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Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in A Non-clinical Population 2 2 Objective: Measuring, diagnosing, and determining the severity of the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is essential for studying mental health issues. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) in a non-clinical population.  Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 252 residents of Tehran (Iran) were selected by cluster sampling method from different districts. They were asked to complete DOCS, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). SPSS v. 21 and LISREL statistical software were used for data analysis. Cronbach's alpha, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Spearman correlation were also used. Results: The Internal consistency of DOCS was 0.916 based on the Cronbach α value. The correlations of DOCS with Y-BOCS  and OCI-R were 0.57 and 0.55, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis showed four factors. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that this four-factor and higher-order factor models had a good fit for the data. Conclusion: The present study indicated acceptable validity and reliability of DOCS in non-clinical populations in Iran. Therefore, this scale be used to screen people with OCD symptoms in non-clinical centers of mental health assessment. 165 178 2021/01/8 1399/10/19 2021/08/7 1400/5/16 Mohammad Mohammadi Mohammad Mohammadi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mohammadmohammadi059@gmail.com Seyed Mojtaba Ahmadi Seyed Mojtaba Ahmadi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Iran mojtabakmahmadi@yahoo.com Fatemeh Naji Mydani Fatemeh Naji Mydani Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran 72fatimanajim@gmail.com Mahdi Jafari Mahdi Jafari Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran drmjafari@sbmu.ac.ir Sajjad Reisi Sajjad Reisi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Iran sajjadreisi1373@gmail.com Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) Obsessive-Compulsive Dsorder (OCD) Psychometric Validity ## ##

Psychometric Properties of COVID-19 Dot-probe Task in Iranian Adults 2 2 Objective: After the COVID-19 outbreak, corona anxiety has become prevalent all over the world. To understand and treat this type of anxiety, researchers have examined its relationship with attentional bias, a phenomenon closely associated with other types of anxiety. The dot-probe task is a common instrument used for the evaluation of attentional bias. However, the psychometric properties of this instrument, when used for the assessment of attentional bias towards corona-related stimuli, are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 dot-probe task to see whether its application in COVID-19 studies is justified. Methods: A total of 362 Iranian adults completed the COVID-19 dot-probe task and Corona Anxiety Disease Scale (CADS), 146 of whom repeated this procedure after two weeks to provide test-retest data. Split-half reliability, the Cronbach α, intraclass correlation coefficient of test-retest scores, and associations between COVID-19 dot-probe task and CADS were calculated using SPSS v. 26. Results: The study results indicated that the standard version of the COVID-19 dot-probe task lacks internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion validity, whereas the response-based version of the instrument promotes all of these psychometric properties to an acceptable level. Conclusion: COVID-19 dot-probe task is a psychometrically sound instrument for evaluating corona-related attentional bias and investigating its role in the mechanism of corona anxiety, only if the response-based method of computation is used for calculating the measures of attentional bias. 179 188 2021/01/82021/04/13 1400/1/24 2021/08/72021/08/16 1400/5/25 Yasaman Nasiri Yasaman Nasiri Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran snasiry@sbmu.ac.ir Nastaran Nasiri Nastaran Nasiri Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. Iran nastarannasiry@ikiu.ac.ir Mohammad Noori Mohammad Noori Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran m.noor@sbmu.ac.ir Dot-probe task Attentional bias COVID-19 Anxiety Psychometrics ## ##

The Relationship Between Psychiatric Problems and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Candidates for Bariatric Surgery 2 2 Objective: Obesity and overweight are global problems. They increase patient’s morbidity and mortality and may cause severe medical conditions affecting physical, mental, and or social health. Bariatric surgery is a durable solution for treating morbid obesity. This study aimed to determine the associations between psychiatric problems and eating disorder symptoms in candidates for bariatric surgery. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 140 participants were selected from the patients who had already been referred to the obesity clinic in Firoozgar Hospital in Tehran, Iran, for bariatric surgery from April to June 2017. To collect study data, we used the eating disorder questionnaire for assessing eating disorders and the symptom checklist questionnaire for evaluating psychiatric problems. Results: The results of the Chi-squared test showed a significant association (P<0.05) between eating disorder symptoms and psychiatric problems (phobia, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive, psychoticism, hostility, paranoid ideation, and somatization). However, there was no significant correlation (P>0.05) between eating disorder symptoms and interpersonal sensitivity.  Conclusion: This study showed that eating disorders were significantly correlated with psychiatric problems. 189 198 2021/01/82021/04/132020/11/15 1399/8/25 2021/08/72021/08/162021/08/21 1400/5/30 Elham Hojaji Elham Hojaji Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran elhamhojaji@gmail.com Moslem Arian Moslem Arian Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran arianmoslem@yahoo.com Seyedeh Fahimeh Shojaei Seyedeh Fahimeh Shojaei Firoozgar Clinical Research and Development Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran shojaee.fahimeh@yahoo.com Saeed Safari Saeed Safari Department of General Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Safari.s@iums.ac.ir Behrooz Ghanbari Behrooz Ghanbari Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran ghanbari.b@iums.ac.ir Eating disorder Obesity bariatric surgery Psychiatric disorders Psychological distress Aldao, A., Gee, D. G., De Los Reyes, A., & Seager, I. (2016). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor in the development of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology: Current and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 28(4pt1), 927-46. [DOI:10.1017/S0954579416000638] [PMID]##Aragona, M., Petta, A. M., & Balbi, A. (2015). Psychotic phenomena in Binge Eating Disorder: An exploratory MMPI-2 study. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2, 13-20. [DOI:10.12740/APP/43321]##Arcelus, J., Haslam, M., Farrow, C., & Meyer, C. (2013). The role of interpersonal functioning in the maintenance of eating psychopathology: A systematic review and testable model. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 156-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.009] [PMID]##Atlas, J. G. (2004). Interpersonal sensitivity, eating disorder symptoms, and eating/thinness expectancies. Current Psychology, 22(4), 368. [DOI:10.1007/s12144-004-1041-y]##Baceviciene, M., Balciuniene, V., & Jankauskiene, R. (2020). Validation of the Lithuanian version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 in a student sample. Brain and Behavior, 10(3), e01555. [DOI:10.1002/brb3.1555] [PMID] [PMCID]##Barry, D., Pietrzak, R. H., & Petry, N. M. (2008). Gender differences in associations between body mass index and DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Annals of Epidemiology, 18(6), 458-66. [DOI:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.12.009] [PMID] [PMCID]##Bodenlos, J. S., Lemon, S. C., Schneider, K. L., August, M. A., & Pagoto, S. L. (2011). Associations of mood and anxiety disorders with obesity: Comparisons by ethnicity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71(5), 319-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.03.004] [PMID]##Cella, S., Fei, L., D’Amico, R., Giardiello, C., Allaria, A., & Cotrufo, P. (2019). Binge eating disorder and related features in bariatric surgery candidates. Open Medicine, 14(1), 407-15. [DOI:10.1515/med-2019-0043] [PMID] [PMCID]##da Luz, F. Q., Hay, P., Touyz, S., & Sainsbury, A. (2018). Obesity with comorbid eating disorders: Associated health risks and treatment approaches. Nutrients, 10(7), 829. [DOI:10.3390/nu10070829] [PMID] [PMCID]##Duarte-Guerra, L. S., Coêlho, B. M., Santo, M. A., Lotufo-Neto, F., & Wang, Y, P. (2017). Morbidity persistence and comorbidity of mood, anxiety, and eating disorders among preoperative bariatric patients. Psychiatry Research, 257, 1-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.020] [PMID]##Engel, S. G., Boseck, J. J., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., Mitchell, J. E., & Smyth, J., et al. (2007). The relationship of momentary anger and impulsivity to bulimic behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(3), 437-47. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.014] [PMID]##Fandiño, J., Moreira, R. O., Preissler, C., Gaya, C. W., Papelbaum, M., & Coutinho, W. F., et al. (2010). Impact of binge eating disorder in the psychopathological profile of obese women. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(2), 110-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.03.011] [PMID]##Greenberg, I., Sogg, S., & Perna, F. M. (2009). Behavioral and psychological care in weight loss surgery: Best practice update. Obesity, 17(5), 880-4. [DOI:10.1038/oby.2008.571] [PMID]##Guisado, J. A., Vaz, F. J., López-Ibor, J. J., & Rubio, M. A. (2001). Eating behavior in morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric surgery: Differences between obese people with and without psychiatric disorders. Obesity Surgery, 11(5), 576-80. [DOI:10.1381/09608920160556751] [PMID]##National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2011). Eating Disorders. U.S: Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders##Jones-Corneille, L. R., Wadden, T. A., Sarwer, D. B., Faulconbridge, L. F., Fabricatore, A. N., & Stack, R. M., et al. (2012). Axis I psychopathology in bariatric surgery candidates with and without binge eating disorder: Results of structured clinical interviews. Obesity Surgery, 22(3), 389-97. [DOI:10.1007/s11695-010-0322-9] [PMID] [PMCID]##Keski-Rahkonen, A., & Mustelin, L. (2016). Epidemiology of eating disorders in Europe: Prevalence, incidence, comorbidity, course, consequences, and risk factors. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 29(6), 340-5. [DOI:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000278] [PMID]##Lemstra, M. E., & Rogers, M. R. (2016). Improving health-related quality of life through an evidence-based obesity reduction program: The healthy weights initiative. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 9, 103-9. [DOI:10.2147/JMDH.S100693] [PMID] [PMCID]##Lykouras, L. (2008). Psychological profile of obese patients. Digestive Diseases, 26(1), 36-9. [DOI:10.1159/000109384] [PMID]##Mahmoodi, M., Moloodi, R., & Ghaderi, A., Babai, Z., Saleh, Z., & Alasti, H., et al. (2016). The Persian version of eating disorder examination questionnaire and clinical impairment assessment: Norms and psychometric properties for undergraduate women. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 11(2), 67-74. [PMID] [PMCID]##Matini, D., Jolfaei, A. G., Pazouki, A., Pishgahroudsari, M., & Ehtesham, M. (2014). The comparison of severity and prevalence of major depressive disorder, general anxiety disorder and eating disorders before and after bariatric surgery. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 28, 109. [PMID][PMCID]##Mitchell, J. E., Selzer, F., Kalarchian, M. A., Devlin, M. J., Strain, G. W., & Elder, K. A., et al. (2012). Psychopathology before surgery in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery-3 (LABS-3) psychosocial study. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 8(5), 533-41. [DOI:10.1016/j.soard.2012.07.001] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mohammadzadeh, A., & Vahedi, M. (2016). [The correlation between obsessive compulsive features and dimensions of pathological eating attitudes in non-clinical samples (Persian)]. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, 10(10), 41-9. http://journal.muq.ac.ir/article-1-1385-en.html##Monteleone, A. M., Treasure, J., Kan, C., & Cardi, V. (2018). Reactivity to interpersonal stress in patients with eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using an experimental paradigm. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 87, 133-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.002] [PMID]##Moosavi, S. M., & Amini, F. (2017). Role of anxiety, depression and anger in eating disorders-structural model. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 5(4), 40-4. [DOI:10.11648/j.ajpn.20170504.11]##Papelbaum, M., Moreira R. O., do Nascimento Gaya, C. W., Preissler, C., & Coutinho, W. F. (2010). Impact of body mass index on the psychopathological profile of obese women. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 32(1), 42-6. [DOI:10.1590/S1516-44462010000100009] [PMID]##Petroni, M. L., Villanova, N., Avagnina, S., Fusco, M. A., Fatati, G., & Compare, A., et al. (2007). Psychological distress in morbid obesity in relation to weight history. Obesity Surgery, 17(3), 391-9. [DOI:10.1007/s11695-007-9069-3] [PMID]##Pourghassem Gargari, B., Hamed Behzad, M., Seyed Hejazi, N., Kooshavar, D., & Karami, S. (2010). [Relation of body mass index to eating attitude in Tabrizian high school girls (Persian)]. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 32(3), 24-9. https://mj.tbzmed.ac.ir/fa/Article/6779##Rahmani, A., Sayehmiri, K., Asadollahi, K., Sarokhani, D., Islami, F., & Sarokhani, M. (2015). Investigation of the Prevalence of Obesity in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. Acta Medica Iranica, 53(10), 596-607. [PMID]##Ransom, D., Ashton, K., Windover, A., 7 Heinberg, L. (2010). Internal consistency and validity assessment of SCL-90-R for bariatric surgery candidates. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 6(6), 622-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.soard.2010.02.039] [PMID]##Rushford, N. (2006). Fear of gaining weight: Its validity as a visual analogue scale in anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review: The Professional Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 14(2), 104-10. [DOI:10.1002/erv.682]##Saleem, M., Sattar, S., Zafar, M., & Bin Ismail, R. (2014). Link between eating disorders and depression. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 8(3), 925-37. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/188178##Saunders, R., Johnson, L., & Teschner, J. (1998). Prevalence of eating disorders among bariatric surgery patients. Eating Disorders, 6(4), 309-17. [DOI:10.1080/10640269808249267]##Scott, K. M., McGee, M. A., Wells, J. E., & Browne, M. A. O. (2008). Obesity and mental disorders in the adult general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(1), 97-105. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.09.006] [PMID]##Seeman, M. V. (2014). Eating disorders and psychosis: Seven hypotheses. World Journal of Psychiatry, 4(4), 112-9. [DOI:10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.112] [PMID] [PMCID]##Torres, S., Guerra, M. P., Lencastre, L., Vieira, F., Roma-Torres, A., & Brandão, I. (2011). Prevalence of alexithymia in anorexia nervosa and its association with clinical and sociodemographic variables. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 60(3), 182-9. [DOI:10.1590/S0047-20852011000300006]## Tyagi, H., Patel, R., Rughooputh, F., Abrahams, H., Watson, A. J., & Drummond, L. (2015). Comparative prevalence of eating disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Journal, 2015, 186927. [DOI:10.1155/2015/186927] [PMID] [PMCID]##van Hout, G. C. M., Boekestein, P., Fortuin, F. A. M., Pelle, A. J. M., & van Heck, G. L. (2006). Psychosocial functioning following bariatric surgery. Obesity Surgery, 16(6), 787-94. [DOI:10.1381/096089206777346808] [PMID]##World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight## ##

The Effect of the Parent-Child Relationship Enrichment Training Package With An Emphasis on the Internet Use: A Mixed Methods Approach 2 2 Objective: In the current world, one of the parent-adolescent communication challenges is overusing the Internet and digital devices. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the parent-child relationship enrichment training package with an emphasis on Internet use in parents and their adolescent daughters. Methods: This study was conducted using the exploratory sequential mixed methods design. The research population consisted of parents and their female adolescent children studying in the junior secondary school in District 11 of Tehran City, Iran, in 2020. In the qualitative phase of the study, 15 parents were selected using the purposive sampling method, and then semi-structured interviews were held with them. The data collected from the interviews were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin’s (2014) grounded-theory approach to extract related categories and subcategories. Afterward, the parent-child relationship enrichment training package was developed with an emphasis on Internet use. The participants in the intervention group received the training for twelve 1.5 hour sessions. The collected data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS v. 21. Results: The validation results showed that the parent-child relationship enrichment training package was effective in promoting media literacy (F=310.972; P<0.05), improving the mother-child relationship (F=57.76; P<0.05), improving the father-child relationship (F=1503.863; P<0.05), and reducing the problematic use of the Internet in female adolescents (F=402.084; P<0.05). Conclusion: The parent-child enrichment education intervention with emphasis on Internet use was designed to fit the context and lifestyle of female adolescents studying in District 11 of Tehran. It can help parents reduce adolescent-parent conflicts and improve the quality of adolescent-parent interaction. 199 210 2021/01/82021/04/132020/11/152021/08/15 1400/5/24 2021/08/72021/08/162021/08/212021/08/21 1400/5/30 Bahareh Boor Boor Bahareh Boor Boor Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran borbor970@yahoo.com Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Department of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran. Iran a.khodabakhshid@khatam.ac.ir Mohammad Reza Falsafinejad Mohammad Reza Falsafinejad Department of Assessment and Measurement, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran falsafinejad@atu.ac.ir Cyberspace Girls Parents Adolescents Akbarinejad, F., Soleymani, M. R., & Shahrzadi, L. (2017). The relationship between media literacy and health literacy among pregnant women in health centers of Isfahan. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 6, 17. [DOI:10.4103/2277-9531.204749] [PMID] [PMCID]##Appel, M., Holtz, P., Stiglbauer, B., & Batinic, B. (2012). Parents as a resource: Communication quality affects the relationship between adolescents’ internet use and loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1641-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.08.003] [PMID]##Boor Boor, B., Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., & Falsafinejad, M. R. (2021). Communication Challenges of Parents and Their Adolescent Daughters With an Emphasis on Social Media Use: A Content Analysis. Journal of Research and Health, 11(4), 235-44. [DOI:10.32598/JRH.11.4.1804.1]##Cacioppo, M., Barni, D., Correale, C., Mangialavori, S., Danioni, F., & Gori, A. (2019). Do attachment styles and family functioning predict adolescents’ problematic internet use? A relative weight analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(1), 1263-71. [DOI:10.1007/s10826-019-01357-0]##Caplan, S. E. (2002). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive-behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(5), 553-75. [DOI:10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00004-3]##Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089-97. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012]##Carvalho, J., Francisco, R., & Relvas, A. P. (2015). Family functioning and information and communication technologies: How do they relate? A literature reviews. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 99-108. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.037]##Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 4th ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ6kBQAAQBAJ&dq##Danet, M. (2020). Parental concerns about their school-aged children’s use of digital devices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(10), 2890-904. [DOI:10.1007/s10826-020-01760-y]##Fine, M. A., Worley, S. M., & Schwebel, A. I. (1985). The parent-child relationship survey: An examination of its psychometric properties. Psychological Reports, 57(1), 155-61. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.1985.57.1.155]##Kaur Hansaram, S. (2019). Exploring Middle-Class Malaysian Parents’ Perceptions and Concerns About Children’s Internet Usage. Stream: Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication, 11(1), 21–33. [DOI:10.21810/strm.v11i1.265]##Koolaee, A. K., Lor, H. S., Soleimani, A. A., & Rahmatizadeh, M. (2014). Comparison between family power structure and the quality of parent-child interaction among the delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 3(2), e13188. [DOI:10.5812/ijhrba.13188] [PMID] [PMCID]##Salehi, A. & Bradaran Kermani, M. (2016). [Phenomenological pathology of the impact of the Internet and social networks on morals and religious beliefs of adolescents (Persian)]. Faslnameye Akhlagh, 6(21), 213-40. [DOI:10.22081/JARE.2017.44908]##Sanagoei, Z. M., Etemadi. O., Sayyed Ahmadi. A., & Jazayeri. R. (2016). Exploratory analysis of problems between Iranian parents and their male adolescents. Asian Social Science, 12(9), 65-76. [DOI:10.5539/ass.v12n9p65]##Shahbazi, J., Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., Davodi, H., & Heidari, H. (2020). Effects of mindfulness-based self-compassion and attachment-based therapy on self-criticism and mental fatigue of male adolescents with addiction potential. Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care, 6(2), 97-108. [DOI:10.32598/JCCNC.6.2.33.9]##Stafford, L., & Hillyer, J. D. (2012). Information and communication technologies in personal relationships. Review of Communication, 12(4), 290-312. [DOI:10.1080/15358593.2012.685951]##Verkuyl, M., & Hughes, M. (2019). Virtual gaming simulation in bridging nursing education: A mixed-methods study. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 29, 9-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecns.2019.02.001]## ##

A Study of the Processes and Contextual Factors of Marital Infidelity 2 2 Objective: An increase in post-marital relationships has had adverse consequences. One of the consequences is family dissolution and the breakdown of social units (families). The present study aimed to study the processes and contextual factors of marital infidelity. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the grounded theory method. The research population included couples who experienced marital infidelity. A total of 32 participants were selected using the purposive sampling method in 2019. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the participants to collect the study data, and the interviews continued until the data saturation. The collected data were systematically analyzed in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Results: Analysis of the data collected revealed 51 codes extracted through open coding. Then, the extracted codes were merged into 10 categories via axial coding. These categories included four themes: the formation of the context of marital infidelity, predictions of marital infidelity, engaging in marital infidelity, and the consequences of marital infidelity. Conclusion: Given that marital infidelity is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, the insights from this study can be used to develop models to identify and prevent predictors of marital infidelity. 211 226 2021/01/82021/04/132020/11/152021/08/152021/03/24 1400/1/4 2021/08/72021/08/162021/08/212021/08/212021/05/11 1400/2/21 Neda Atapour Neda Atapour Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran atapour.neda@yahoo.com.au Mohammad Reza Falsafinejad Mohammad Reza Falsafinejad Department of Measurement, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran. Iran falsafinejad@atu.ac.ir Khodabakhsh Ahmadi Khodabakhsh Ahmadi Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran falsafinejad@atu.ac.ir Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran. Iran a.khodabakhshid@khatam.ac.ir Family Conflict couples Grounded theory Abbasi, A., Gholamzadeh Jofreh, M., & Morgan, M. M. (2020). Grounds for infidelity among Iranian women: A phenomenological study. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 49(3), 251-65. [DOI:10.1080/01926187.2020.1813652]##Apostolou, M. (2019). Why Greek-Cypriots cheat? The evolutionary origins of the big-five of infidelity. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 13(1), 71-83.‌ [DOI:10.1037/ebs0000140]##Baucom, D. H., Pentel, K. Z., Gordon, K. C., & Snyder, D. K. (2017). An integrative Approach to Treating Infidelity in Couples. In J. Fitzgerald (Ed.), Foundations for Couples’ Therapy (pp. 206-15). New York: Routledge.‌ [DOI:10.4324/9781315678610-21]##Brown, E. M. (2013). Patterns of infidelity and their treatment. New York: Routledge.‌ [DOI:10.4324/9780203782743]##Creswell, J. W., & Báez, J. C. (2020). 30 Essential skills for the qualitative researcher. California: Sage Publications. https://books.google.com/books?id=kvXbDwAAQBAJ&dq##Ein-Dor, T., Perry-Paldi, A., Hirschberger, G., Birnbaum, E. G., & Deutsch, D. (2015). Evolution and human behavior. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(1), 17-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.08.002]##Farooq, Z., & Fatima, I. (2018). Predictors of relational turbulence in early years of marriage. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 28(1), 70-87.‌ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327932351_Predictors_of_relational_turbulance_in_early_years_of_marriage##Fife, S. T., Weeks, G. R., & Stellberg‐Filbert, J. (2013). Facilitating forgiveness in the treatment of infidelity: An interpersonal model. Journal of Family Therapy, 35(4), 343-67.‌ [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00561.x]##Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2017). Infidelity in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 70-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.008] [PMID]##Foster, J. D., & Misra, T. A. (2013). It did not mean anything (about me) cognitive dissonance theory and the cognitive and affective consequences of romantic infidelity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(7), 835-57. [DOI:10.1177/0265407512472324]##Gordon, K. C., Baucom, D. H., & Snyder, D. K. (2005). Treating couples recovering from infidelity: An integrative approach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(11), 1393-405.‌ [DOI:10.1002/jclp.20189] [PMID]##Hawkins, A. J., Willoughby, B. J., Doherty, W. J. (2012). Reasons for divorce and openness to marital reconciliation. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(6), 453-63. [DOI:10.1080/10502556.2012.682898]##Jackman, M. (2015). Understanding the cheating heart: What determines infidelity intentions? Sexuality & Culture, 19(1), 72-84.‌ [DOI:10.1007/s12119-014-9248-z]##Jahan, Y., Chowdhury, A. S., Rahman, S. A., Chowdhury, S., Khair, Z., & Huq, K. E., et al. (2017). Factors involving extramarital affairs among married adults in Bangladesh. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 4(5), 1379-86.‌ [DOI:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171506]##Jamalnik M, Falsafinejad M R, Khodabakhshi-koolaee A. (2020). Long-term marital satisfaction: Couples’ narratives of the role of mate selection. Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care, 6(4), 301-10. [DOI:10.32598/JCCNC.6.4.337.1]##Jenkins, T. Q. (2015). Husband’s response infidelity [PhD dissertation]. Kentucky: University of Kentucky. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=hes_etds##Jones, D. N., & Weiser, D. A. (2014). Differential infidelity patterns among the Dark Triad. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 57(1), 20-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.007]##Khodabakhshikoolaee, A., Bahrami, S., & Rasstak, H. (2017). [The quality of love and sexual satisfaction survey among loyal and unfaithful married men (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Social Work, 5(4), 12-5. http://socialworkmag.ir/article-1-177-en.html##Koolaee, A., Motlagh, T., Esmaili, A., & Rahmatizadeh, M. (2014). [The comparison of early maladaptive schema and intimacy in marital infidelity and non-infidelity men (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 2(3), 12-23. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-395-en.html##Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Linkoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 105-17). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/PPP356/Guba%20%26%20Lincoln%201994.pdf##Majumdar, S. (2018). Online Infidelity and Intimate Partner Violence: Exploring Their Perceived Association Among Young Adults in India. In S. P. Sahni, & G. Jain (Eds.), Internet Infidelity (pp. 133-45). Singapore: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-981-10-5412-9_8]##Mark, K. P., Janssen, E., & Milhausen, R. R. (2011). Infidelity in heterosexual couples: Demographic, interpersonal, and personality-related predictors of extradyadic sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 971-82.‌ [DOI:10.1007/s10508-011-9771-z] [PMID]##Munsch, C. L. (2018). Her support, his support: Money, masculinity, and marital infidelity. American Sociological Review, 80(3), 469-95. [DOI:10.1177/0003122415579989]##Olson, D., DeFrain, J., & Skogrand, L. (2010). Marriages and families: Intimacy, diversity, and strengths. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. https://books.google.com/books?id=1EW6QwAACAAJ&dq##Özgün, S. (2010). The predictors of the traumatic effect of extramarital infidelity on married women: coping strategies, resources, and forgiveness in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the department of psychology [PhD dissertation]. Ankara: Middle East Technical University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331482749_##Satples, J. M. (2012). Couples’ process of healing from infidelity while in therapy [PhD dissertation]. Las Vegas: University of Nevada. [DOI:10.34917/4332760]##Shackelford, T. K., Besser, A., & Goetz, A. T. (2008). Personality, marital satisfaction, and the probability of marital infidelity. Individual Differences Research, 6(1), 13-25. https://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/Shackelford-Besser-Goetz-IDR-2008.pdf##Snyder, D. K., Baucom, D. K, & Gordon, K. C. (2007). Treating infidelity: An Integrative Approach to Resolving Trauma and Promoting Forgiveness. In P. R. Peluso (Ed.). Infidelity: A Practitioner’s Guide to Working With Couples in Crisis. New York: Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?id=57OTAgAAQBAJ&dq##Tsapelas, I., Fisher, H. E., & Aron, A. (2010). Infidelity: When, Where, Why. In W. R. Cupach, & B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The Dark Side of Close Relationships II (pp. 175-96). New York: Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?id=HdOLAgAAQBAJ&dq##Turliuc, M. N., & Scutaru, E. L. (2013). A semi-model of predictive factors for mixed infidelity. Annals of AII Cuza University. Psychology Series, 22(2), 35-51. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272177848_A_Semi-model_of_Predictive_Factors_for_Mixed_Infidelity##Wanjiru, V., Ireri, N., & Menecha, J. B. (2020). An investigation of the factors contributing to infidelity among married couples in selected mainstream churches in kikuyu constituency, Kiambu County, Kenya. 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The Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Improving the Severity of Stuttering and Anxiety in School-aged Children Who Stutter 2 2 Objective: Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting 5% of children. Developmental stuttering disrupts the smooth flow of speech, resulting in characteristic speech disfluencies. Anxiety is one of the most widely observed and extensively studied psychological concomitants of stuttering. Recently, it has been shown that noninvasive brain stimulation may be useful in enhancing the results of fluency interventions in people who stutter. The present study aimed to examine whether the severity of stuttering and anxiety was affected by transcranial direct current stimulation in children who stutter. Methods: This study is a clinical trial study in which the statistical community includes school-aged children in Tehran who were referred to psychological clinics for treatment. Twenty-two children with stuttering were randomly assigned in two groups. Eleven children in the experimental group would receive real transcranial direct current stimulation, and 11 children in the control group were exposed to sham stimulation. The experimental group received 20 min of 2-mA anodal stimulation in 15 sessions in three weeks. The severity of stuttering and anxiety was assessed before and after the last session and then 1 and 6 weeks after the intervention. Results: The severity of stuttering and anxiety in both groups were similar before the intervention (P>0.05). A significant decrease in the severity of stuttering and anxiety at the end of the intervention and 1 and 6 weeks after the intervention occurred in the experimental group (P<0.05), while the control group did not show any significant change. Conclusion: The results indicated that stuttering severity and anxiety were ameliorated by transcranial direct current stimulation immediately after the intervention and at 1 and 6 weeks follow-up. 227 236 2021/01/82021/04/132020/11/152021/08/152021/03/242021/03/8 1399/12/18 2021/08/72021/08/162021/08/212021/08/212021/05/112021/07/24 1400/5/2 Nastaran Mohajeri Aval Nastaran Mohajeri Aval Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran. Iran nastaranmohajeri@yahoo.com Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Stuttering Anxiety Alizadeh Goradel, J, Pouresmali, A, & Sadeghi Mowlaie, M. (2016). The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on obsession-compulsion, anxiety, and depression of a patient suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Practice Clinical Psychology, 4(2), 75-80. [DOI:10.15412/J.JPCP.06040201]##Allman, C., Amadi, U., Winkler, A. M., Wilkins, L., Filippini, N., & Kischka, U., et al. (2016). Ipsilesional anodal tDCS enhances the functional benefits of rehabilitation in patients after stroke. Science Translation Medicine, 8(330), 330re1. [DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad5651] [PMID] [PMCID]##Baker, J. M., Rorden, C., & Fridriksson, J. (2010). Using transcranial direct-current stimulation to treat stroke patients with aphasia. Stroke, 41(6), 1229-36. [DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.576785] [PMID] [PMCID]##Belyk, M., Kraft, S. J., & Brown, S. (2015). Stuttering as a trait or state meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Journal of Neuroscience, 41(2), 275-84, [DOI:10.1111/ejn.12765] [PMID]##Bestmann, S., de Berker, A. O., & Bonaiuto, J. (2015). Understanding the behavioural consequences of noninvasive brain stimulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(1), 13-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2014.10.003] [PMID]##Bindman, L. J., Lippold, O. C., & Redfearn, J. W. (1964). The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat 1 during current flow and 2 in the production of long-lasting after-effects. Journal of Physiology, 172(3), 369-82. [DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.1964.sp007425] [PMID] [PMCID]##Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2007). Preliminary study of self-reported experience of physical aggression and bullying of boys who stutter: Relation to increased anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104(3 Pt 2), 1060-6. [DOI:10.2466/pms.104.4.1060-1066] [PMID]##Bohland, J. W., Bullock, D., & Guenther, F. H. (2010). Neural representations and mechanisms for the performance of simple speech sequences. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(7), 1504-29. [DOI:10.1162/jocn.2009.21306] [PMID] [PMCID]##Brignell, A., Krahe, M., Downes, M., Kefalianos, E., Reilly, S., & Morgan, A. T. (2020). Asystematic review of interventions for adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorder, 64, 105766. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105766] [PMID]##Brown, S., Ingham, R. J., Ingham, J. C., Laird, A. R., & Fox, P. T. (2005). Stuttered and fluent speech production: An ALE meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Human Brain Mapping, 25(1), 105-17. DOI:10.1002/hbm.20140] [PMID] [PMCID]##Budde, K. S., Barron, D. S., & Fox, P. T. (2014). Stuttering, induced fluency, and natural fluency: A hierarchical series of activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses. Brain Language, 139, 99-107. [DOI:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.10.002] [PMID] [PMCID]##Caruso, A. J., Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Bidinger, D. A., & Sommers, R. K. (1994). Adults who stutter: Responses to cognitive stress. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37(4), 746-54. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3704.746] [PMID]##Chang, S. E., Angstadt, M. Chow, H. M., Etchell, A. C., Garnett, E. O., & Choo, A. L., et al. (2018). Anomalus nework architecture of the resting brain in children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorder, 55, 46-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.01.002] [PMID] [PMCID]##Chesters, J., Watkins, K. E., Mottonen, R. (2017). Investigating the feasibility of using transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance fluency in people who stutter. Journal of Brain & Language, 164, 68-76. [DOI:10.1016/j.bandl.2016.10.003] [PMID] [PMCID]##Chesters, J., Mottonen, R., & Watkins, K. E. (2018). Transcranial direct current stimulation over left inferior frontal cortex improves speech fluency in adults who stutter. Brain, 141(4), 1161-71. [DOI:10.1093/brain/awy011] [PMID] [PMCID]##Craig, A., Blumgart, E., & Tran, Y. (2009). The impact of stuttering on the quality of life in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorder, 34(2), 61-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.05.002] [PMID]##Elsberg, C. A. (1917). Experiments on motor nerve regeneration and the direct neurotization of paralyzed muscles by their own and by foreign nerves. Science, 45(1161), 318-20. [DOI:10.1126/science.45.1161.318] [PMID]##Filmer, H. L., Dux, P. E., & Mattingley, J. B. (2014). Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation for understanding brain function. Trends of Neuroscience, 37(12), 742-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.003] [PMID]##Fiori, V., Coccia, M., Marinelli, C. V., Vecchi, P., Bonifazi, S., & Ceravolo, M. G. et al. (2011). Transcranial direct current stimulation improves word retrieval in healthy and nonfluent aphasic subjects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9), 2309-23. [DOI:10.1162/jocn.2010.21579] [PMID]##Fitzgerald, H. E., Djurdjic, S. D., & Maguin, E. (1992). Assessment of sensitivity to interpersonal stress in stutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 25(1), 31-42. [DOI:10.1016/0021-9924(92)90012-L]##Fox, P. T., Ingham, R. J., Ingham, J. C. Hirsch, T. B., Downs, J. H., & Martin, C., et al. (1996). A PET study of the neural systems of stuttering. Nature, 382(6587), 158-62. [DOI:10.1038/382158a0] [PMID]##Garnett, E. D., Chow, H. M., Choo, A. L., & Chang, S. E. (2019). Stuttering severity modulates effects of noninvasive brain stimulation in adults who stutter. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 411. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00411] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hampstead, B. M., Briceno, E., Mascaro, N., Mourdoukoutas, M., & Bikson, A. (2016). Current status of transcranial direct current stimulation in posttraumatic stress and other anxiety disorders. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 3(2), 95-101. [DOI:10.1007/s40473-016-0070-9] [PMID] [PMCID]##Heth, I., & Lavidor, M. (2015). Improved reading measures in adults with dyslexia following transcranial direct current stimulation treatment. Neuropsychologia, 70, 107-13. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.022] [PMID]##Hern, J. E., Landgren, S., Phillips, C. G., & Porter, R. (1962). Selective excitation of corticofugal neurones by surface-anodal stimulation of the baboon’s motor cortex. Journal of Physiology, 161(1), 73-90. [DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006874] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2007). The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(5), 393-402. [DOI:10.1038/nrn2113] [PMID]##Holland, R., & Crinion, J. (2012). Can tDCS enhance treatment of aphasia after stroke? Aphasiology, 26(9), 1169-91. [DOI:10.1080/02687038.2011.616925] [PMID] [PMCID]##Iverach, L., O’Brian, S., Jones, M., Block, S., Lincoln, M., & Harrison, E., et al. (2009). Prevalence of anxiety disorders among adults seeking speech therapy for stuttering. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 23(7), 928-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.06.003] [PMID]##Jacobson, L., Koslowsky, M., & Lavidor, M. (2012). tDCS polarity in motor and cognitive domains: A meta-analytical review. Experimental Brain Research, 216(1), 1-10.[DOI:10.1007/s00221-011-2891-9] [PMID]##Klein, J. F., & Hood, S. B. (2004). The impact of stuttering on employment opportunities and job performance. Journal of Fluency Disorder, 29(4), 255-73. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.08.001] [PMID]##Khedr, E. M., Shawky, O. A., El-Hammady, D. H., Rothwell, J. C., Darwish, E. S., & Mostafa, O. M., et al. (2013). Effect of anodal versus cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on stroke rehabilitation: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair, 27(7), 592-601. [DOI:10.1177/1545968313484808] [PMID]##Kraaimaat, F. W., Vanryckeghem, M., & Van Dam-Baggen, R. (2002). Stuttering and social anxiety. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27(4), 319-31. [DOI:10.1016/S0094-730X(02)00160-2]##Liebetanz, D., Nitsche, M. A., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2002). Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability. Brain, 125(Pt 10), 2238-47. [DOI:10.1093/brain/awf238] [PMID]##Marangolo, P., Fiori, V., Calpagnano, M. A., Campana, S., Razzano, C., & Caltagirone, C., et al. (2013). tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex improves speech production in aphasia. Frontiers of Human Neuroscience, 7, 539. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00539][PMID][PMCID]##Marangolo, P., Marinelli, C. V., Bonifazi, S., Fiori, V., Ceravolo, M. G., & Provinciali, L., et al. (2011). Electrical stimulation over the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG) determines long-term effects in the recovery of speech apraxia in three chronic aphasics. Behavior Brain Research, 225(2), 498-504. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.008] [PMID]##McAlister, J. (2016). Behavioral, emotional and social development of children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 50, 23-32. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.09.003] [PMID]##Mortensen, J., Figlewski, K., & Andersen, H. (2016). Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and home-based occupational therapy for upper limb motor impairment following intracerebral hemorrhage: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Disability and Rehabilitation, 38(7), 637-43. [DOI:10.3109/09638288.2015.1055379] [PMID]##Monti, A., Ferrucci, R., Fumagalli, M., Mameli, F., Cogiamanian, F., & Ardolino, G., et al. (2013). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and language. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 84(8), 832-42. [DOI:10.1136/jnnp-2012-302825] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mousavi, R., Moradi, A. R., Farzad, V., Mahdavi Harsini, S. S., Spence, & Navabinejad, S. (2007). Psychometric properties of the spence children’s anxiety scale with an Iranian sample. International Journal of Psychology, 1(1), 17-26. http://www.ijpb.ir/article_55486.html##Neumann, K., Preibisch, C., Euler, H. A., von Gudenberg, A. W., Lanfermann, H., & Gall, V., et al. (2005). Cortical plasticity associated with stuttering therapy. Journal of Fluency Disorder, 30(1), 23-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.12.002] [PMID]##Nitsche, M. A., Fricke, K., Henschke, U., Schlitterlau, A., Liebetanz, D., & Lang, N., et al. (2003). Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans. Journal of Physiology, 553(Pt 1), 293-301. [DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.049916] [PMID] [PMCID]##Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2000). Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of Physiology, 527(3), 633-9. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x] [PMID] [PMCID]##Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2001). Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology, 57(10), 1899-901. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.57.10.1899] [PMID]##Nitsche, M. A., Nitsche, M. S., Klein, C. C., Tergau, F., Rothwell, J. C., & Paulus, W. (2003). Level of action of cathodal DC polarisation induced inhibition of the human motor cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114(4), 600-4. [DOI:10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00412-1]##Reis, J., Schambra, H. M., Cohen, L. G., Buch, E. R., Fritsch, B., & Zarahn, E., et al. (2009). Noninvasive cortical stimulation enhances motor skill acquisition over multiple days through an effect on consolidation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 106(5), 1590-5. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0805413106] [PMID] [PMCID]##Riley, G. D. (2009). Stuttering severity instrument: SSI4. Austin: Pro-Ed. https://books.google.com/books?id=cOnmmgEACAAJ&dq##Saltuklaroglu, T., Kalinowski, J., Robbins, M., Crawcour, S., & Bowers, A. (2009). Comparisons of stuttering frequency during and after speech initiation in unaltered feedback, altered auditory feedback and choral speech conditions. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 44(6), 1000-17. [DOI:10.1080/13682820802546951] [PMID]##Sandars, M., Cloutman, L., & Woollams, A. M. (2016). Taking sides: An integrative review of the impact of laterality and polarity on efficacy of therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation for anomia in chronic poststroke aphasia. 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The Role of Social Safeness and Self-compassion in Mental Health Problems: A Model Based on Gilbert Theory of Emotion Regulation Systems 2 2 Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of social safeness and self-compassion, as two essential components of Gilbert’s theory, in mental health. In this regard and based on theoretical foundations, the mediation model of the relationship between social safeness and mental health problems was examined through self-compassion as a mediator. Methods: A total of 344 students from the University of Bojnord, Bojnord City, Iran, in the 2019-2020 academic year were recruited using the cluster sampling method. They were responded to the social safeness and pleasure scale, self-compassion scale (short form), and depression, anxiety, and stress scale. The obtained data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: The mediation model showed a good fit (χ2⁄df: 1.77; RMSEA: 0.043; CFI: 0.99; GFI: 0.98; AGFI: 0.96; NFI: 0.98; TLI: 0.98). Beta coefficients indicate significant direct effect of social safeness on self-compassion (Beta=0.57; P≤0.001), significant direct effect of self-compassion on mental health problems (Beta=-0.75; P≤0.001), as well as a significant indirect effect of social safeness on mental health problems (Beta=-0.42; P≤0.001).  Conclusion: Social safeness affects mental health problems (depression, anxiety, and stress) through self-compassion as a mediator. A high sense of social safeness protects against depression, anxiety, and stress through increasing self-compassion. However, low social safeness increases vulnerability to depression, anxiety, and stress by reducing self-compassion. 237 246 2021/01/82021/04/132020/11/152021/08/152021/03/242021/03/82021/04/10 1400/1/21 2021/08/72021/08/162021/08/212021/08/212021/05/112021/07/242021/08/21 1400/5/30 Khadije Alavi Khadije Alavi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran. Iran kh.alavi@ub.ac.ir Mental health Depression Anxiety Emotion regulation Alavi, K., Asghari Moghadam, A., Rahiminezhad, A., Farahani, H. & Modares Gharavi, M. (2017). [Psychometric properties of social safeness and pleasure scale (Persian)]. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 19(1), 5-13. [DOI:10.22038/JFMH.2016.8104]##Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item version of the depression anxiety stress scale in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-81. 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New York: Taylor and Francis group. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Structural_Equation_Modeling_With_EQS/MXb8dDwidPgC?hl=en&gbpv=0##Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 103-16. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103] [PMID]##Cuppage, J., Baird, K., Gibson, J., Booth, R., & Hevey, D. (2018). Compassion focused therapy: Exploring the effectiveness with a transdiagnostic group and potential processes of change. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 240-54. [DOI:10.1111/bjc.12162] [PMID]##Daye, C. A., Webb, J. B., & Jafari, N. (2014). Exploring self-compassion as a refuge against recalling the body-related shaming of caregiver eating messages on dimensions of objectified body consciousness in college women. Body Image, 11(4), 547-56. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.08.001] [PMID]##Demetriou, C, Ozer, B. U., & Essau, C. A. (2015). Self-report questionnaires. In R. L. Cautin, & S. O. Lilienfeld (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology (pp. 1-6). [DOI:10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp507] ##Dev, V., Fernando, A. T., Lim, A. G., & Consedine, N. S. (2018). Does self-compassion mitigate the relationship between burnout and barriers to compassion? A cross-sectional quantitative study of 799 nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 81, 81-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.02.003] [PMID]##Dias, B. S., Ferreira, C. & Trindade, I. A. (2020). Influence of fears of compassion on body image shame and disordered eating. Eating and Weight Disorders, 25(1), 99-106. [DOI:10.1007/s40519-018-0523-0] [PMID]##Di Fabio, A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2020). The relationship of compassion and self-compassion with personality and emotional intelligence in organizations. Personality and Individual Differences, 169, 110109. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110109] [PMID] [PMCID]##Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2013). Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninitiated. New York: Sage Publications. https://books.google.com/books?id=sOyGAwAAQBAJ&dq##Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2013). Self-compassion in the face of shame and body image dissatisfaction: Implications for eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 14(2), 207-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.005] [PMID]##Ferreira, C., Silva, C., Mendes, A. L., & Trindade, I. A. (2018). How do warmth, safeness and connectedness-related memories and experiences explain disordered eating? Eating and Weight Disorders, 23(5), 629-36. [DOI:10.1007/s40519-017-0449-y] [PMID]##Germer, C., & Neff, K. (2019). Teaching the mindful self-compassion program: A guide for professionals. New York: Guilford Press. https://books.google.com/books?id##Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy. London: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780203003459]##Gilbert, P. (2010a). Compassion focused therapy: Distinctive features (CBT distinctive features). 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Negative affectivity, depression, and anxiety: Does rumination mediate the links? Journal of Affective Disorders, 181, 18-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.002] [PMID]##Joeng, J. R., Turner, S. L., Kim, E. Y., Choi, S. A., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, J. K. (2017). Insecure attachment and emotional distress: Fear of self-compassion and self-compassion as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 6-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.048]##Kelly, A. C., & Carter, J. C. (2014). Eating disorder subtypes differ in their rates of psychosocial improvement over treatment. Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 2. [DOI:10.1186/2050-2974-2-2] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kelly, A. C., & Dupasquier, J. (2016). Social safeness mediates the relationship between recalled parental warmth and the capacity for self-compassion and receiving compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 157-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.017]##Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., Leybman, M. J., & Gilbert, P. (2012). Social safeness, received social support, and maladjustment: Testing a tripartite model of affect regulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(6), 815-26. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-011-9432-5]##Khanjani, S., Foroughi, A. A., Sadghi, K., & Bahrainian, S. A. (2016). [Psychometric properties of Iranian version of self-compassion scale (short form) (Persian)]. Pajoohande, 21(5), 282-9. https://pajoohande.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-2292-en.html##Kline, R. X. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=VPAAwQEACAAJ&dq##Krieger, T., Reber, F., von Glutz, B., Urech, A., Moser, C. T., & Schulz, A., et al. (2019). An internet-based compassion-focused intervention for increased self-criticism: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 50(2), 430-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2018.08.003] [PMID]##Lopez, A., Sanderman, R., & Schroevers, M. J. (2018). 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Psychometric Properties of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) in A Nonclinical Iranian Sample: A Transdiagnostic Measure 2 2 Objective: Binge eating is a transdiagnostic construct and one of the main components of eating and emotional disorders. Meta-cognitive beliefs about eating play an important role in the maintenance of binge eating. The Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) is a self-report questionnaire, which measures negative, positive, and permissive beliefs about binge eating. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the EBQ-18 in a community sample. Methods: A total of 501 participants (413=females, 88=males) were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling and were administered the EBQ-18, the Binge Eating Scale (BES), the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (UIS). Construct validity, internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity of the EBQ-18 were determined using Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Results: The EBQ-18 possesses a three-factor structure and a high internal consistency (α=.91). The EBQ-18 showed convergent validity with the BES and the DEBQ, divergent validity with the BICI, AAQ-II, and The UIS. Conclusion: The goodness-of-fit indices were acceptable and the data showed adequate fit to the three-factor model. In conclusion, findings provide initial support for the validity and reliability of the EBQ-18. 247 257 2021/01/82021/04/132020/11/152021/08/152021/03/242021/03/82021/04/102021/04/23 1400/2/3 2021/08/72021/08/162021/08/212021/08/212021/05/112021/07/242021/08/212021/07/24 1400/5/2 Hanieh Alasty Hanieh Alasty Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran h.alasty@yahoo.com Jafar Hasani Jafar Hasani Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran hasanimehr57@yahoo.com Mehdi Akbari Mehdi Akbari Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Akbari.psy@gmail.com Shahram Mohammadkhani Shahram Mohammadkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mohammadkhani@khu.ac.ir Bulimia Binge eating Eating disorder Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) Psychometric A Transdiagnostic Measure Abasi, E., Fatam, L., Moluodi, R., & Zarabi, H. (2013). [Psychometric properties of Persian Version of acceptance and action questionnaire–II (Persian)]. Psychological Methods and Models, 3(10), 65-80. http://jpmm.miau.ac.ir/article_61.html##Akbari, M. (2017). [Psychometric properties of repetitive thinking questionnaire in nonclinical sample: Trans diagnostic tool (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 59-70. 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L., Hay, P., Smith, E., Raman, J., Swinbourne, J., & Touyz, S., et al. (2015). Investigating the clinical utility of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire: Validity, reliability and the results of a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Journal of Eating Disorders, 3(Suppl 1), O51. [DOI:10.1186/2050-2974-3-S1-O51] [PMCID]##Burton, A. L., Mitchison, D., Hay, P., Donnelly, B., Thornton, C., & Russell, J., et al. (2018). Beliefs about binge eating: Psychometric properties of the eating beliefs questionnaire (EBQ-18) in eating disorder, obese, and community samples. Nutrients, 10(9), 1306. [DOI:10.3390/nu10091306] [PMID] [PMCID]##Cockell, S. J., Geller, J., & Linden, W. (2003). Decisional balance in anorexia nervosa: Capitalizing on ambivalence. European Eating Disorders Review, 11(2), 75-89. [DOI:10.1002/erv.493]##Cooper, Z., & Grave, R. D. (2017). Eating disorders: Transdiagnostic Theory and Treatment. In S. G. Hofmann, & G. J. G. 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