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Predicting Anxiety Symptoms Based on Confrontation With Existential Issues: The Moderating Role of Defense Mechanisms 2 2 Objective: One of the most common and recent highlighted psychological problems is anxiety symptoms. This study investigated the moderating role of defense mechanisms in the relationship between confrontation with existential issues (death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness) and anxiety. Methods: A total of 389 students (218 men and 171 women) of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in the academic year 2017-2018 were randomly selected as the research sample. In this study, anxiety symptoms, death anxiety, loneliness, meaning in life, responsibility, and defense style were measured. The obtained data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and stepwise and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Mature and immature defense mechanisms moderated the prediction of anxiety symptoms by confrontation with loneliness and responsibility. Neurotic defense mechanisms moderated the prediction of anxiety symptoms by confrontation with death, anxiety, loneliness, and responsibility. Conclusion: Defense mechanisms affect the amount of relationship between confrontation with existential issues and anxiety. 235 244 2019/04/10 1398/1/21 2019/08/23 1398/6/1 Mohammad Ali Besharat Mohammad Ali Besharat Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hossein Khadem Hossein Khadem Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Iran ho_khadem@sbu.ac.ir Vahid Zarei Vahid Zarei Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. Iran Seyed Ali Motavalli Haghi Seyed Ali Motavalli Haghi Department of psychology, University Degli Studi Di Padova, Padova, Italy. Iran Existentialism Anxiety Defense mechanisms Death Freedom Responsibility Loneliness Meaning Andrews, G., Singh, M., & Bond, M. (1993). The defense style questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(4), 246-56. [DOI:10.1097/00005053-199304000-00006] [PMID]##Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-81. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176]##Atefvahid, M. K., Nasr Esfahani, M., Fathollahi, P., & Shojaee, S. M. R. (2006). [Standardization of the Persian version of the California Psychological Inventory (PCI) (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 11(4), 371-8.##Besharat, M. A. (2005). Examining the properties of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) in clinical samples and the general population. Research Report. Tehran: Tehran University.##Besharat, M. A. (2007). Evaluation the psychometric properties of Defense Styles Questionnaire. Research Report. Tehran: Tehran University.##Besharat, M. A., Sharifi, M., & Iravani, M. (2001). [An investigation of the relationship between attachment styles and defense mechanisms (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology, 5(3), 277-89.##Bohayraei, H., Delavar, A., & Ahadi, H. (2010). Standardization of third edition of Loneliness Scale UCLA (UCLA) in students’ community in Tehran. Applied Psychology, 1, 6-18.##Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35(1), 79-89. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X]##Colovic, O., Tosevski, D. L., Mladenovic, I. P., Milosavljevic, M., & Munjiza, A. (2016). Defense mechanisms in “pure” anxiety and “pure” depressive disorders. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 204(10), 746-51. [DOI:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000559] [PMID]##Cooper, M. (2016). Existential therapies. London: Sage Publications Ltd.##Cramer, P. (2015). Understanding defense mechanisms. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 43(4), 523-52. [DOI:10.1521/pdps.2015.43.4.523] [PMID]##Daza, P., Novy, D. M., Stanley, M. A., & Averill, P. (2002). The depression anxiety stress scale-21: Spanish translation and validation with a Hispanic sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24(3), 195-205.##Eshtad, A. (2009). Studying the effectiveness of cognitive group therapy on students’ subjective well - being. Master thesis in Clinical Psychology, Tehran Psychiatric Institute.##Freud, A. (2018). The ego and the mechanisms of defence. London: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780429481550]##Gallagher, M., Prinstein, M. J., Simon, V., & Spirito, A. (2014). Social anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation in a clinical sample of early adolescents: Examining loneliness and social support as longitudinal mediators. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(6), 871-83. [DOI:10.1007/s10802-013-9844-7] [PMID] [PMCID]##Gough, H. G. (1987). California psychological inventory: Administrator’s guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.##Groth-Marnat, G. (2009). Handbook of psychological assessment. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.##Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-10. [DOI:10.1177/001316447003000308]##Langs, R. (2018). Death anxiety and clinical practice. London: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780429473579]##Lovibond, P. F. (1998). Long-term stability of depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(3), 520-6. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.107.3.520] [PMID]##Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the dpression anxiety stress scales. Sydney: Psychological Foundation Monograph. [DOI:10.1037/t01004-000]##Martin, L., Hargitai, R., Hupuczi, E., Rózsa, S., Birkás, B., & Varga, J., et al. (2019). [Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40): Factors, validity and reliability (Hungarian)]. Psychiatria Hungarica: A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 34(1), 19-33. [PMID]##May, R., & Yalom, I. (2005). Existential psychotherapy. In R. J. Corsini, & D. Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies (pp. 269-298). 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.##McAdams, D. P. (1998). The role of defense in the life story. Journal of Personality, 66(6), 1125-46. [DOI:10.1111/1467-6494.00044]##Muyan, M., Chang, E. C., Jilani, Z., Yu, T., Lin, J., & Hirsch, J. K. (2016). Loneliness and negative affective conditions in adults: Is there any room for hope in predicting anxiety and depressive symptoms? The Journal of Psychology, 150(3), 333-41. [DOI:10.1080/00223980.2015.1039474] [PMID]##Neimeyer, R. A. (Ed.). (2015). Death anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application. New York: Taylor & Francis. [DOI:10.4324/9781315800813] [PMCID]##Norton, P. J. (2007). Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 20(3), 253-65. [DOI:10.1080/10615800701309279] [PMID]##Ostovar, S., Allahyar, N., Aminpoor, H., Moafian, F., Nor, M. B. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Internet addiction and its psychosocial risks (depression, anxiety, stress and loneliness) among Iranian adolescents and young adults: A structural equation model in a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 257-67. [DOI:10.1007/s11469-015-9628-0]##Pasha, G. R., Gudarzian, D. (2008). [The relationships of identity styles, moral development and responsibility in Andimeshk Payamnur University (A.P.U) students (Persian)]. Journal of Social Psychology (New Findings in Psychology), 2(8), 87-99.##Punamäki, R. L., Kanninen, K., Qouta, S., & El-Sarraj, E. (2002). The role of psychological defences in moderating between trauma and post-traumatic symptoms among Palestinian men. International Journal of Psychology, 37(5), 286-96.##Rajabi, G. R., & Bohrani, M. (2002). [Item factor analysis of the Death Anxiety Scale (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology, 5(4), 331-44.##Roy-Byrne, P. (2015). Treatment-refractory anxiety; definition, risk factors, and treatment challenges. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(2), 191-206. [PMID] [PMCID]##Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40. [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2] [PMID]##Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290-4. [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11] [PMID]##Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.##Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. Dordrecht: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_18]##Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. [DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80]##Tavakoli, M. A., & Ahmadzadeh, B. (2011). Investigation of validity and reliability of templer Death Anxiety Scale. Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 6(21), 72-80.##Teimouri, Y., Goetze, J., & Plonsky, L. (2019). Second language anxiety and achievement: A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41(2), 363-87. [DOI:10.1017/S0272263118000311]##Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a Death Anxiety Scale. Journal of General Psychology, 82(2d Half), 165-77. 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Comparing Emotion Regulation Strategies and Adjustment Between Students With Physical Disability and Healthy Students 2 2 Objective: Disability deprives individuals from participation in the overall process of personal and social life and its independent activities. Moreover, it causes imbalance due to damage and disrupts the healthy development and coordination of the body. Therefore, this study compared emotion regulation strategies and adjustment in students with physical disabilities and healthy students. Methods: This was a causal-comparative study. The study population included all students with physical-motor disabilities and healthy students. The study sample included 200 students (100 with physical disabilities and 100 healthy subjects). They were selected by cluster sampling method. To collect the required data, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS) were applied. Results: The obtained results revealed that students with physical disability significantly differed in measures of emotion regulation (repression and re-evaluation), compared to the healthy ones (P<0.05). In addition, students with a physical disability in two subscales, including social and emotional adjustment, indicated significant differences compared to the healthy samples. However, there was no significant difference between the two study groups in terms of educational adjustment (P<0.05). Conclusion: There were significant differences between students with a physical disability and healthy student in emotion regulation strategies and social adjustment. 245 253 2019/04/102019/01/10 1397/10/20 2019/08/232019/07/7 1398/4/16 Dana Mohammad-Aminzadeh Dana Mohammad-Aminzadeh Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran aminzadeh_sh@yahoo.com Amir Abasi Amir Abasi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Yousef Asmari-Bardezard Yousef Asmari-Bardezard Department of Clinical Psychology, the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran asmariyousef@yahoo.com Somaye Kazemian Somaye Kazemian Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Seyed Jalal Younesi Seyed Jalal Younesi Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran jyounesi@uswr.ac.ir Emotion regulation strategies Adjustment Students with a physical disability Normal students Ahmad, T., Ishfaq, K., & Naeem, S. B. (2013). Impact of physically disability of children on their families; a study in Children Hospital & Institute of Child Health Multan, Pakistan. International Journal of Medicine and Applied Health, 1(2), 46-51.##Auerbach, J. G., Gross-Tsur, V., Manor, O., & Shalev, R. S. (2008). Emotional and behavioral characteristics over a six-year period in youths with persistent and nonpersistent dyscalculia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(3), 263-73. [DOI:10.1177/0022219408315637] [PMID]##Aurora, U. (2014). Study for determining laterality in children with motor disabilities in adapted physical activities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 117, 646-52. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.276]##Babapour Kheiroddin, J., & Ahmadi, E. (2013). [A comparison of emotion regulation strategies and mindfulness in students with and without obsessive believes (Persian)]. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 7(28), 23-40.##Baurain, C., Nader-Grosbois, N., & Dionne, C. (2013). Socio-emotional regulation in children with intellectual disability and typically developing children, and teachers’ perceptions of their social adjustment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(9), 2774-87. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.03.022] [PMID]##Berking, M., Wupperman, P., Reichardt, A., Pejic, T., Dippel, A., & Znoj, H. (2008). Emotion-regulation skills as a treatment target in psychotherapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1230-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.005] [PMID]##Brown, R. L., & Turner, R. J. (2012). Physical limitation and anger stress exposure and assessing the role of psychosocial resources. Society and Mental Health, 2(2), 69-84. [DOI:10.1177/2156869312444441]##Estell, D. B., Jones, M. H., Pearl, R., Van Acker, R., Farmer, T. W., & Rodkin, P. C. (2008). Peer groups, popularity, and social preference trajectories of social functioning among students with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(1), 5-14. [DOI:10.1177/0022219407310993] [PMID]##Estévez López, E., Emler, N. P., Cava, M. J., & Inglés Saura, C. J. (2014). Psychosocial adjustment in aggressive popular and aggressive rejected adolescents at school. Psychosocial Intervention, 23(1), 57-67. [DOI:10.5093/in2014a6]##Fiasse, C., & Nader-Grosbois, N. (2012). Perceived social acceptance, theory of mind and social adjustment in children with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(6), 1871-80. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.05.017] [PMID]##Freilich, R., & Shechtman, Z. (2010). The contribution of art therapy to the social, emotional, and academic adjustment of children with learning disabilities. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 37(2), 97-105. [DOI:10.1016/j.aip.2010.02.003]##Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1045-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010]##Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology an affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 387-401. [DOI:10.1177/2167702614536164]##Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-62. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348] [PMID]##Halperin, E. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and conflict resolution. Emotion Review, 6(1), 68-76. [DOI:10.1177/1754073913491844]##Hsiao, M. N., Tseng, W. L., Huang, H. Y., & Gau, S. S. (2013). Effects of autistic traits on social and school adjustment in children and adolescents: The moderating roles of age and gender. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 254-65. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.08.001] [PMID]##Kingston, J., Chadwick, P., Meron, D., & Skinner, T. C. (2007). A pilot randomized control trial investigating the effect of mindfulness practice on pain tolerance, psychological well-being, and physiological activity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62(3), 297-300. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.10.007] [PMID]##Lucas-Carrasco, R., Eser, E., Hao, Y., McPherson, K. M., Green, A., Kullmann, L., & WHOQOL-DIS Group. (2011). The Quality of Care and Support (QOCS) for people with disability scale: Development and psychometric properties. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(3), 1212-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.030] [PMID]##Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 284-302. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001] [PMID]##Mithen, J., Aitken, Z., Ziersch, A., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2015). Inequalities in social capital and health between people with and without disabilities. Social Science & Medicine, 126, 26-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.009] [PMID]##Nader-Grosbois, N., Houssa, M., & Mazzone, S. (2013). How could theory of mind contribute to the differentiation of social adjustment profiles of children with externalizing behavior disorders and children with intellectual disabilities? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(9), 2642-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.010] [PMID]##Nosek, M. A., Hughes, R. B., Swedlund, N., Taylor, H. B., & Swank, P. (2003). Self-esteem and women with disabilities. Social Science & Medicine, 56(8), 1737-47. [DOI:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00169-7]##Rahmati, B., Adibrad, N., & Tahmasian, K., & Saleh Sedghpour, B. (2010). The effectiveness of life skill training on social adjustment in children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 870-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.201]##Salehi, M., Kharaz Tavakol, H., Shabani, M., & Ziaei, T. (2015). The relationship between self-esteem and sexual self-concept in people with physical-motor disabilities. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 17(1), e25359. [DOI:10.5812/ircmj.25359] [PMID] [PMCID]##Sharma, G. (2004). A comparative study of the personality characteristics of primary-school students with learning disabilities and their nonlearning disabled peers. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27(3), 127-40. [DOI:10.2307/1593664]##Sideridis, G. D. (2007). International approaches to learning disabilities: More alike or more different? Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 22(3), 210-5. [DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2007.00249.x]##Sinha, A., & Singh, R. (2005). Manual for adjustment inventory for school students. Agra: National psychological corporation.##Trani, J. F., & Bakhshi, P. (2008). Challenges for assessing disability prevalence: The case of Afghanistan. Alter, 2(1), 44-64. [DOI:10.1016/j.alter.2007.10.003]##Tull, M. T., Stipelman, B. A., Salters-Pedneault, K., & Gratz, K. L. (2009). An examination of recent non-clinical panic attacks, panic disorder, anxiety sensitivity, and emotion regulation difficulties in the prediction of generalized anxiety disorder in an analogue sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(2), 275-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.08.002] [PMID]##Varsamis, P., & Agaliotis, I. (2015). Relationships between gross- and fine motor functions, cognitive abilities, and self-regulatory aspects of students with physical disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 430-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.10.009] [PMID]##Wiener, J. (2004). Do peer relationships foster behavioral adjustment in children with learning disabilities? Learning Disability Quarterly, 27(1), 21-30. [DOI:10.2307/1593629]##World Health Organization. (2011). World report on disability. Geneva: World Health Organization.##Zahed, A., Rajabi, S., & Omidi, M. (2012). [A comparison of social, emotional and educational adjustment and self-regulated learning in students with and without learning disabilities (Persian)]. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1(2), 43-62.## ##

The Relationship Between Different Forms of Maltreatment and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between different forms of maltreatment and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. The sample included 321 individuals from the general population aged 18-50 years. They were selected from different districts of Tehran, using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected by the traumatic experiences checklist and the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis and the enter method. Results: Emotional maltreatment explained part of the variance of self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others (P<0.01). Physical maltreatment explained part of the variance of catastrophizing and blaming others (P<0.01), and sexual maltreatment had a significant positive correlation only with catastrophizing (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated a positive association between a history of maltreatment and the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Besides, it was found that various forms of maltreatment have different relationships with maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. 255 262 2019/04/102019/01/102019/03/21 1398/1/1 2019/08/232019/07/72019/08/18 1398/5/27 Kamran Gorgi Kamran Gorgi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran kgorgim@gmail.com Behrooz Dolatshahi Behrooz Dolatshahi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran dolatshahee@yahoo.com Shima Shakiba Shima Shakiba Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran shimashakibash.psy@gmail.com Saeed Kamizi Saeed Kamizi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Saeidparsayan@yahoo.com Physical abuse Sexual abuse Emotional abuse Emotional regulation Alink, L. R., Cicchetti, D., Kim, J., & Rogosch, F. A. (2009). Mediating and moderating processes in the relation between maltreatment and psychopathology: Mother-child relationship quality and emotion regulation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(6), 831-43. [DOI:10.1007/s10802-009-9314-4] [PMID] [PMCID]##Backus, F. (2013). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and clinical symptoms: A gendered analysis [PhD. dissertation]. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College.##Becker-Stoll, F., Delius, A., & Scheitenberger, S. (2001). Adolescents’ nonverbal emotional expressions during negotiation of a disagreement with their mothers: An attachment approach. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(4), 344-53. [DOI:10.1080/01650250143000102]##Berlin, H. A. (2011). The neural basis of the dynamic unconscious. Neuropsychoanalysis, 13(1), 63-71. [DOI:10.1080/15294145.2011.10773663]##Berzenski, S. R., & Yates, T. M. (2010). A developmental process analysis of the contribution of childhood emotional abuse to relationship violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(2), 180-203. [DOI:10.1080/10926770903539474]##Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1990). Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14(3), 357-64. [DOI:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90007-G]##Dvir, Y., Ford, J. D., Hill, M., & Frazier, J. A. (2014). Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 22(3), 149-61. [DOI:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014] [PMID] [PMCID]##Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311-27. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6]##Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3-22). 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Publications.##Hartzell, E. E. (2009). Child maltreatment, emotion regulation, and posttraumatic stress [MSc. thesis]. Athens, GA: University of Georgia.##Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1369-85. [DOI:10.1177/0146167205275613] [PMID]##Hostinar, C. E., Davidson, R. J., Graham, E. K., Mroczek, D. K., Lachman, M. E., & Seeman, T. E., et al. (2017). Frontal brain asymmetry, childhood maltreatment, and low-grade inflammation at midlife. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 75, 152-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.026] [PMID] [PMCID]##Huh, H. J., Kim, K. H., Lee, H. K., & Chae, J. H. (2017). The relationship between childhood trauma and the severity of adulthood depression and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample: The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 44-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.009] [PMID]##Infurna, M. R., Reichl, C., Parzer, P., Schimmenti, A., Bifulco, A., & Kaess, M. (2016). Associations between depression and specific childhood experiences of abuse and neglect: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 47-55. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.006] [PMID]##Kalill, K. S. (2012). The role of difficulties in emotion regulation in the relationship between experiences of trauma and later dissociation [PhD. dissertation]. Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Boston.##Kinard, E. M. (2004). Methodological issues in assessing the effects of maltreatment characteristics on behavioral adjustment in maltreated children. Journal of Family Violence, 19(5), 303-18. [DOI:10.1023/B:JOFV.0000042080.98027.ae]##Kirouac, S., & McBride, D. L. (2009). The impact of childhood trauma on brain development: A literature review and supporting handouts. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED512316##Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., & Bernstein, D. P. (2010). Disentangling the relationship between different types of childhood maltreatment and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24(3), 285-95. [DOI:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.3.285] [PMID]##Milojevich, H. M. (2016). The role of maltreatment in the development of emotion regulation [PhD. dissertation]. Irvine, CA: University of California Irvine.##Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Van der Hart, O., & Kruger, K. (2002). The psychometric characteristics of the Traumatic Experiences Checklist (TEC): First findings among psychiatric outpatients. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 9(3), 200-10. [DOI:10.1002/cpp.332]##Sawyerr, A., & Bagley, C. (2017). Child sexual abuse and adolescent and adult adjustment: A review of British and world evidence, with implications for social work, and mental health and school counselling. Advances in Applied Sociology, 7(1), 1-15. [DOI:10.4236/aasoci.2017.71001]##Sheppes, G., & Levin, Z. (2013). Emotion regulation choice: Selecting between cognitive regulation strategies to control emotion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 179. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00179] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ullman, S. E., Peter-Hagene, L. C., & Relyea, M. (2014). Coping, emotion regulation, and self-blame as mediators of sexual abuse and psychological symptoms in adult sexual assault. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(1), 74-93. [DOI:10.1080/10538712.2014.864747] [PMID] [PMCID]##Yarlasky, K. (2015). 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The Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire 2 2 Objective: The Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ) is a widely used screening instrument assessing dysmorphic concerns ranging from a mild to an excessive level. In Iran, there is no brief and valid questionnaire for the assessment of body dysmorphic disorder. Methods: To investigate the psychometric properties of this scale, 210 university students (103 males and 107 females) were selected by convenience sampling method. The study participants were requested to complete the DCQ, scales of external shame, self-compassion, negative affect, and perfectionism. LISREL and SPSS were used for analyzing the obtained data. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), correlation coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were calculated, as well. Results: The one-factor structure of  DCQ was supported by the results of CFA in an Iranian sample (X2/df=2/12, RMSEA=0.07, NFI=0.94, CFI=0.97). Dysmorphic concern was positively and significantly correlated with external shame scale (0.38), perfectionism (0.22), and negative affect (0.22); however, they were negatively and significantly correlated with self-compassion (0.16). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained equal to 0.78 in this respect. Conclusion: DCQ demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties in university student populations. This scale has appropriate psychometric properties for research and clinical practice. 263 270 2019/04/102019/01/102019/03/212019/04/26 1398/2/6 2019/08/232019/07/72019/08/182019/08/10 1398/5/19 Sajad Khanjani Sajad Khanjani Department of clinical psychology, school of behavioral sciences and mental health, iran university of medical sciences, tehran, iran. Iran khanjanis23@yahoo.com Ali Akbar Foroughi Ali Akbar Foroughi Department of Psychology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Iran asmariyouef@yahoo.com Yousef Asmari Bardezard Yousef Asmari Bardezard Department of Clinical Psychology, University of social welfare and Rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran asmariyouef@yahoo.com Dysmorphic concern questionnaire Confirmatory factor analysis Validity Reliability Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. BMC Med, 17, 133-7.##Ahamed, S. S., Enani, J., Alfaraidi, L., Sannari, L., Algain, R., & Alsawah, Z., et al. (2016). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and its association with body features in female medical students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), e3868. [DOI:10.17795/ijpbs-3868] [PMID] [PMCID]##Annesi, J. J., & Gorjala, S. (2010). Body satisfaction and overall mood: Effects of race in exercisers with obesity. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 38(8), 1105-9. [DOI:10.2224/sbp.2010.38.8.1105]##American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. BMC Medicine, 17, 133-7.##Beilharz, F., Phillipou, A., Castle, D., Jenkins, Z., Cistullo, L., & Rossell, S. (2019). Dysmorphic concern in anorexia nervosa: Implications for recovery. Psychiatry Research, 273, 657-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.102] [PMID]##Dey, J. K., Ishii, M., Phillis, M., Byrne, P. J., Boahene, K. D., & Ishii, L. E. (2015). Body dysmorphic disorder in a facial plastic and reconstructive surgery clinic: Measuring prevalence, assessing comorbidities, and validating a feasible screening instrument. JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery, 17(2), 137-43. [DOI:10.1001/jamafacial.2014.1492] [PMID]##Farrell, C., Lee, M., & Shafran, R. (2005). Assessment of body size estimation: A review. European Eating Disorders Review: The Professional Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 13(2), 75-88. [DOI:10.1002/erv.622]##Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2013). Self-compassion in the face of shame and body image dissatisfaction: Implications for eating disorders. Eating behaviors, 14(2), 207-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.005] [PMID]##Gieler, T., Schmutzer, G., Braehler, E., Schut, C., Peters, E., & Kupfer, J. (2016). Shadows of beauty - prevalence of body dysmorphic concerns in Germany is increasing: Data from two representative samples from 2002 and 2013. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 96(217), 83-90. [DOI:10.2340/00015555-2375] [PMID]##Goss, K., Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). An exploration of shame measures-I: The other as Shamer scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(5), 713-7. [DOI:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90149-X]##Grant, J. E., Lust, K., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2019). Body dysmorphic disorder and its relationship to sexuality, impulsivity, and addiction. Psychiatry Research, 273, 260-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.036] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hanstock, T. L., & O’Mahony, J. F. (2002). Perfectionism, acne and appearance concerns. 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D., & Serpe, R. T. (2008). The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States adult population. CNS Spectrums, 13(4), 316-22. [DOI:10.1017/S1092852900016436] [PMID]##Lattimore, P., & Hutchinson, R. (2010). Perceived calorie intake and state body-image satisfaction in women attempting weight loss: A preliminary investigation. Body Image, 7(1), 15-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.08.002] [PMID]##Liao, Y., Knoesen, N. P., Deng, Y., Tang, J., Castle, D. J., & Bookun, R., et al. (2010). Body dysmorphic disorder, social anxiety and depressive symptoms in Chinese medical students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(10), 963-71. [DOI:10.1007/s00127-009-0139-9] [PMID]##Mancuso, S. G., Knoesen, N. P., & Castle, D. J. (2010). The Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire: A screening measure for body dysmorphic disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(6), 535-42. [DOI:10.3109/00048671003596055] [PMID]##Mohammdi, A. (2016). 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Effect of Mindfulness-Based Therapy on Pain and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients 2 2 Objective: The frequency and impact of pain and depression have been long underestimated in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Therefore, systematic screening and management of pain and depression are recommended for these patients. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapy (MBT) in reducing pain and depression in patients with MS.  Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and a control group design. We conducted a randomized trial on 24 MS patients with primary pain and depression. Moreover, they were members of the MS Society at Shahid Sadooghi Hospital in Yazd City, Iran, in 2017. The study participants were randomly divided into the test (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. The study participants were evaluated at 3-time points (baseline, end of the treatment, follow-up) using the McGill Pain Questionnaire and Depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as outcome measures. Results: The repeated measures Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) results revealed that MBT significantly reduced pain and depression in MS patients compared to the controls (P<0. 05). The effect of outcome measures was maintained at 2-months follow-up (P<0.05). The effect size on pain and depression were 0.41 and 0.43, respectively. Conclusion: MBT has been effective on pain and depression reduction among MS patients. 271 280 2019/04/102019/01/102019/03/212019/04/262019/02/17 1397/11/28 2019/08/232019/07/72019/08/182019/08/102019/08/10 1398/5/19 Azadeh Choobforoushzadeh Azadeh Choobforoushzadeh Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanistic Sciences, and Social Sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran. Iran azadechoobforoush@ardakan.ac.ir Azra Mohammadpanah Ardakan Azra Mohammadpanah Ardakan Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanistic Sciences, and Social Sciences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran. Iran azramohammadpanah@ardakan.ac.ir Mindfulness-Based Therapy Depression Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale McGill Pain Questionnaire Multiple Sclerosis Pain Alsubaie, M., Abbott, R., Dunn, B., Dickens, C., Keil, T. F., & Henley, W., et al. (2017). Mechanisms of action in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in people with physical and/or psychological conditions: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 55, 74-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.008] [PMID]##Arnett, P. A., Barwick, F. H., & Beeney, J. E. (2008). Depression in multiple sclerosis: Review and theoretical proposal. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(5), 691-724. [DOI:10.1017/S1355617708081174] [PMID]##Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191-206. [DOI:10.1177/1073191104268029] [PMID]##Biyabangard, S. (2011). [The methods of research in psychology and educational science (Persian)]. Tehran: Doran.##Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002). The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 52(2), 69-77. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3]##Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-48. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822] [PMID]##Burckhardt, C. S., & Jones, K. D. (2003). Adult measures of pain: The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Scale (RAPS), Short‐Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF‐MPQ), Verbal Descriptive Scale (VDS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and West Haven‐Yale Multidisciplinary Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). Arthritis Care & Research, 49(S5), S96-S104. [DOI:10.1002/art.11440]##Chwastiak, L. A., & Ehde, D. M. (2007). Psychiatric issues in multiple sclerosis. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 30(4), 803-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.psc.2007.07.003] [PMID] [PMCID]##Crane, R. S., Brewer, J., Feldman, C., Kabat-Zinn, J., Santorelli, S., & Williams, J. M., et al. (2017). What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft. Psychological Medicine, 47(6), 990-9. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291716003317] [PMID]##Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mindfulness interventions. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 491-516. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139] [PMID]##Ebrahimi-Nejad, G. R., Ebrahimi-Nejad, A., Kohan, S., & Bahrampour, A. (2004). [The evaluation of pain in neurosurgical patients before and after operation in Kerman Shahid Bahonar Hospital according to the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Persian)]. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 11(2), 119-25.##Ehde, D. M., Alschuler, K. N., Osborne, T. L., Hanley, M. A., Jensen, M. P., Kraft, G. H. (2015). Utilization and patients’ perceptions of the effectiveness of pain treatments in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional survey. Disability and Health Journal, 8(3), 452-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.03.001] [PMID] [PMCID]##Frewen, P. A., Evans, E. M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(6), 758-74. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-007-9142-1]##Frontario, A., Feld, E., Sherman, K., Krupp, L., & Charvet, L. (2016). Telehealth mindfulness meditation improves cognitive performance in adults with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Neurology, 86(16 Suppl), P3.092.##Gatchel, R. J. (2004). Comorbidity of chronic pain and mental health disorders: The biopsychosocial perspective. The American Psychologist, 59(8), 795-805. [DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.795] [PMID]##Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., & Sharma, R., et al. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine; 174(3), 357-68. [DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018] [PMID] [PMCID]##Grossman, P., Kappos, L., Gensicke, H., D’Souza, M., Mohr, D. C., & Penner, I. K., et al. (2010). MS quality of life, depression, and fatigue improve after mindfulness training: A randomized trial. Neurology, 75(13), 1141-9. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f4d80d] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hadjimichael, O., Kerns, R. D., Rizzo, M. A., Cutter, G., Vollmer, T. (2007). Persistent pain and uncomfortable sensations in persons with multiple sclerosis. Pain, 127(1-2), 35-41. [DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2006.07.015] [PMID]##Hauser, S. L., & Goodkin, D. E. (2001). Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating disease. In Braunwald E, Fauci AD, Kasper DL, et al (eds): Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. (pp. 2452-60). 15th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. ##Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537-59. [DOI:10.1177/1745691611419671] [PMID]##Kabat-Zinn, J., & Hanh, T. N. (2009). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delta. ISBN: 0307567575.##Khazaeili, M., Zargham Hajebi, M., Mohamadkhani, P., & Mirzahoseini, H. (2019). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on anxiety, depression and burden of caregivers of multiple sclerosis patients through web conferencing. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 21-32. 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Unrecognised symptoms of depression in a community-based population with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 253(2), 219-23. [DOI:10.1007/s00415-005-0963-0] [PMID]##Merskey, H. (2007). The taxonomy of pain. The Medical Clinics of North America, 91(1), 13-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.mcna.2006.10.009]##Mills, N., & Allen, J. (2000). Mindfulness of movement as a coping strategy in multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 22(6), 425-31. [DOI:10.1016/S0163-8343(00)00100-6]##National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2015). Depression in adults: The treatment and management of depression in adults. Retrieved from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90.##Nordin, L., & Rorsman, I. (2012). Cognitive behavioural therapy in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled pilot study of acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(1), 87-90. [DOI:10.2340/16501977-0898] [PMID]##Nurmikko, T. J., Gupta, S., & Maclver, K. (2010). 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Pain in individuals with multiple sclerosis, knee prosthesis, and post-herpetic neuralgia: Learning from focus group patients’ experience. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 28(4), 300-8. [DOI:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31823216b4] [PMID]##Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Publications.##Senders, A., Borgatti, A., Hanes, D., & Shinto, L. (2018). Association between pain and mindfulness in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of MS Care, 20(1), 28-34. [DOI:10.7224/1537-2073.2016-076] [PMID] [PMCID]##Sevène, A., Akrour, B., Galimard-Maisonneuve, E., Kutneh, M., Royer, P., & Sevène, M. (2009). Multiple sclerosis and sexuality: A complex model. Sexologies, 18(2), 86-90. [DOI:10.1016/j.sexol.2009.01.011]##Shapero, B. G., Greenberg, J., Pedrelli, P., de Jong, M., & Desbordes, G. (2018). 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Treatment of depression in people who have multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 13(5), 632-5. [DOI:10.1177/1352458507072384] [PMID]##Stahl, B., & Goldstein, E. (2010). A mindfulness-based stress reduction workbook. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.##Sturgeon, J. A. (2014). Psychological therapies for the management chronic pain. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 115-24. [DOI:10.2147/PRBM.S44762] [PMID] [PMCID]##Tavee, J., Rensel, M., Planchon, S. M., Butler, R. S., & Stone, L. (2011). Effects of meditation on pain and quality of life in multiple sclerosis and polyneuropathy: A controlled study. International Journal of MS Care, 13(4), 163-8. [DOI:10.7224/1537-2073-13.4.163] [PMID] [PMCID]##Venasse, M., Edwards, T. & Pilutti, L. (2018). Exploring wellness interventions in progressive multiple sclerosis: An evidence-based review. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 20(5), 13. [DOI:10.1007/s11940-018-0497-2] [PMID]##Vowles, K. E., McCracken, L. M., & Eccleston, C. (2008). Patient functioning and catastrophizing in chronic pain: The mediating effects of acceptance. Health Psychology, 27(Suppl 2), S136-S43. [DOI:10.1037/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S136]##Williams, A. C., Eccleston, C., & Morley, S. (2012). Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11, CD007407. [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007407.pub3] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ziemssen, T. (2009). Multiple sclerosis beyond EDSS: Depression and fatigue. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 277(Suppl 1), S37-S41. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-510X(09)70011-5]## ##

Transdiagnostic Processes in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Worry, Cognitive Avoidance, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Metacognitive Beliefs 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed at examining worry, cognitive avoidance, intolerance of uncertainty, and metacognitive beliefs, as transdiagnostic factors, in clinical samples with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Methods: In total, 200 patients (66 with GAD, 74 with OCD, and 60 with comorbid GAD and OCD) were selected to participate in this study using the purposeful sampling method. The participants completed the Penn State worry questionnaire, cognitive avoidance questionnaire, intolerance of uncertainty scale, and metacognitive beliefs questionnaire. Results: The findings showed no significant difference between patients with GAD and OCD in total scores of these constructs; however, the patients with comorbidity of GAD and OCD showed significantly higher scores in these measures (P<0.01) compared with the patients with GAD or OCD. Conclusion: These cognitive factors are possible transdiagnostic factors shared between GAD and OCD. Moreover, they considerably increase when GAD and OCD co-occur. 281 290 2019/04/102019/01/102019/03/212019/04/262019/02/172019/03/21 1398/1/1 2019/08/232019/07/72019/08/182019/08/102019/08/102019/08/18 1398/5/27 Mohammad Ali Besharat Mohammad Ali Besharat Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran besharat@ut.ac.ir Mohammad Atari Mohammad Atari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran mattari63@gmail.com Roghyeh Sadat Mirjalili Roghyeh Sadat Mirjalili Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran rmirjalili67@gmail.com Cognition Transdiagnosis Generalized anxiety disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Abramowitz, J. S., Whiteside, S., Kalsy, S. A., & Tolin, D. F. (2003). Thought control strategies in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A replication and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 529-40. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00026-8]##Barahmand, U. (2009). Meta-cognitive profiles in anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 169(3), 240-3. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.029] [PMID]##Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004). Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 35(2), 205-30. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80036-4]##Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T. J., Bullise, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Murray-Latin, H., Sauer-Zavala, S., et al. (2017). The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders compared with diagnosis-specific protocols for anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(9), 875-84. [DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2164] [PMID] [PMCID]##Belloch, A., Morillo, C., & Garcia-Soriano, G. (2007). Are the dysfunctional beliefs that predict worry difference from those that predict obsessions? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(6), 438-48. [DOI:10.1002/cpp.551]##Belloch, A., Morillo, C., & Garcia-Soriano, G. (2009). Strategies to control unwanted intrusive thoughts: Which are relevant and specific to obsessive-compulsive disorder? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 75-89. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-007-9141-2]##Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In G. C. Davey, & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 5-33). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.##Borkovec, T. D., & Roemer, L. (1995). Perceived functions of worry among generalized anxiety disorder subjects: Distraction from more emotionally distressing topics? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(1), 25-30. [DOI:10.1016/0005-7916(94)00064-S]##Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77-108). New York: Guilford Press.##Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. F. (2016). The default response to uncertainty and the importance of perceived safety in anxiety and stress: An evolution-theoretical perspective. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 22-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.012] [PMID]##Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001). Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(4), 585-99. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.110.4.585] [PMID]##Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(2), 179-92. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179] [PMID]##Brown, T. A., O’Leary, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2001). Generalized anxiety disorder. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step by step treatment manual (pp. 154-208). 3rd Ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press.##Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007] [PMID]##Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. 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The perseverative worry bout: A review of cognitive, affective and motivational factors that contribute to worry perseveration. Biological Psychology, 121(Pt B), 233-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.04.003] [PMID]##Dozois, D. J. A., Seeds P. M., & Collins, K. A. (2009). Transdiagnostic approaches to the prevention of depression and anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 23(1), 44-59. [DOI:10.1891/0889-8391.23.1.44]##Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36(2), 215-26. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00070-3]##Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(5), 551-8. [DOI:10.1023/A:1005553414688]##Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(3), 329-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.002] [PMID]##Fergus, T. A., & Wu, K. D. (2010). Do symptoms of generalized anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder share cognitive processes? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(2), 168-76. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-009-9239-9]##Fineberg, N. A., Hengartner, M. P., Bergbaum, C., Gale, T., Rössler, W., Angst, J. (2013). Lifetime comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and sub-threshold obsessive-compulsive symptomatology in the community: Impact, prevalence, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. International Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Practice, 17(3), 188-96. [DOI:10.3109/13651501.2013.777745] [PMID]##Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791-802. [DOI:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5]##Gillan, C. M., Fineberg, N. A., & Robbins, T. W. (2017). A trans-diagnostic perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 47(9), 1528-48. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291716002786] [PMID] [PMCID]##Gladstone, G. L., Parker, G. B., Mitchell, P. B., Malhi, G. S., Wilhelm, K. A. & Austin, M. P. (2005). A Brief Measure of Worry Severity (BMWS): Personality and clinical correlates of severe worriers. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(8), 877-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.11.003] [PMID]##Goodwin, G. M. (2015). The overlap between anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 249-60. [PMID] [PMCID]##Gosselin, P., Langlois, F., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M. J., & Pelletier, O. (2002). The Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ): Development and validation among adult and adolescent samples. Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, 12(1), 24-37.##Gosselin, P., Langlois, F., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Laberge, M., & Lemay, D. (2007). Cognitive variables related to worry among adolescents: Avoidance strategies and faulty beliefs about worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(2), 225-33. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.001] [PMID]##Grøtte, T., Solem, S., Vogel, P. A., Güzey, I. C., Hansen, B., & Myers, S. G. (2015). Metacognition, responsibility, and perfectionism in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(1), 41-50. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-014-9635-7]##Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W., & Shafran, R. (2004). Cognitive behavioral processes across disorders: A transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. [DOI:10.1093/med:psych/9780198528883.001.0001]##Holaway, R. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Coles, M. E. (2006). A comparison of intolerance of uncertainty in analogue obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(2), 158-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.01.002] [PMID]##Jacoby, R. J., Fabricant, L. E., Leonard, R. C., Riemann, B. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2013). Just to be certain: Confirming the factor structure of the intolerance of uncertainty scale in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(5), 535-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.07.008] [PMID]##Khawaja, N. G., & Yu, L. N. H. (2010). A comparison of the 27-item and 12-item intolerance of uncertainty scales. Clinical Psychologist, 14(3), 97-106. [DOI:10.1080/13284207.2010.502542]##Mansell, W., Harvey, A., Watkins, E. R., & Shafran, R. (2008). Cognitive behavioral processes across psychological disorders: A review of the utility and validity of the transdiagnostic approach. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3), 181-91. [DOI:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.181]##McEvoy, P. M., Nathan, P., & Norton, P. J. (2009). Efficacy of transdiagnostic treatments: A review of published outcome studies and future research directions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 23(1), 20-33. [DOI:10.1891/0889-8391.23.1.20]##McKay, D., & Greisberg, S. (2002). Specificity of measures of thought control. The Journal of Psychology, 136(2), 149-60. [DOI:10.1080/00223980209604146] [PMID]##McLaughlin, K. A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 49(3), 186-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behavior Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487-95. [DOI:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6]##Newby, J. M., Twomey, C., Li, S. S. Y., & Andrews, G. (2016). 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Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Multidimensional Orientation Toward Dying and Death Inventory Among Students 2 2 Objective: Attitude toward dying and death is a conceptual response to the various aspects of death, which is based on an individual’s psychosocial and cultural experiences. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Multidimensional Orientation toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F) among Iranian students. Methods: A total of 320 subjects were selected from students in universities of Tehran in the academic year 2016-2017, using the convenience sampling method. The study data were collected using the following instruments: the MODDI-F, the Existential Anxiety Scale (EAS), the Oxford happiness questionnaire, the general health questionnaire, and the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS). Data analyses were performed by factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in SPSS v. 22. Results: Factor structure was assessed using the confirmatory factor analysis. The proposed model for the MODDI-F with 8 factors had a good fit to the data. Besides, the reliability of the MODDI-F was assessed using Cronbach alpha and test-retest reliability coefficients. The Cronbach alpha values of higher than 0.7 were found for all of the subscales, except for death denial. Moreover, using the Pearson correlation coefficient, significant relationships were found between the scores on the factors of the MODDI-F and scores on convergent and divergent factors of other questionnaires, indicating the convergent and divergent validity of the inventory. Conclusion: MODDI-F enjoys acceptable psychometric properties regarding the ease of administration, scoring, and interpretation, as well as the suitable validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Thus, researchers can safely use it in their studies. 291 302 2019/04/102019/01/102019/03/212019/04/262019/02/172019/03/212019/04/2 1398/1/13 2019/08/232019/07/72019/08/182019/08/102019/08/102019/08/182019/07/7 1398/4/16 Zahra Allame Zahra Allame Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran zhralm1994@gmail.com Leila Heydarinasab Leila Heydarinasab Department of Clinical Psychology, faculty of litretures and humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. Iran lhnpsy@gmail.com Motahare Fasanghari Motahare Fasanghari Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Alzahra, Tehran, Iran. Iran motahare.fasanghari@gmail.com Maryam Shahmohammadi Maryam Shahmohammadi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran maryam.shahmohammadi11@gmail.com Death Dying Death attitude Psychometric Validity Reliability Factor analysis Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2005). Happiness and death distress: Two separate factors. Death Studies, 29(10), 949-58. [DOI:10.1080/07481180500299394] [PMID]##Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2017). Death Anxiety Scale. In Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, New York: Spiringer. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_21-1]##Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a Function of Personality and Social Encounters. In J. P. Forgas, & J. M. Innes (Eds.), Recent Advances in Social Psychology: An International Perspective (pp. 189-247). North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.##Bernstein, I. H., & Nunnally, J. C. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.##Collett, L. J., Lester, D. (1969). The fear of death and the fear of dying. The Journal of Psychology, 72(2), 179-81. 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Psychometric Properties of the Abridged Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Among Iranian Students 2 2 Objective: The present study investigates the psychometric properties of the abridged version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Methods: A total of 254 students were chosen from universities in Tehran by the cluster sampling method. Then, the demographic questionnaire, close relationships-revised questionnaire, Autism Spectrum Quotient Short (AQ-S) form, and the empathy quotient-short forms were distributed among them. The data were analyzed using SPSS, Lertab, and LISREL software. Results: The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed 5 factors for the AQ-S, and the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory factor analysis. The Cronbach alpha values were 0.95, 0.92, 0.48, 0.94, 0.58, and 0.89 for AQ-Short, the social skills, routine, imagination, attention switching, and number/pattern components, respectively. The divergent and convergent reliability of AQ-S was satisfactory. Conclusion: The results provide evidence for the applicability of the AQ short form in assessing the autistic traits of the Iranian population. 303 318 2019/04/102019/01/102019/03/212019/04/262019/02/172019/03/212019/04/22019/04/5 1398/1/16 2019/08/232019/07/72019/08/182019/08/102019/08/102019/08/182019/07/72019/08/13 1398/5/22 Samira Ameli Samira Ameli Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran ameli.samira@sbmu.ac.ir Saber Ghaderi Saber Ghaderi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran saber.ghaderi@sbmu.ac.ir Maryam Aslzaker Lighvan Maryam Aslzaker Lighvan Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran m.aslzaker@sbmu.ac.ir Mohammad Hassan Davazdah Emami Mohammad Hassan Davazdah Emami Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran emami@sbmu.ac.ir Hossein Dadashzadeh Hossein Dadashzadeh Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hossein_dadashzadeh@sbmu.ac.ir Autistic traits Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short) Validity Reliability American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub.##Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-75. [DOI:10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00] [PMID]##Baron‐Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). 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