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The Effectiveness of Video Modeling on Social Skills of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of video modeling on social skills of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methods: The current experimental study with pre-test, post-test design and control group was conducted on 24 male children with ASD aged 6-8 years from two special schools. The samples were selected by random sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups, each group consisted of 12 children. In the experimental group video modeling was used in 16 sessions, while the control group did not participate in this program. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale 2 (GARS-2) was used to diagnose ASD and Autism Social Skills Profile (ASSP) to assess social skills in children with ASD. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance with SPSS V. 24. Results: The obtained results showed that video modeling training had a positive and significant effect on social skills of children with ASD in the experimental group (F(2,21)=28.170, P<0/001). Conclusion: These findings supported the effectiveness of video modeling on social skills of children with ASD. Therefore, this program can be used to improve social skills of such children and plan to provide video modeling training program for them, which has particular importance. 159 166 2018/09/3 1397/6/12 2019/06/26 1398/4/5 Mohammad Ashori Mohammad Ashori Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Iran ashorihh2@gmail.com Seyedeh Somayeh Jalil-Abkenar Seyedeh Somayeh Jalil-Abkenar Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran jalili.abkenar@gmail.com Autism Spectrum Disorder Social Skills Video Modeling Ahmadi, S., Safari, T., Hemmatian, M., & Khalili, Z. (2011). [The psychometric properties of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) (Persian)]. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 87-104.##Alberto, P. A., Cihak, D. F., & Gama, R. I. (2005). Use of static picture prompts versus video modeling during simulation instruction. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(4), 327-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2004.11.002] [PMID]##Aldi, C., Crigler, A., Kates-McElrath, K., Long, B., Smith, H., & Rehak, K., et al., (2016). Examining the effects of video modeling and prompts to teach activities of daily living skills. Behavior analysis in practice, 9(4), 38-8. [DOI:10.1007/s40617-016-0127-y] [PMID] [PMCID]##American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V). Philadelphia: American Psychiatric Association.##Barnard-Brak, L., Ivey-Hatz, J., Kris Ward, A., & Wei, T. (2014). Self-regulation and social interaction skills among children with autism across time. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 8(4), 271-9. [DOI:10.1108/AMHID-12-2012-0007]##Bellini, S., & Hopf, A. (2007). The development of the autism social skills profile: A preliminary analysis of psychometric properties. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(2), 80-7. [DOI:10.1177/10883576070220020801]##Bellini, S., Peters, J. K., Benner, L., & Hopf, A. (2007). A meta-analysis of school-based social skills interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Remedial and Special Education, 28(3), 153-62. [DOI:10.1177/07419325070280030401]##Besler, F., & Kurt, O. (2016). Effectiveness of video modeling provided by mothers in teaching play skills to children with autism. Educational Sciences, 16(1), 209-30. [DOI:10.12738/estp.2016.1.0273]##Bottini, S. (2018). Social reward processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the social motivation hypothesis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 45, 9-26. [DOI:10.1016/j.rasd.2017.10.001]##Butchart, M., Long, J. J., Brown, M., McMillan, A., Bain, J., & Karatzias, T. (2017). Autism and visual impairment: A review of the literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 4(2), 118-31. [DOI:10.1007/s40489-016-0101-1]##Chen, Y. W., Bundy, A., Cordier, R., Chien, Y. L., & Einfeld, S. (2016). The experience of social participation in everyday contexts among individuals with autism spectrum disorders: An experience sampling study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1403-14. [DOI:10.1007/s10803-015-2682-4] [PMID]##Delano, M. E. (2007). Video modeling interventions for individuals with autism. Remedial and Special Education, 28(1), 33-42. [DOI:10.1177/07419325070280010401]##Kagohara, D. M., Achmadi, D., van der Meer, L., Lancioni, G. E., O’Reilly, M. F., Lang, R., et al., (2013). Teaching two students with Asperger syndrome to greet adults using social stories™ and video modeling. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(2), 241-51. [DOI:10.1007/s10882-012-9300-6]##Locke, J., Ishijima, E. H., Kasari, C., & London, N. (2010). Loneliness, friendship quality and the social networks of adolescents with high‐functioning autism in an inclusive school setting. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 10(2), 74-81. [DOI:10.1111/j.1471-3802.2010.01148.x]##Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013] [PMID]##Maddox, B. B., Miyazaki, Y., & White, S. W. (2017). Long-term effects of CBT on social impairment in adolescents with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(12), 3872-82. [DOI:10.1007/s10803-016-2779-4] [PMID]##Matson, J. L., Dempsey, T., & LoVullo, S. V. (2009). Characteristics of social skills for adults with intellectual disability, autism and PDD-NOS. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(1), 207-13. [DOI:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.05.006]##Moghim Islam, P., Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi, M., & Haghgoo, H. (2014). [The effect of reciprocal imitation training on social skills of children with autism (Persian)]. Journal of Rehabilitation, 14(6), 59-67.##Nikopoulos, C. K., & Keenan, M. (2007). Using video modeling to teach complex social sequences to children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 678-93. [DOI:10.1007/s10803-006-0195-x] [PMID]##Ross, R. K. (2007). Beyond ASD treatment: The application of applied behavior analysis in the treatment of emotional and psychological disorders. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 4(4), 528-36. [DOI:10.1037/h0100826]##Samadi, S. A., & McConkey, R. (2014). The utility of the Gilliam autism rating scale for identifying Iranian children with autism. Disability and Rehabilitation, 36(6), 452-6. [DOI:10.3109/09638288.2013.797514] [PMID]##Spain, D., Sin, J., Linder, K. B., McMahon, J., & Happé, F. (2018). Social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 52, 51-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.04.007]##Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., et al., (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 1951-66. [DOI:10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z] [PMID]## ##

Predicting Internet Addiction in Medical Students by General Self-efficacy, Difficulty in Emotion Regulation, and Resilience 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed to predict internet addiction based on general self-efficacy, difficulty in emotion regulation, and resilience in medical students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population included all medical students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The research sample consisted of 96 medical students selected by random sampling method in 2018. Data collection was performed by Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale, Gramat’s and Roemer’s Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, and Young’s Internet Addiction Test. Results: To analyze the obtained data, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the stepwise regression model were used. The obtained results suggested a significant relationship between internet addiction and general self-efficacy, difficulty in emotion regulation, and resiliency (P<0.05). Additionally, general self-efficacy, difficulty in emotion regulation, and resilience are able to predict 27% of internet addiction variance in medical students. Conclusion: To prevent and reduce the harm of internet addiction in students in stressful events, they should be trained to improve their resilience, self-efficacy, and emotion regulation skills. 167 174 2018/09/32018/12/18 1397/9/27 2019/06/262019/05/1 1398/2/11 Leila Salek Ebrahimi Leila Salek Ebrahimi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Leila.saleck@gmail.com Gholamreza Ahmadi Gholamreza Ahmadi Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Gholamrezaahmadi10@yahoo.com Abbas Masjedi Arani Abbas Masjedi Arani Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Doctormasjedi@yahoo.com Seyedeh Elnaz Mousavi Seyedeh Elnaz Mousavi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran elnaz48.mousavi@gmail.com Internet Emotion Social control Self-efficacy Ahmadi, G., Sohrabe, F., borjali, A. (2018). [Effectiveness of emotion regulation training on reappraisal and emotional suppression in soldiers with opioid use disorder (Persian)]. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 9(34), 191-209. ##Akbari, M. (2017). Metacognitions or distress intolerance: The mediating role in the relationship between emotional dysregulation and problematic internet use. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 6, 128-33. [DOI:10.1016/j.abrep.2017.10.004] [PMID] [PMCID]##Alavi, S. S., Maracy, M. R., Jannatifard, F., Eslami, M., & Haghighi, M. (2010). [A survey of relationship between psychiatric symptoms and internet addiction in students of Isfahan Universities (Persian)]. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine, 17(2), 57-65.##Aldao, A., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(4), 382-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.03.005] [PMID] [PMCID]##American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). Washington: American Psychiatric Association. [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]##Aminian, M. (2009). [The relationship between emotion regulation, negative events of life and body image with nutritional disorders in female in Ahwaz (Persian)] [MSc. Thesis]. Ahvaz: Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz.##Andamikhoshk, A., Golzar, M., & Esmaeilinasab, M. (2013). Role of nine strategies of cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of resilience. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 7, 57-66.##Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2),117-48.##Bonn-Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2008). Emotional dysregulation: Association with coping-oriented marijuana use motives among current marijuana users. Substance Use & Misuse, 43(11), 1653-65. [DOI:10.1080/10826080802241292] [PMID]##Choopan, H., Kalantarkousheh, S., Aazami, Y., Doostian, Y., Farhudian, A., & Massah, O. (2016). Effectiveness of emotion regulation training on the reduction of craving ‎in drug abusers. Addiction and Health, 8(2), 68-75.##Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. [DOI:10.1002/da.10113] [PMID]##Craparo, G., Messina, R., Severino, S., Fasciano, S., Cannella, V., Gori, A., et al., (2014). The relationships between self-efficacy, internet addiction and shame. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 36(3), 304-7. [DOI:10.4103/0253-7176.135386] [PMID] [PMCID]##Doosti Irani, A., Bagheri Amiri, F., Khajehkazemi, R., & Mostafavi, E. (2017). [Prevalence of internet addiction among students and graduates of epidemiology, clinical sciences, and basic sciences in Iran: A cross-sectional study (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology, 13(1), 14-21.##EsmaliNasab, M.; Andami Khoshk, A.; Azarmi, H.; Samar Rakhi, A. (2014). The predicting role of difficulties in emotion regulation and distress tolerance in students’ addiction potential. Journal of Research on Addiction, 29(8), 49-64.##Ghaderi Rammazi, M., Askarizadeh, G., Ahmadi, G., & Divsalar, K. (2018). The role of psychiatric symptoms, social support and meaning in life in predicting internet addiction among university students: A causal model. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 6(2), 101-10. [DOI:10.29252/nirp.jpcp.6.2.101]##Ghanbari, S., Amani, A., Namdari Pezhman, M., Bidi, F., Kareshki, H. (2012). [Structural analysis of relationship of internet addiction with depression, social adjustment and self-esteem (Persian)]. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine, 19(3), 41-8.##Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. [DOI:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94]##İskender, M., & Akin, A. (2010). Social self-efficacy, academic locus of control, and internet addiction. Computers & Education, 54(4), 1101-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.10.014]##Jafari, N., & Fatehizadeh, M. (2012). [Investigation of the rela- tionship between internet addiction and depression, anxiety, stress and social phobia among students in Isfahan University (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 17(4), 1-9.##Jalali, A; Ahadi, H. (2016). [On the relationship of cognitive emotion regulation, self-efficacy, impulsiveness, and social skills with substance abuse in adolescents (Persian)]. Journal of Research on Addiction, 9(36), 77-8.##Jorgenson, A. G., Hsiao, R. C. J., & Yen, C. F. (2016). Internet addiction and other behavioral addictions. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 25(3), 509-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.004] [PMID]##Jowkar, B. (2007). [The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between general and emotional intelligence and life satisfaction (Persian)]. Contemporary Psychology, 2(4), 3-12.##Khanzadeh, M., Saeediyan, M., Hosseinchari, M., & Edrissi, F. (2012). [Factor structure and psychometric properties of difficulties in emotional regulation scale (Persian)]. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 6(1), 87-96.##Khoshakhlagh, H., & Faramarzi, S. (2012). The relationship of emotional intelligence and mental disorders with internet addiction in internet users university students. Addiction & health, 4(3-4), 133-41. [PMID] [PMCID]##Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2012). The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: A review of the literature. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 1-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.011] [PMID]##Kober, K. (2014). Emotion regulation in Substance Use Disorders. In J. J. Gross (Ed), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed.) (pp. 428-446). New York, NY: Guilford.##Koukia, E., Mangoulia, P., & Alexiou, E. (2014). Internet Addiction and Psychopathological Symptoms in Greek University Students. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, Therapy & Rehabilitation, 3, 3. 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[DOI:10.1017/S0954579400004156] [PMCID]##Mahapatra, A., & Sharma, P. (2018). Association of internet addiction and alexithymia- A scoping review. Addictive Behaviors, 81, 175-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.004] [PMID]##Masoudnia, E. (2012). Internet addiction and risk of sleep disor- der among adolescents. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 10(5), 350-62. [DOI: 10.18869/nrip.irj.15.2.141]##Mazhari, S. (2012). The prevalence of problematic internet use and the related factors in medical students, Kerman, Iran. Addiction & Health, 4(3-4), 87-94. [PMID] [PMCID]##Mo, P. K., Chan, V. W., Chan, S. W., & Lau, J. T. (2018). The role of social support on emotion dysregulation and internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: A structural equation model. Addictive Behaviors, 82, 86-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.027] [PMID]##Mohammadi, M. (2005). [The effective factors on resistance in the people with risk of subectance abuse (Persian) [PhD. dissertation]]. 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The Role of Self-efficacy Beliefs in Psychological Symptoms and Clinical Outcomes of Primary Chronic Headache 2 2 Objective: Headache is one of the common complaints of referral patients. The prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with headache is significant. The previous researches suggested the role of self-efficacy of pain in modifying psychological symptoms and improving clinical outcomes. The current study aimed at investigating the role of self-efficacy beliefs of pain in psychiatric symptoms and clinical outcomes of patients with chronic headache. Methods: The current descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 106 patients with chronic primary headache referred to neurology clinics of Guilan University of Medical Sciences from September 2016 to March 2017. Patients responded to questions of pain self-efficacy beliefs scales, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were analyzed by multivariate hierarchical regression. Results: The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed a reverse and significant relationship between pain self-efficacy beliefs and pain severity (r=-0.25, P=0.009). In the regression analysis, after controlling demographic variables, self-efficacy beliefs were able to predict the pain severity scale (F=4.570, P=0.035) and anxiety (F=4.414, P=0.038). There was also a significant non-linear quadratic correlation between the severity of pain with headache frequency (F=3.377, P=0.038). Conclusion: Self-efficacy beliefs are more correlated with the reduction of the severity of pain in chronic headache and can predict it. It seems that these types of beliefs can play a protective role against anxiety and headache frequency in patients with chronic headache. 175 186 2018/09/32018/12/182018/08/12 1397/5/21 2019/06/262019/05/12019/06/26 1398/4/5 Alia Saberi Alia Saberi Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, PourSina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Iran alia.saberi1@gmail.com Sajjad Rezaei Sajjad Rezaei Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.; Neuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Iran rezaei_psy@hotmail.com Fatemeh Shabani Fatemeh Shabani Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Iran f_shabani_p@yahoo.com Samaneh Ghorbani Shirkouhi Samaneh Ghorbani Shirkouhi Neuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Iran s.shirkoohi@yahoo.com Self-Efficacy Pain Headache Disorders Depression Anxiety Arnstein, P., Caudill, M., Mandle, C. L., Norris, A., & Beasley, R. (1999). Self efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between pain intensity, disability and depression in chronic pain patients. Pain, 80(3), 483-491 [DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00220-6]##Ashjazadeh, N., & Jowkar, H. (2015). The prevalence of migraine and tension type headaches among epileptic patients. Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 1(3), 41-46. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.cjns.1.3.41]##Bahrami, P., Zebardast, H., Zibaei, M., Mohammadzadeh, M., & Zabandan, N. (2012). Prevalence and characteristics of headache in Khoramabad, Iran. Pain Physician, 15(4), 327-32. [PMID]##Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. [DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191] [PMID]##Behrouz, B., Amini, K., Abedi, A., & Ghasemi, N. (2013). [The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of migraine and tension headaches among the patients referred to Farabi Hospital in Kermanshah city in year 2011 (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology, 9(1), 58-65. ##Börsbo, B., Gerdle, B., & Peolsson, M. (2010). Impact of the interaction between self-efficacy, symptoms and catastrophising on disability, quality of life and health in with chronic pain patients. Disability and Rehabilitation, 32(17), 1387-96. [DOI:10.3109/09638280903419269] [PMID]##Carpino, E., Segal, S., Logan, D., Lebel, A., & Simons, L. E. (2014). The interplay of pain-related self-efficacy and fear on functional outcomes among youth with headache. The Journal of Pain, 15(5), 527-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.01.493] [PMID] [PMCID]##Chitsaz, A., & Ghorbani, A. (2005). [Study of relative distribution of depression and anxiety in suffering from migraine and tension type headache and comparison with those who are not suffering from headache (Persian)]. 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Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Body-self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) in Female Iranian University Students 2 2 Objective: Body image is a complex and multifaceted construct encompassing at least perceptual, affective, cognitive, and possibly behavioral aspects of body experience. In the current Iranian society, increasingly the major focus is on the body’s appearance, in particular on body shape and weight. Current societal standards for female beauty excessively emphasize the desirability of thinness; an ideal accepted by most females, but impossible for most of them to achieve. These body image concerns can be measured using Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ-AS). The present study aimed at testing the factorial structure and determining the psychometric properties of the MBSRQ in female Iranian university students. Methods: The MBSRQ-AS was administered to 496 participants aged 16 to 39 selected using multistage cluster sampling method among the female students of Tehran University from 70 fields of study.  Results: Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire. Principal component analysis using Varimax rotations resulted in a five-factor structure (KMO=0.56, Chi-square=5419.80, df=561) including: appearance orientation, appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, self-classified weight and body areas satisfaction. confirmatory factor analysis showed that the extracted model had a good fit to the data (RMSEA =0.064, NFI =0.88, CFI =0.91). Reliability analysis of total score of MBSRQ-AS and its subscales suggested good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for total scale=0.83). Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of the current study provided strong evidence for reliability and validity of MBSRQ-AS as a multidimensional tool to measure body image among Iranian students. 187 196 2018/09/32018/12/182018/08/122017/01/25 1395/11/6 2019/06/262019/05/12019/06/262019/06/26 1398/4/5 Yousef Khodabandeloo Yousef Khodabandeloo Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Alameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran y.khodabande@gmail.com Jalil Fat’h-Abadi Jalil Fat’h-Abadi Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Iran J_Fathabadi@sbu.ac.ir Negin Motamed-Yeganeh Negin Motamed-Yeganeh Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran negin.motamed@ut.ac.ir Sara Yadollahi Sara Yadollahi Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychometrics, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Tehran-Markaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran sara.yadollahi2@gmail.com Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Psychometric Properties Reliability Validity Argyrides, M., & Kkeli, N. (2013). Multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire-appearance scales: Psychometric properties of the Greek version. Psychological Reports, 113(3), 885-97. [DOI:10.2466/03.07.PR0.113x29z6] [PMID]##Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588]##Butters, J. W., & Cash, T. F. (1987). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of women’s body-image dissatisfaction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(6), 889-97. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.55.6.889]##Cash, T. F. (2000). The MBSRQ users’ manual. 3th Ed. ##Cash, T. F. (2002). Cognitive behavioral perspectives on body image. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research and clinical practice (pp. 38-46). New York: Guilford Press##Cash, T. F. (2004). Body image: Past, present, and future. Body Image, 1(1), 1-5. [DOI:10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00011-1]##Cash, T. F. (2015). Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). In T. Wade, (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Feeding and Eating Disorders (pp. 1-4). Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. [DOI:10.1007/978-981-287-087-2_3-1] [PMID]##Cash, T. F., Melnyk, S. E., & Hrabosky, J. I. (2004). The assessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of the Appearance Schemas Inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35(3), 305-16. [DOI:10.1002/eat.10264] [PMID]##Fayet, F., Petocz, P., & Samman, S. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of dieting in college women: A cross sectional study. International Journal of Women’s Health, 4, 405. [DOI:10.2147/IJWH.S33920] [PMID] [PMCID]##Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller, (Eds.), Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course (pp. 269-314). Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.##Garrusi, B., & Baneshi, M. R. (2017). Body dissatisfaction among Iranian youth and adults. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 33, e00024516. [DOI:10.1590/0102-311x00024516] [PMID]##Hewitt, P. L., Habke, A. M., Lee-Baggley, D. L., Sherry, S. B., & Flett, G. L. (2008). The impact of perfectionistic self-presentation on the cognitive, affective, and physiological experience of a clinical interview. Psychiatry, 71(2), 93-122. [DOI:10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.93] [PMID]##Hildebrandt, T., Alfano, L., & Langenbucher, J. W. (2010). Body image disturbance in 1000 male appearance and performance enhancing drug users. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(13), 841-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.01.001] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hooman, H. A. (2010). [Multivariate data analysis in scientific research (Persian)]. Tehran: Paykefarhang.##Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. [DOI:10.1080/10705519909540118]##Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.##Kops, N. L., Bessel, M., Knauth, D. R., Caleffi, M., & Wendland, E. M. (2019). Body image (dis) satisfaction among low-income adult women. Clinical Nutrition, 38(3), 1317-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.022] [PMID]##Marco, J. H., Perpiñá, C., Roncero, M., & Botella, C. (2017). Confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales in early adolescents. Body Image, 21, 15-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.01.003] [PMID]##Marsella, A. J., & Leong, F. T. (1995). Cross-cultural issues in personality and career assessment. Journal of Career Assessment, 3(2), 202-18. 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A., Aavik, T., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Anderson, D., et al., (2010). The attractive female body weight and female body dissatisfaction in 26 countries across 10 world regions: Results of the international body project I. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(3), 309-25. [DOI:10.1177/0146167209359702] [PMID]##Swami, V., Todd, J., Khatib, N. A. M., Toh, E. K. L., Zahari, H. S., & Barron, D. (2019). Dimensional structure, psychometric properties, and sex invariance of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire–Appearance Scales (MBSRQ–AS) in Malaysian Malay adults. Body image, 28, 81-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.12.007] [PMID]##Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2004). Thin ideals in music television: A source of social comparison and body dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35(1), 48-58. [DOI:10.1002/eat.10214] [PMID]##Untas, A., Koleck, M., Rascle, N., & Borteyrou, X. (2009). 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The Mediating Role of Rumination on Parenting Style, Childhood Trauma, and Adulthood Depression 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed to determine the roles of maternal care and overprotection. We also explored how they are combined to develop rumination as well as various childhood traumas and parenting styles as the risk factors for depression.  Methods: This was a retrospective study with a causal-comparative design. In total, 175 students with the ِMean±SD age of 21±2.75 years (age range: 18-35 years) affiliated to Alborz Medical University, Tehran University, and Kharazmi University have been selected using purposive sampling method. They completed the 2nd version of Beck Depression Inventory, Ruminative Response Scale, Parental Bonding Instrument, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), path analysis, mediation analysis, and correlation calculations, in SPSS and AMOS.  Results: The mediating role of rumination in respect of parenting styles (P<0.02) and depression (P<0.001) was statistically significant. Moreover, parenting styles and childhood traumas, and their interaction may lead to the development of rumination and depression (P<0.001). The pathways of the effects were different; limited mother’s care plays an indirect role in this process. This indicates that it will lead to depression and rumination only if emotional abuse is experienced in childhood. However, overprotection can directly lead to these conditions.  Conclusion: Paying attention to parenting styles, childhood traumas, and their interaction to prevent rumination and depression is important. This is due to the identified direct and indirect effects of parenting behaviors. 197 206 2018/09/32018/12/182018/08/122017/01/252018/03/12 1396/12/21 2019/06/262019/05/12019/06/262019/06/262019/09/3 1398/6/12 Ali Bahari Ali Bahari Department of clinical psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi university, Tehran, Iran. Iran ali.bahari.mail@gmail.com Mahsa Akbarian Firoozabadi Mahsa Akbarian Firoozabadi Department of clinical psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi university, Tehran, Iran. Iran akbarianmahsa84@gmail.com Shahram Mohammadkhani Shahram Mohammadkhani Department of clinical psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi university, Tehran, Iran. Iran sh.mohammadkhani@gmail.com Depression Rumination Parenting style Childhood trauma Acharya, S., & Relojo, D. (2017). Examining the role of cognitive distortion and parental bonding in depressive symptoms among male adolescents: A randomised crossover trial. 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(2018). The anxious thoughts workbook: Skills to overcome the unwanted intrusive thoughts that drive anxiety, obsessions, and depression. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications.##Garrusi, B., & Nakhaee, N. (2009). Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 104(2), 509-16. [DOI:10.2466/PR0.104.2.509-516] ##Gaté, M. A., Watkins, E. R., Simmons, J. G., Byrne, M. L., Schwartz, O. S., Whittle, S., et al., (2013). Maternal parenting behaviors and adolescent depression: The mediating role of rumination. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(3), 348-57. [DOI:10.1080/15374416.2012.755927] [PMID]##Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian‐language version of the Beck Depression Inventory‐Second edition: BDI‐II‐PERSIAN. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4), 185-192. [DOI:10.1002/da.20070] [PMID]##Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Rose, D. 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[DOI:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4] [PMID] [PMCID]##Manfredi, C., Caselli, G., Rovetto, F., Rebecchi, D., Ruggiero, G. M., Sassaroli, S., et al., (2011). Temperament and parental styles as predictors of ruminative brooding and worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 186-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.023]##McGinn, L. K., Cukor, D., & Sanderson, W. C. (2005). The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression: Does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(2), 219-42. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-005-3166-1]##Michl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013). Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 339-52. [DOI:10.1037/a0031994] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mohammadkhani, S., Purmand, N. S., & Hassanabadi, H. (2013). An empirical test of a metacognitive model of rumination and depression in non-clinical population. Modern Psychological Research, 8(30), 183-204.##Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115-21. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115] [PMID]##O’Mahen, H. A., Karl, A., Moberly, N., & Fedock, G. (2015). The association between childhood maltreatment and emotion regulation: two different mechanisms contributing to depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 287-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.028] [PMID]##O’Neill, A., Beck, K., Chae, D., Dyer, T., He, X., & Lee, S. (2018). The pathway from childhood maltreatment to adulthood obesity: The role of mediation by adolescent depressive symptoms and BMI. Journal of Adolescence, 67, 22-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.05.010] [PMID]##Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52(1), 1-10. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x]##Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-31. [DOI:10.3758/BF03206553]##Psychogiou, L., Moberly, N. J., Parry, E., Russell, A. E., Nath, S., & Kallitsoglou, A. (2017). Does fathers’ and mothers’ rumination predict emotional symptoms in their children? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 431-42. [DOI:10.1111/bjc.12148] [PMID]##Schweizer, T. H., Olino, T. M., Dyson, M. W., Laptook, R. S., & Klein, D. N. (2018). Developmental origins of rumination in middle childhood: The roles of early temperament and positive parenting. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(sup.1), S409-20. [DOI:10.1080/15374416.2017.1359787] [PMID] [PMCID]##Spasojević, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2002). Who becomes a depressive ruminator? Developmental antecedents of ruminative response style. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16(4), 405-19. [DOI:10.1891/jcop.16.4.405.52529]##Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-59. [DOI:10.1023/A:1023910315561]##Williams, C. L., Harfmann, E. J., Ingram, R. E., Hagan, K. E., & Kramer, N. M. (2015). Specificity of parental bonding and rumination in depressive and anxious emotional distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 157-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.055]##Yook, K., Kim, K. H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(6), 623-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.003] [PMID]## ##

The Effectiveness of Choice Theory Education on Happiness and Self-Esteem in University Students 2 2 Objective: The present study examined the effect of choice theory education on the happiness and self-esteem in university students. Methods: The statistical population consisted of all students of Qom universities. The study sample consisted of 30 students (7 males and 8 females per group) with low self-esteem (0 out of 10) and happiness (14 out of 87) levels. The subjects were randomly selected and assigned to the experimental and control groups by convenience sampling technique. To conduct the pretest and posttest, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale were used. The test group members attended the choice theory education program weekly for 5 consecutive weeks, whereas the control group received no treatment. Results: After implementing the posttest, the collected data were analyzed using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS. The findings indicated that treatment program effectively increased the test group members’ happiness (F=213.53, P<0.0005) and self-esteem (F=0.52, P<0.0005). Conclusion: The principles of choice theory can be implemented among graduate students to promote their happiness and self-esteem; in turn, it may lead to educational and social achievements. 207 214 2018/09/32018/12/182018/08/122017/01/252018/03/122018/09/7 1397/6/16 2019/06/262019/05/12019/06/262019/06/262019/09/32019/09/3 1398/6/12 Hamidreza Fereidouni Hamidreza Fereidouni Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran fereydounihamid@gmail.com Abdollah Omidi Abdollah Omidi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Kashan, Iran. Iran abomidi20@yahoo.com Shima Tamannaeifar Shima Tamannaeifar Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran psychoiran1986@gmail.com Choice theory Happiness Self-esteem ## ##

The Direct and Indirect Effects of Gratitude and Optimism on the Marital Satisfaction 2 2 Objective: The major focus of present literature on marital satisfaction is about the processes that weaken it in couples. In contrast, positive factors that may contribute to the prosperity of couples’ relationships are less widely considered. Gratitude is one of the factors that its role and in particular, the pathways that associate it to marital satisfaction are not studied. The current study aimed at investigating the direct and indirect effects of gratitude and optimism on marital satisfaction. Methods: The current cross-sectional study using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted on 241 married female teachers. The data collection was performed using the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS), Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6), and Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Amos -24 and SPSS V. 24 software packages were applied for data analysis. Bootstrap in Preacher and Hayes’ Macro program was used for testing mediation. Results: Results indicated that the model with some modification had a good fit with the data (/DF=1.86, GFI=0.95, IFI=0.97, CFI=0.97, NFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.06). The gratitude had a positive direct effect on marital satisfaction (β=0.32, p<0.05) and optimism (β=0.57, p<0.05). Optimism had a positive direct effect on marital satisfaction (β=0.50, p<0.05). The gratitude had a positive indirect effect on marital satisfaction via optimism (p<0.05). Conclusion: Gratitude, directly and indirectly, through increased optimism, is associated with higher marital satisfaction. The current study results showed a stage into a better understanding of positive processes that can protect couples against marital dissatisfaction; counselors can help couples in attaining and keeping marital satisfaction via the training and enhancement of gratitude. 215 224 2018/09/32018/12/182018/08/122017/01/252018/03/122018/09/72018/09/15 1397/6/24 2019/06/262019/05/12019/06/262019/06/262019/09/32019/09/32019/09/3 1398/6/12 Sakineh Saeidi Sakineh Saeidi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran. Iran ssaeedi2470@gmail.com Ali Mohamadzadeh Ebrahimi Ali Mohamadzadeh Ebrahimi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord,Iran. Iran Alimohamadzade98@yahoo.com Aliakbar Soleimanian Aliakbar Soleimanian Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran. Iran soliemanian@gmail.com Gratitude Optimism Marital Satisfaction Aghababai, N., Babai Farahani, H., & Fazeli Mehr Abadi, A. (2010). [Measuring gratitude among university and religious students: An enquiry hnti the psychometric features of the gratitude questionnaire (Persian)]. Journal of Studies in Islam and Psychology, 4(6), 75-88.##Algoe, S. B., Gable, S. L., & Maisel, N. C. (2010). It’s the little things: Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17(2), 217-33. [DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01273.x]##Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425-9. [DOI:10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.425] [PMID] [PMCID]##Assad, K. K., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Optimism: An enduring resource for romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(2), 285-97. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0016]##Feeney, B. C. (2004). A secure base: Responsive support of goal strivings and exploration in adult intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 631-48. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.631] [PMID]##Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. (2010). Of memes and marriage: Toward a positive relationship science. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 2(1), 4-24. [DOI:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00033.x]##Fredman, S. J., Pukay-Martin, N. D., Macdonald, A., Wagner, A. C., Vorstenbosch, V., & Monson, C. M. (2016). Partner accommodation moderates treatment outcomes for couple therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(1), 79-87. [DOI:10.1037/ccp0000061] [PMID] [PMCID]##Fredrickson, B. J. (2004). Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online. [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150100.003.0008]##Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-26. [DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218]##Froh, J. J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46(2), 213-33. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.005] [PMID]##Gable, S. L., Gonzaga, G. C., & Strachman, A. (2006). Will you be there for me when things go right? Supportive responses to positive event disclosures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 904-17. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.904] [PMID]##Gordon, A. M., Impett, E. A., Kogan, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2012). To have and to hold: Gratitude promotes relationship maintenance in intimate bonds. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 257-74. [DOI:10.1037/a0028723] [PMID]##Gordon, C. L., & Baucom, D. H. (2009). Examining the individual within marriage: Personal strengths and relationship satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 16(3), 421-35. [DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01231.x]##Gordon, C. L., Arnette, R. A., Smith, R. E. J. P., & Differences, I. (2011). Have you thanked your spouse today? Felt and Expressed Gratitude Among Married Couples. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(3), 339-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.012]##Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I. (2002). Marital research in the 20th century and a research agenda for the 21st century. Family Process, 41(2), 159-97. [DOI:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41203.x]##Henry, N. J., Berg, C. A., Smith, T. W., & Florsheim, P. (2007). Positive and negative characteristics of marital interaction and their association with marital satisfaction in middle-aged and older couples. Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 428-41. 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Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76(6), 447-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.03.104] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kirgiz, O. G. (2007). Effects of gratitude on subjective well-being, self-construal, and memory. Washington: American University.##Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. In M. Williams, W. P. Vogt (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Innovation in Social Research Methods (pp. 246-54). Thousand Oaks: SAGE. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446268261.n31]##Kubacka, K. E., Finkenauer, C., Rusbult, C. E., & Keijsers, L. (2011). Maintaining close relationships: Gratitude as a motivator and a detector of maintenance behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(10), 1362-75. [DOI:10.1177/0146167211412196] [PMID]##Lambert, N. M., Clark, M. S., Durtschi, J., Fincham, F. D., & Graham, S. M. (2010). Benefits of expressing gratitude: Expressing gratitude to a partner changes one’s view of the relationship. Psychological Science, 21(4), 574-80. [DOI:10.1177/0956797610364003] [PMID]##Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Stillman, T. F. (2012). Gratitude and depressive symptoms: The role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 26(4), 615-33. [DOI:10.1080/02699931.2011.595393] [PMID]##Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Stillman, T. F., & Dean, L. R. (2009). More gratitude, less materialism: The mediating role of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 32-42. [DOI:10.1080/17439760802216311]##Lambert, N. M., Graham, S. M., Fincham, F. D., & Stillman, T. F. (2009). A changed perspective: How gratitude can affect sense of coherence through positive reframing. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 461-70. [DOI:10.1080/17439760903157182]##Lashani, Z., Shaeiri, M. R., Asghari-Moghadam, M. A., & Golzari, M. (2012). [Effect of gratitude strategies on positive affectivity, happiness and optimism (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 18(2), 157-66.##Lee, J. Y., Kim, S. Y., Bae, K. Y., Kim, J. M., Shin, I. S., Yoon, J. S., et al., (2018). The association of gratitude with perceived stress and burnout among male firefighters in Korea. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 205-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.010]##Li, K. K., & Chow, W. Y. (2015). Religiosity/spirituality and prosocial behaviors among Chinese Christian adolescents: The mediating role of values and gratitude. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(2), 150-61. [DOI:10.1037/a0038294]##McCullough, M. E., & Emmons, R. A. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-89. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377]##McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112-27. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112]##McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. J. P. b. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249-66. [DOI:10.1037//0033-2909.127.2.249] [PMID]##McCullough, M. E., Kimeldorf, M. B., & Cohen, A. D. (2008). An adaptation for altruism: The social causes, social effects, and social evolution of gratitude. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(4), 281-5. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00590.x]##McNulty, J. K., & Karney, B. R. (2004). Positive expectations in the early years of marriage: Should couples expect the best or brace for the worst? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 729. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.729] [PMID]##Neto, F. (2007). Forgiveness, personality and gratitude. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(8), 2313-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.010]##Olson, D. H., Fournier, D. G., & Druckman, J. M. (1987). Counselor’s manual for Prepare/Enrich (Rev. ed). Minneapolis: Prepare/Enrich.##Parise, M., Donato, S., Pagani, A. F., & Schoebi, D. (2017). Keeping calm when riding the rapids: Optimism and perceived partner withdrawal. Personal Relationships, 24(1), 131-45. [DOI:10.1111/pere.12172]##Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603-19. [DOI:10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748]##Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.##Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-91. [DOI:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879]##Rius-Ottenheim, N., Kromhout, D., van der Mast, R. C., Zitman, F. G., Geleijnse, J. M., & Giltay, E. J. (2012). Dispositional optimism and loneliness in older men. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(2), 151-9. [DOI:10.1002/gps.2701] [PMID]##Robustelli, B. L., & Whisman, M. A. (2018). Gratitude and life satisfaction in the United States and Japan. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(1), 41-55. [DOI:10.1007/s10902-016-9802-5]##Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219-47. [DOI:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219] [PMID]##Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063-78. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063]##Schou, I., Ekeberg, Ø., Ruland, C. M., Sandvik, L., & Kåresen, R. (2004). Pessimism as a predictor of emotional morbidity one year following breast cancer surgery. Psycho‐Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer, 13(5), 309-20. [DOI:10.1002/pon.747] [PMID]##Schramm, D. G., Marshall, J. P., Harris, V. W., & Lee, T. R. (2005). After “I do”: The newlywed transition. Marriage & Family Review, 38(1), 45-67. [DOI:10.1300/J002v38n01_05]##Segerstrom, S. C., Evans, D. R., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2011). Optimism and pessimism dimensions in the Life Orientation Test-Revised: Method and meaning. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(1), 126-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.007]##Segrin, C. (2006). Invited article: Family interactions and well-being: Integrative perspectives. The Journal of Family Communication, 6(1), 3-21. [DOI:10.1207/s15327698jfc0601_2]##Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-21. 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Effect of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy on Substance Dependence Intensity and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Patients Under Methadone Maintenance Treatment 2 2 Objective: Substance dependence is the most critical biopsychosocial and legal problem. It has various harmful effects at the individual, familial, and society levels. The current study aimed to determine the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing the intensity of substance dependence and improving cognitive emotion regulation in substance-dependent patients under methadone maintenance treatment. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The samples consisted of 30 subjects (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in a methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Kamyaran, Kurdistan Province, Iran. They were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Dependence Severity Index and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used for data collection. Results: The obtained results suggested that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduced the severity of substance dependence (F=33.2, P<0.05) and influenced positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation (F=545.0, P<0.05). Conclusion: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy affects the intensity of substance dependence and improves cognitive emotion regulation. 225 234 2018/09/32018/12/182018/08/122017/01/252018/03/122018/09/72018/09/152019/06/23 1398/4/2 2019/06/262019/05/12019/06/262019/06/262019/09/32019/09/32019/09/32019/09/3 1398/6/12 Shokoufeh Ramezani Shokoufeh Ramezani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Iran Abdul Rahim Afkhamzadeh Abdul Rahim Afkhamzadeh Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine Social Determinants of Health Research Center Research Institute for Health Development Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran. Iran Hassan Qorbani Hassan Qorbani Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran. Iran Salm Naimi Salm Naimi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Human sciences, Sanandaj Branch, About Islamic Azad University, Kurdistan, Iran. Iran Saifullah Rahmani Saifullah Rahmani Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University (pardis shahid modares), Kurdistan, Iran. Iran Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy Intensity of substance dependence Cognitive therapy Methadone therapy ## ##