Disorders, 237, 10-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.121] [PMID]##Zhang, R. T., Zhou, H. Y., Wang, Y. M., Yang, Z. Y., Wang, Y., & So, S. H., et al. (2019). Network analysis of schizotypal personality traits and their association with other subclinical psychiatric features. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 209-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.08.005] [PMID]## ##

Investigating the Role of Childhood Trauma, Emotion Dysregulation, and Self-criticism in Predicting Self-harming Behaviors 2 2 Objective: Self-harming behavior is a major clinical issue in adolescenc. Childhood trauma, emotion dysregulation, and Self-criticism are the main concerns associated with self-harming behavior. In this study, we investigated the relationship between childhood trauma, emotion dysregulation, and Self-criticism with self-harming behaviors among adolescents in Iran. Methods: A sample of 558 (263 girls and 295 boys) middle school-aged adolescents (aged 13–17) was recruited. Participants had at least one self-harming behavior in their clinical records. Self-harm Inventory (SHI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Levels of Self-criticism questionnaire (LOSC) were completed online.  Results: Findings of step by step regression revealed a significant relationship between childhood trauma, emotion dysregulation, and Self-criticism with self-harming behaviors. More specifically, childhood trauma (β=0.253, t=6.42), emotion dysregulation (β=0.135, t=2.77), and Self-criticism (β=0.345, t=8.67) predicted self-harming behaviors. Conclusion: Our findings provided a therapeutic insight to prevent suicide and other related destructive behaviors among adolescents.  321 328 2021/06/132021/07/132021/04/142021/04/102021/04/242021/08/152021/08/18 1400/5/27 2021/09/102021/09/92021/08/212021/08/232021/09/192021/09/102021/09/19 1400/6/28 Hesam Shahmoradi Hesam Shahmoradi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran h_sh_psych@yahoo.com Abbas Masjedi-Arani Abbas Masjedi-Arani Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran a.masjediarani@sbmu.ac.ir Maryam Bakhtiari Maryam Bakhtiari Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran maryam_bakhtiyari@sbmu.ac.ir Imaneh Abasi Imaneh Abasi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Imanehabasi@gmail.com Self-harming behavior Childhood trauma Emotion dysregulation Self-criticism Abdelraheem, M., McAloon, J., & Shand, F. (2019). Mediating and moderating variables in the prediction of self-harm in young people: A systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 14-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.004] [PMID]##Afifi, T. O., Boman, J., Fleisher, W., & Sareen, J. (2009). 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The Relationship Between Covid-related Psychological Distress and Perceived Stress With Emotional Eating in Iranian Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation 2 2 Objective: The unprecedented nature of the COVID-19 pandemic and cessation of full face-to-face affiliation along with homebound restrictions have caused a variety of psychological distress among adolescents. Adolescents vary in the way they perceive such stressors and some respond with eating disturbances, which could reflect their dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies. The present research aimed at elucidating potential mediating pathways from perceived stress and psychological distress to emotional eating.  Methods: This cross-sectional study was composed of 292 adolescents who were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale, COVID-19-Related Psychological Stress Scale, Emotional Eating subscale of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between variables. ANOVA was conducted to detect differences between males and females for emotional eating. Then, a mediation analysis was conducted to assess whether emotional dysregulation was a mediator between psychological distress and emotional eating.  Results: Results of path analyses indicated that a model with perceived stress and psychological distress predicting emotion eating through the mediation of emotion dysregulation was the best fit for the data (CFI=0.970, GFI=0.949, df=26, χ2=53.69, χ2/df=2.06, P>0.05, and RMSEA=0.069). Mediation analyses showed the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the link between perceived stress and emotional eating (Sobel’s z=2.83, P<0.05) while, it could not function as a mediator between psychological distress and emotional eating (Sobel’s z=0.90, P>0.05). Conclusion: This study contributes to our understanding of the role of emotion regulation in the relationship between perceived stress and psychological distress and emotional eating in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The implication of this study is for therapeutic intervention to target emotional dysregulation of adolescents confronted with COVID-19 stressors. 329 338 2021/06/132021/07/132021/04/142021/04/102021/04/242021/08/152021/08/182021/04/10 1400/1/21 2021/09/102021/09/92021/08/212021/08/232021/09/192021/09/102021/09/192021/08/8 1400/5/17 Parastoo Naeimijoo Parastoo Naeimijoo Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran pnaeimijoo1392@ gmail.com Abbas Masjedi Arani Abbas Masjedi Arani Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran dr.masjediarani@gmail.com Maryam Bakhtiari Maryam Bakhtiari Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran maryambakhtiyari@sbmu.ac.ir Gholamreza Mohammadi Farsani Gholamreza Mohammadi Farsani Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mohammadigh53@gmail.com Ahmad Yousefi Ahmad Yousefi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran ahmadyousefi7676@gmail.com Perceived stress Psychological distress Emotional eating Emotion regulation Adolescents Bemanian, M., Mæland, S., Blomhoff, R., Rabben, A. K., Arnesen, E. K., Skogen, J. C., et al. (2021). Emotional eating in relation to worries and psychological distress amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based survey on adults in Norway. 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