2019 7 2 26 157

Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Psychosomatic Symptoms and Mindfulness in Patients With Psychosomatic Disorders 2 2 Objective: The current research investigated the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on psychosomatic symptoms and mindfulness in patients with psychosomatic disorders. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted at Kashan University of Medical Sciences clinics in Kashan City, Iran, from December 1, 2017, to March 30, 2018. In total, 66 patients with psychosomatic disorders were selected by purposive sampling method. The selected patients were divided into three groups (each 22 samples which were selected randomly). The subjects had a medical record at Kashan Beheshti Hospital. The experimental group received ACT with medicinal treatment. The first control group received psychological interventions and the second control group received medicinal treatment without any psychological interventions. The results were obtained using the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)-short Form and Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research in the Pre-test and Post-Test phases and the three-month follow-up. Results: In the follow-up and Post-Test phases, mindfulness improved in the intervention group, compared to the active and neutral control groups (P<0.001). Moreover, the active control group demonstrated more ability to mindfulness than the neutral control group (P<0.001). Furthermore, the obtained results were similar for psychosomatic symptoms. Conclusion: ACT can improve psychosomatic symptoms and mindfulness level in patients with psychosomatic disorders. 79 86 2018/11/23 1397/9/2 2019/02/12 1397/11/23 Samira Sayyar Khesmakhi Samira Sayyar Khesmakhi Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran sayarsamira@yahoo.com Hamid Afshar zanjani Hamid Afshar zanjani Department of Psyichiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Dr.ghanbari.law@gmail.com Farzad Goli Farzad Goli Faculty Instructor, Engery Medicine University, California, United States of America. Iran Abdollah Omidi Abdollah Omidi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicin, Kashan University of Medical Sciendes, Kashan, Iran. Iran Carl Eduard Scheidt Carl Eduard Scheidt Department of Psychosomatic, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany. Iran Reza Givehki Reza Givehki Psychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran givaki-md@gmail.com Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Mindfulness Psychosomatic medicine ## ##

Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Resiliency and Alexithymia of Somatic Symptoms 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on the resiliency and alexithymia of the patients with Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD). Methods: The present research had a quasi-experimental design with pre-test post-test and a control group. The study population included all patients with SSD that referred to health care centers of Ahvaz City, in 2016. A total of 30 patients were selected through convenience sampling method and randomized to the experimental and waiting group (each group 15 persons). The experimental group received ACT sessions for 7 weeks continuously (each session lasting 90 minutes), and the control group was put on a waiting list. Groups completed the resiliency questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale in the pre-test and post-test. The obtained data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS V. 21. Results: The findings show a significant difference between the average scores of resiliency (F=21.97) and alexithymia (F=19.79) of the experimental and control groups in the post-test stage. So, the method of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment significantly increased resiliency and decreased alexithymia of the patients with SSD (P<0.01). Conclusion: According to the results, therapists and clinical psychologists can use this method to increase resiliency and decrease alexithymia of the patients with SSD. 87 94 2018/11/232018/12/7 1397/9/16 2019/02/122019/02/19 1397/11/30 Raha Rostami Raha Rostami Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran zahradb2000@yahoo.com Zahra Dasht Bozorgi Zahra Dasht Bozorgi Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran Acceptance and commitment therapy Resiliency Alexithymia Somatic symptoms American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]##Aminpour, R., & Ghorbani, M. (2015). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on stress coping strategies in women with ulcerative colitis. Iran Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology (Govaresh), 20(1), 1-9.##Aydan, A. (2015). A comparison of the alexithymia, self-compassion and humour characteristics of the parents with mentally disabled and autistic children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 720-9.[DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.607]##Bach, P. A., & Moran, D. J. (2015). ACT in practice: case conceptualization in acceptance and commitment therapy [S. Kamali, N Kianrad, Persian Trans.]. Tehran: Arjmand.##Baigan, K., Khoshkonesh, A., Habibi Askarabad, M., Fallahzade, H. (2016). [Effectiveness of dialectical behavioral group therapy in alexithymia, stress, and diabetes symptoms among somatic symptom patients (Persian)]. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 4(2), 8-18.##Baruch, D., Kanker, J., & Busch, A. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy: enhancing the relationships. Journal of Clinical Case Studies, 8(3), 241-57. [DOI:10.1177/1534650109334818]##Barzegari Dehaj, A. (2015). [Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotion regulation and mood status in adolescents (Persian)] [MA thesis]. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University.##Batais, M. A., & Schantter, P. (2016). Prevalence of unwillingness to use insulin therapy and its associated attitudes amongst patients with somatic symptom in Saudi Arabia. Prim Care Diabetes, 10(6), 415-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.pcd.2016.05.007] [PMID]##Besharat, M. A. (2007). Reliability and factorial validity of Farsi version of the Toronto alexithymia scale with a sample of Iranian students. Psychological Reports, 101(1), 209-20. [DOI:10.2466/PR0.101.5.209-220] [PMID]##Blackledge, J. D., & Hayes, S. C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 243-55. [DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(200102)57:23.0.CO;2-X]##Bruggink A, Huisman S, Vuijk R, Kraaij V, & Garnefski N. (2016). Resiliency, anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 22(2), 34-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.003]##Creed, F., Tomenson, B., Chew-Graham, C., Macfarlane, G., & McBeth, J. (2018). The associated features of multiple somatic symptom complexes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 1-8.##Chang, K. (2010). Comorbidities, quality of life and patients' willingness to pay for a cure for type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. Public Health, 124(5), 284-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.02.019] [PMID]##Delavar, A. (2008). [Theoretical and practical research in the humanities and social sciences (Persian)]. Tehran: Roshd Publisher.##Distefano, R. A., & Koven, N. S. (2012). Dysfunctional emotion processing may explain visual memory deficits in alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(5), 611-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.007]##Flujas-Contreras, J. M., & Gómez, I. (2018). Improving flexible parenting with acceptance and commitment therapy: A case study. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 8(3), 29-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.02.006]##George, R. E., & Joseph, S. (2014). A review of newer treatment approaches for type-2 diabetes: Focusing safety and efficacy of incretin based therapy. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 22(5), 403-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsps.2013.05.005] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ghiasvand, M., & Ghorbani, M. (2015). [Effectiveness of emotion regulation training in improving emotion regulation strategies and control glycemic in type 2 diabetes patients (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 17(4), 299-307.##Grezellschak, S., Lincoln, T. M., & Westermann, S. (2015). Cognitive emotion regulation in patients with schizophrenia: evidence for effective reappraisal and distraction. Psychiatry Research, 229(1-2), 434-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.103] [PMID]##Grover, S., Sahoo, S., Chakrabarti, S., & Avasthi, A. (2019). Anxiety and Somatic Symptoms among elderly patients with Depression. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 66-72. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.07.009] [PMID]##Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180-98. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kiani, A., Ghasemi, N., & Pourabbas, A. (2013). [The comparsion of the efficacy of group psychotherapy based on acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness on craving and cognitive emotion regulation in methamphetamine addicts (Persian)]. Research on Addiction, 6(24), 27-36.##Kanner S, Hamrin V, Grey M. (2003). Depression in adolescents with diabetes. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 16(1), 15–24. ##Loas, G., Baelde, O., & Verrier, A. (2015). Relationship between alexithymia and dependent personality disorder: a dimensional analysis. Psychiatry Research, 225(3), 484-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.062] [PMID]##Mohammadi, L., Salehzade, A. M., & Nasirian, M. (2015). [Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on cognitive emotion regulation in men under methadone treatment (Persian)]. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 23(9), 853-61.##Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Kealy, D., Joyce, A. S., & Abbass, A. A. (2018). Body talk: Sex differences in the influence of alexithymia on physical complaints among psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatry Research, 261, 168-72. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.072] [PMID]##Poddar, S., Sinha, V. K., & Urbi, M. (2015). Acceptance and commitment therapy on parents of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches, 1(3), 221-5. [DOI:10.4103/2395-2296.158331]##Riem, M. M., Doedée, E. N., Broekhuizen-Dijksman, S. C., & Beijer, E. (2018). Attachment and medically unexplained somatic symptoms: The role of mentalization. Psychiatry Research, 268, 108-13. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.056] [PMID]##Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2010). Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 87(1), 4-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007] [PMID]##Shirkavand, N., Gholami Heydari, S., Arab Salari, Z., Ashoori, J. (2015). [The impact of life skills training on happiness and hopefulness among patients with type II diabetes (Persian)]. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 3(3), 8-19.##Skewes, S. A., Samson, R. A., Simpson, S. G., & van Vreeswijk, M. (2015). Short-term group schema therapy for mixed personality disorders: A pilot study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1592-8. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01592] [PMID] [PMCID]##White, R., Gumley, A., McTaggart, J., Rattrie, L., McConville, D., Cleare, S., et al. (2011). A feasibility study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for emotional dysfunction following psychosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(12), 901-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.003] [PMID]##Yousefi, R., Asghari, H., Toghyani, E. (2016). [Comparison of early maladaptive schemas and resiliency in cardiac patients and normal individuals (Persian)]. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research, 24(107), 130-43.##Zhao, D., Wu, Z., Zhang, H., Mellor, D., Ding, L., Wu, H., et al. (2018). Somatic symptoms vary in major depressive disorder in China. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 32-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.08.013] [PMID]##Zlomke, K. R., & Hahn, K. S. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies: Gender differences and associations to worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(4), 408-13.[DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.007]##American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]##Aminpour, R., & Ghorbani, M. (2015). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on stress coping strategies in women with ulcerative colitis. Iran Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology (Govaresh), 20(1), 1-9.##Aydan, A. (2015). A comparison of the alexithymia, self-compassion and humour characteristics of the parents with mentally disabled and autistic children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 720-9.[DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.607]##Bach, P. A., & Moran, D. J. (2015). ACT in practice: case conceptualization in acceptance and commitment therapy [S. Kamali, N Kianrad, Persian Trans.]. Tehran: Arjmand.##Baigan, K., Khoshkonesh, A., Habibi Askarabad, M., Fallahzade, H. (2016). [Effectiveness of dialectical behavioral group therapy in alexithymia, stress, and diabetes symptoms among somatic symptom patients (Persian)]. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 4(2), 8-18.##Baruch, D., Kanker, J., & Busch, A. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy: enhancing the relationships. Journal of Clinical Case Studies, 8(3), 241-57. [DOI:10.1177/1534650109334818]##Barzegari Dehaj, A. (2015). [Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotion regulation and mood status in adolescents (Persian)] [MA thesis]. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University.##Batais, M. A., & Schantter, P. (2016). Prevalence of unwillingness to use insulin therapy and its associated attitudes amongst patients with somatic symptom in Saudi Arabia. Prim Care Diabetes, 10(6), 415-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.pcd.2016.05.007] [PMID]##Besharat, M. A. (2007). Reliability and factorial validity of Farsi version of the Toronto alexithymia scale with a sample of Iranian students. Psychological Reports, 101(1), 209-20. [DOI:10.2466/PR0.101.5.209-220] [PMID]##Blackledge, J. D., & Hayes, S. C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 243-55. [DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(200102)57:23.0.CO;2-X]##Bruggink A, Huisman S, Vuijk R, Kraaij V, & Garnefski N. (2016). Resiliency, anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 22(2), 34-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.003]##Creed, F., Tomenson, B., Chew-Graham, C., Macfarlane, G., & McBeth, J. (2018). The associated features of multiple somatic symptom complexes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 1-8.##Chang, K. (2010). Comorbidities, quality of life and patients' willingness to pay for a cure for type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. Public Health, 124(5), 284-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.02.019] [PMID]##Delavar, A. (2008). [Theoretical and practical research in the humanities and social sciences (Persian)]. Tehran: Roshd Publisher.##Distefano, R. A., & Koven, N. S. (2012). Dysfunctional emotion processing may explain visual memory deficits in alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(5), 611-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.007]##Flujas-Contreras, J. M., & Gómez, I. (2018). Improving flexible parenting with acceptance and commitment therapy: A case study. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 8(3), 29-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.02.006]##George, R. E., & Joseph, S. (2014). A review of newer treatment approaches for type-2 diabetes: Focusing safety and efficacy of incretin based therapy. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 22(5), 403-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsps.2013.05.005] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ghiasvand, M., & Ghorbani, M. (2015). [Effectiveness of emotion regulation training in improving emotion regulation strategies and control glycemic in type 2 diabetes patients (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 17(4), 299-307.##Grezellschak, S., Lincoln, T. M., & Westermann, S. (2015). Cognitive emotion regulation in patients with schizophrenia: evidence for effective reappraisal and distraction. Psychiatry Research, 229(1-2), 434-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.103] [PMID]##Grover, S., Sahoo, S., Chakrabarti, S., & Avasthi, A. (2019). Anxiety and Somatic Symptoms among elderly patients with Depression. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 66-72. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.07.009] [PMID]##Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180-98. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kiani, A., Ghasemi, N., & Pourabbas, A. (2013). [The comparsion of the efficacy of group psychotherapy based on acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness on craving and cognitive emotion regulation in methamphetamine addicts (Persian)]. Research on Addiction, 6(24), 27-36.##Kanner S, Hamrin V, Grey M. (2003). Depression in adolescents with diabetes. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 16(1), 15–24. ##Loas, G., Baelde, O., & Verrier, A. (2015). Relationship between alexithymia and dependent personality disorder: a dimensional analysis. Psychiatry Research, 225(3), 484-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.062] [PMID]##Mohammadi, L., Salehzade, A. M., & Nasirian, M. (2015). [Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on cognitive emotion regulation in men under methadone treatment (Persian)]. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 23(9), 853-61.##Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Kealy, D., Joyce, A. S., & Abbass, A. A. (2018). Body talk: Sex differences in the influence of alexithymia on physical complaints among psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatry Research, 261, 168-72. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.072] [PMID]##Poddar, S., Sinha, V. K., & Urbi, M. (2015). Acceptance and commitment therapy on parents of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches, 1(3), 221-5. [DOI:10.4103/2395-2296.158331]##Riem, M. M., Doedée, E. N., Broekhuizen-Dijksman, S. C., & Beijer, E. (2018). Attachment and medically unexplained somatic symptoms: The role of mentalization. Psychiatry Research, 268, 108-13. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.056] [PMID]##Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2010). Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 87(1), 4-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007] [PMID]##Shirkavand, N., Gholami Heydari, S., Arab Salari, Z., Ashoori, J. (2015). [The impact of life skills training on happiness and hopefulness among patients with type II diabetes (Persian)]. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 3(3), 8-19.##Skewes, S. A., Samson, R. A., Simpson, S. G., & van Vreeswijk, M. (2015). Short-term group schema therapy for mixed personality disorders: A pilot study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1592-8. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01592] [PMID] [PMCID]##White, R., Gumley, A., McTaggart, J., Rattrie, L., McConville, D., Cleare, S., et al. (2011). A feasibility study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for emotional dysfunction following psychosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(12), 901-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.003] [PMID]##Yousefi, R., Asghari, H., Toghyani, E. (2016). [Comparison of early maladaptive schemas and resiliency in cardiac patients and normal individuals (Persian)]. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research, 24(107), 130-43.##Zhao, D., Wu, Z., Zhang, H., Mellor, D., Ding, L., Wu, H., et al. (2018). Somatic symptoms vary in major depressive disorder in China. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 32-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.08.013] [PMID]##Zlomke, K. R., & Hahn, K. S. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies: Gender differences and associations to worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(4), 408-13.[DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.007]## ##

Evaluation of Positive and Negative Affect Induction on the Regional Brain Activity and Personality Traits 2 2 Objective: The present study aims to investigate the effect of emotions (negative and positive affects) and gender on the activity of different brain regions and their relationship with personality traits of extraversion, introversion, neuroticism, and stability. Methods: The study participants were 33 right-handed volunteer undergraduate students (17 males and 16 females). Our stimuli were two 6-minute long happy and sad video clips. We used electroencephalography for brain imaging. Briggs-Nebes handedness questionnaire, Eysenck personality inventory, general health questionnaire, and positive and negative affect schedule questionnaire were used for assessing participants’ reactions. The collected data were analyzed by MANOVA and ANOVA tests. Results: Different activities due to positive and negative affect inductions were seen only in right temporal (Sig.=0.036, F=3.453), left temporal (Sig.=0.045, F=2.873), right posterior (Sig.=0.032, F=3.157) and left posterior lobes of the participants’ brains (Sig.=0.014; P<0.01, F=2.932). Under positive affect induction, the activity of right temporal lobe in extraverted people was higher than that in introverted ones. No significant difference was found in the right anterior and right posterior activities between stable and neurotic individuals under negative attitude induction (F=0.387, P>0.05). There was no significant difference of activity in the left anterior of stable and neurotic subjects under negative attitude induction (P>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between male and female students’ brain activity (P>0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, regional brain activity is different under positive attitude and negative attitude inductions, but gender does not affect it. Also, personality traits are effective in the activity of some brain regions. 95 106 2018/11/232018/12/72018/10/12 1397/7/20 2019/02/122019/02/192019/01/28 1397/11/8 Hamid Radsepehr Hamid Radsepehr Department of Psychology, Neyshabour Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabour, Iran. Iran h.radsepehr@gmail.com Hossein Shareh Hossein Shareh Department of Psychology, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran. Iran h.radsepehr@gmail.com Alemeh Dehnabi Alemeh Dehnabi Department of Nursing, Faculty of Jovein School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran. Iran a.dehnabi95@gmail.com Brain waves Personality inventory Affect. ## ##

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Improves Psychological Flexibility of Students with Thalassemia Major: A Randomized Controlled Trial 2 2 Objective: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) tries to increase the psychological acceptance of individuals during mental experiences (thoughts, emotions, etc.) and to decrease their ineffective control of behaviors. This study aimed to determine the impact of ACT on the psychological flexibility of students with thalassemia in Zahedan City, Iran.  Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental interventional study with experimental and control/ waiting groups. The subjects were evaluated in the pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up stages. The statistical population included all students with thalassemia studying in senior elementary and junior high schools in Zahedan. A total of 60 volunteers were selected and randomly assigned into two groups (control and experimental), each one including 30 subjects. The research tool was the Psychological Flexibility Test. ACT was conducted during 8 sessions (Two 120-minute sessions per week during one month), and a follow-up test was taken two months after the end of the intervention. The study data were analyzed through repeated measures analysis of variance.  Results: The results indicated a significant effect of ACT on increasing the cognitive flexibility in patients with thalassemia and supported the stability of this psychotherapy at the follow-up stage (F=63.823, P=0.001). Conclusion: ACT can be used to increase cognitive flexibility and to treat psychological disorders. Comparing cognitive flexibility scores of the samples in the pre-test, post-test, and follow up stages suggest that ACT is an effective method for improving cognitive flexibility in students with thalassemia major. 107 116 2018/11/232018/12/72018/10/122018/09/6 1397/6/15 2019/02/122019/02/192019/01/282019/01/16 1397/10/26 Homeira Mahmoudi Souran Homeira Mahmoudi Souran Department of Psychology, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran. Iran mahmoudi.homeyra@yahoo.com Gholam Reza Sanagouyemoharer Gholam Reza Sanagouyemoharer Department of Psychology, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran. Iran gsanagouyemoharer@gmail.com Mahmoud Shirazi Mahmoud Shirazi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. Iran mahmoud.shirazi96@gmail.com Acceptance and commitment therapy Cognitive flexibility Thalassemia major Student Abolghasemi, H., Amid, A., Zeinali, S., Radfar, M. H., Eshghi, P., Rahiminejad, M. S., et al. (2007). Thalassemia in Iran: Epidemiology, prevention, and management. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 29(4), 233-8. [DOI:10.1097/MPH.0b013e3180437e02] [PMID]##Bach, P. A., & Moran, D. J. (2008). ACT in practice: Case conceptualization in acceptance and commitment therapy. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications.##Behdani, F., Badiee, Z., Hebrani, P., Moharreri, F., Badiee, A. H., Hajivosugh, N., et al. (2015). Psychological aspects in children and adolescents with major thalassemia: A case-control study. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 25(3), e322. [DOI:10.5812/ijp.25(3)2015.322] [PMID] [PMCID]##Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2006). Psychological flexibility, ACT, and organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 26(1-2), 25-54. [DOI:10.1300/J075v26n01_02]##Brassington, L., Ferreira, N. B., Yates, S., Fearn, J., Lanza, P., Kemp, K., et al. (2016). Better living with illness: A transdiagnostic acceptance and commitment therapy group intervention for chronic physical illness. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(4), 208-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.09.001]##Clarke, S., Kingston, J., James, K., Bolderston, H., & Remington, B. (2014). Acceptance and commitment therapy group for treatment-resistant participants: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(3), 179-88. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.04.005]##Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 241-53. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4]##Dionne, F., Ngô, T. L., & Blais, M. C. (2013). The psychological flexibility model: A new approach to mental health. Sante Mentale au Quebec, 38(2), 111-30. [DOI:10.7202/1023992ar] [PMID]##Flaxman, P. E., Blackledge, J. T., & Bond, F. W. (2010). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Distinctive features. Abingdon: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780203834688]##Gandy, M., Karin, E., Jones, M. P., McDonald, S., Sharpe, L., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2018). Exploring psychological mechanisms of clinical response to an internet‐delivered psychological pain management program. European Journal of Pain, 22(8), 1502-16. [DOI:10.1002/ejp.1239] [PMID]##Harley, J. (2015). Bridging the gap between cognitive therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 131-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.252]##Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180-98. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Levin, M. E. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a unified model of behavior change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 976-1002. [DOI:10.1177/0011000012460836]##Hayes, S. C., & Strosahl, K. D. (2004). A practical guide to acceptance and commitment therapy. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-23369-7]##Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865-78. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kelso, K. C. (2017). Inside this moment: a clinician's guide to promoting radical change using acceptance and commitment therapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(2), 174.##Strosahl, K. D., Robinson, P. J., & Gustavsson, T. (2015). Inside this moment: A clinician’s guide to promoting radical change using acceptance and commitment therapy. Oakland, California: New Harbinger Publications. [DOI:10.1080/16506073.2016.1198418]##Kohandani, M., & Abolmaali Alhosseini, K. (2017). [Factor structure and psychometric properties of Persian version of cognitive flexibility of Dennis, Vander Wal and Jillon (Persian)]. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models, 8(29), 53-70.##Lappalainen, P., Granlund, A., Siltanen, S., Ahonen, S., Vitikainen, M., Tolvanen, A., et al. (2014). ACT internet-based vs face-to-face? A randomized controlled trial of two ways to deliver acceptance and commitment therapy for depressive symptoms: An 18-month follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 61, 43-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.006] [PMID]##Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-6. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623]##Masuda, A., & Tully, E. C. (2012). The role of mindfulness and psychological flexibility in somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress in a nonclinical college sample. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 66-71. [DOI:10.1177/2156587211423400]##Mazzone, L., Battaglia, L., Andreozzi, F., Romeo, M. A., & Mazzone, D. (2009). Emotional impact in β-thalassaemia major children following cognitive-behavioural family therapy and quality of life of caregiving mothers. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 5. [DOI:10.1186/1745-0179-5-5] [PMID] [PMCID]##McCracken, L. M., & Gutiérrez-Martínez, O. (2011). Processes of change in psychological flexibility in an interdisciplinary group-based treatment for chronic pain based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(4), 267-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2011.02.004] [PMID]##McCracken, L. M., & Jones, R. (2012). Treatment for chronic pain for adults in the seventh and eighth decades of life: A preliminary study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Pain Medicine, 13(7), 861-7. [DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01407.x] [PMID]##McCracken, L. M., & Morley, S. (2014). The psychological flexibility model: A basis for integration and progress in psychological approaches to chronic pain management. The Journal of Pain, 15(3), 221-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.10.014] [PMID]##Morris, E. M., Johns, L. C., & Oliver, J. E. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for psychosis. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. [DOI:10.1002/9781118499184]##Padhi, S., Maharshi, S., Gupta, G. K., Garg, K., & Nijhawan, S. (2018). Efficacy and safety of direct acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C in Thalassemic children. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 40(7), 511-4. [DOI:10.1097/MPH.0000000000001217] [PMID]##Pattanashetti, M., Mugali, J., Pattanashetty, N., & Patil, S. (2017). A study of severity of depression in Thalassemia patients. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(2), 33. ##Scott, W., Daly, A., Yu, L., & McCracken, L. M. (2017). Treatment of chronic pain for adults 65 and over: Analyses of outcomes and changes in psychological flexibility following interdisciplinary Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Pain Medicine, 18(2), 252-264. [DOI:10.1093/pm/pnw073] [PMID]##Shafiee, A., Nazari, S., Jorjani, S., Bahraminia, E., & Sadeghi-Koupaei, M. (2014). Prevalence of depression in patients with β-thalassemia as assessed by the beck’s depression inventory. Hemoglobin, 38(4), 289-91. [DOI:10.3109/03630269.2014.929008] [PMID]##Sianturi, R., Keliat, B. A., & Wardani, I. Y. (2018). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety in clients with stroke. Enfermeria Clinica, 28, 94-7. [DOI:10.1016/S1130-8621(18)30045-7]##Whiting, D. L. (2016). A trial of acceptance and commitment therapy to facilitate psychological adjustment after a traumatic brain injury [PhD. dissertation]. Wollongong: University of Wollongong.##Whiting, D. L., Deane, F. P., Simpson, G. K., McLeod, H. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2017). Cognitive and psychological flexibility after a traumatic brain injury and the implications for treatment in acceptance-based therapies: A conceptual review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 27(2), 263-99. [DOI:10.1080/09602011.2015.1062115] [PMID]##Yaghobi, M., Miri-Moghaddam, E., Majid, N., Bazi, A., Navidian, A., & Kalkali, A. (2017). Complications of transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia patients in Sistan and Baluchistan, south-east of Iran. International Journal of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research, 11(4), 268-72. [PMID] [PMCID]##Yengil, E., Acipayam, C., Kokacya, M. H., Kurhan, F., Oktay, G., & Ozer, C. (2014). Anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients with beta thalassemia major and their caregivers. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 7(8), 2165-72. [PMID] [PMCID]##Abolghasemi, H., Amid, A., Zeinali, S., Radfar, M. H., Eshghi, P., Rahiminejad, M. S., et al. (2007). Thalassemia in Iran: Epidemiology, prevention, and management. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 29(4), 233-8. [DOI:10.1097/MPH.0b013e3180437e02] [PMID]##Bach, P. A., & Moran, D. J. (2008). ACT in practice: Case conceptualization in acceptance and commitment therapy. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications.##Behdani, F., Badiee, Z., Hebrani, P., Moharreri, F., Badiee, A. H., Hajivosugh, N., et al. (2015). Psychological aspects in children and adolescents with major thalassemia: A case-control study. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 25(3), e322. [DOI:10.5812/ijp.25(3)2015.322] [PMID] [PMCID]##Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2006). Psychological flexibility, ACT, and organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 26(1-2), 25-54. [DOI:10.1300/J075v26n01_02]##Brassington, L., Ferreira, N. B., Yates, S., Fearn, J., Lanza, P., Kemp, K., et al. (2016). Better living with illness: A transdiagnostic acceptance and commitment therapy group intervention for chronic physical illness. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(4), 208-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.09.001]##Clarke, S., Kingston, J., James, K., Bolderston, H., & Remington, B. (2014). Acceptance and commitment therapy group for treatment-resistant participants: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(3), 179-88. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.04.005]##Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 241-53. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4]##Dionne, F., Ngô, T. L., & Blais, M. C. (2013). The psychological flexibility model: A new approach to mental health. Sante Mentale au Quebec, 38(2), 111-30. [DOI:10.7202/1023992ar] [PMID]##Flaxman, P. E., Blackledge, J. T., & Bond, F. W. (2010). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Distinctive features. Abingdon: Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780203834688]##Gandy, M., Karin, E., Jones, M. P., McDonald, S., Sharpe, L., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2018). Exploring psychological mechanisms of clinical response to an internet‐delivered psychological pain management program. European Journal of Pain, 22(8), 1502-16. [DOI:10.1002/ejp.1239] [PMID]##Harley, J. (2015). Bridging the gap between cognitive therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 131-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.252]##Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180-98. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Levin, M. E. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a unified model of behavior change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 976-1002. [DOI:10.1177/0011000012460836]##Hayes, S. C., & Strosahl, K. D. (2004). A practical guide to acceptance and commitment therapy. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-23369-7]##Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865-78. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kelso, K. C. (2017). Inside this moment: a clinician's guide to promoting radical change using acceptance and commitment therapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(2), 174.##Strosahl, K. D., Robinson, P. J., & Gustavsson, T. (2015). Inside this moment: A clinician’s guide to promoting radical change using acceptance and commitment therapy. Oakland, California: New Harbinger Publications. [DOI:10.1080/16506073.2016.1198418]##Kohandani, M., & Abolmaali Alhosseini, K. (2017). [Factor structure and psychometric properties of Persian version of cognitive flexibility of Dennis, Vander Wal and Jillon (Persian)]. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models, 8(29), 53-70.##Lappalainen, P., Granlund, A., Siltanen, S., Ahonen, S., Vitikainen, M., Tolvanen, A., et al. (2014). ACT internet-based vs face-to-face? A randomized controlled trial of two ways to deliver acceptance and commitment therapy for depressive symptoms: An 18-month follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 61, 43-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.006] [PMID]##Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-6. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623]##Masuda, A., & Tully, E. C. (2012). The role of mindfulness and psychological flexibility in somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress in a nonclinical college sample. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 66-71. [DOI:10.1177/2156587211423400]##Mazzone, L., Battaglia, L., Andreozzi, F., Romeo, M. A., & Mazzone, D. (2009). Emotional impact in β-thalassaemia major children following cognitive-behavioural family therapy and quality of life of caregiving mothers. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 5. [DOI:10.1186/1745-0179-5-5] [PMID] [PMCID]##McCracken, L. M., & Gutiérrez-Martínez, O. (2011). Processes of change in psychological flexibility in an interdisciplinary group-based treatment for chronic pain based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(4), 267-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2011.02.004] [PMID]##McCracken, L. M., & Jones, R. (2012). Treatment for chronic pain for adults in the seventh and eighth decades of life: A preliminary study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Pain Medicine, 13(7), 861-7. [DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01407.x] [PMID]##McCracken, L. M., & Morley, S. (2014). The psychological flexibility model: A basis for integration and progress in psychological approaches to chronic pain management. The Journal of Pain, 15(3), 221-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.10.014] [PMID]##Morris, E. M., Johns, L. C., & Oliver, J. E. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness for psychosis. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. [DOI:10.1002/9781118499184]##Padhi, S., Maharshi, S., Gupta, G. K., Garg, K., & Nijhawan, S. (2018). Efficacy and safety of direct acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C in Thalassemic children. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 40(7), 511-4. [DOI:10.1097/MPH.0000000000001217] [PMID]##Pattanashetti, M., Mugali, J., Pattanashetty, N., & Patil, S. (2017). A study of severity of depression in Thalassemia patients. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(2), 33. ##Scott, W., Daly, A., Yu, L., & McCracken, L. M. (2017). Treatment of chronic pain for adults 65 and over: Analyses of outcomes and changes in psychological flexibility following interdisciplinary Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Pain Medicine, 18(2), 252-264. [DOI:10.1093/pm/pnw073] [PMID]##Shafiee, A., Nazari, S., Jorjani, S., Bahraminia, E., & Sadeghi-Koupaei, M. (2014). Prevalence of depression in patients with β-thalassemia as assessed by the beck’s depression inventory. Hemoglobin, 38(4), 289-91. [DOI:10.3109/03630269.2014.929008] [PMID]##Sianturi, R., Keliat, B. A., & Wardani, I. Y. (2018). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety in clients with stroke. Enfermeria Clinica, 28, 94-7. [DOI:10.1016/S1130-8621(18)30045-7]##Whiting, D. L. (2016). A trial of acceptance and commitment therapy to facilitate psychological adjustment after a traumatic brain injury [PhD. dissertation]. Wollongong: University of Wollongong.##Whiting, D. L., Deane, F. P., Simpson, G. K., McLeod, H. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2017). Cognitive and psychological flexibility after a traumatic brain injury and the implications for treatment in acceptance-based therapies: A conceptual review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 27(2), 263-99. [DOI:10.1080/09602011.2015.1062115] [PMID]##Yaghobi, M., Miri-Moghaddam, E., Majid, N., Bazi, A., Navidian, A., & Kalkali, A. (2017). Complications of transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia patients in Sistan and Baluchistan, south-east of Iran. International Journal of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research, 11(4), 268-72. [PMID] [PMCID]##Yengil, E., Acipayam, C., Kokacya, M. H., Kurhan, F., Oktay, G., & Ozer, C. (2014). Anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients with beta thalassemia major and their caregivers. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 7(8), 2165-72. [PMID] [PMCID] ##

The Effectiveness of Narrative Therapy on Reducing the Fear of Intimacy in Couples 2 2 Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of narrative therapy on reducing the fear of intimacy in couples.  Methods: To achieve this purpose, the present research opted for a quasi-experimental study, including pre-test and post-test with a control group. The study population included couples seeking improvement in their relationships who attended Delphi Clinic, a center for counseling and psychological services in Tehran City, Iran. The study sample consisted of 12 couples (24 individuals) who had achieved the highest scores compared to the mean scores in the Fear of Intimacy Scale (FIS). Sampling was carried out through a purposive sampling method, and the members were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (each containing 6 couples). Having performed the pre-test and completed the FIS, the experimental group participated in the two-hour sessions of narrative therapy for 14 weeks, and the control group was put on the waiting list. At the end of the sessions, all 12 couples responded to the FIS again as the post-test.  Results: The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance. According to the obtained results, 75% of the differences observed in the scores of the post-test FIS were caused by the effect of narrative therapy intervention. Therefore, with a 99% confidence, narrative therapy can reduce the fear of intimacy in couples when compared to the control group. Conclusion: In summary, couple narrative therapy can reduce the fear of intimacy by constructing new meanings in couples’ lives. 117 124 2018/11/232018/12/72018/10/122018/09/62018/11/26 1397/9/5 2019/02/122019/02/192019/01/282019/01/162019/03/1 1397/12/10 Seyedhadi Yeganehfarzand Seyedhadi Yeganehfarzand Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran yeganeh_hadi65@yahoo.com Kianoush Zahrakar Kianoush Zahrakar Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Farshad Mohsenzadeh Farshad Mohsenzadeh Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Narrative therapy Fear Couple therapy Abedi, A. (2006). [Storytelling in a narrative style (Persian)]. Paper presented at: Paper presented at The First National Congress of Art Therapy in Iran. 28-30 November; Tehran, Iran.##Ahmadi, S., Borghei, S., & Abbassi, Z. (2016). [Comparison between the effect of education on the basis of attachment narrative therapy and apirituality on marital conflicts (Persian)]. Islam and Psychological Research Journal Quarterly, 2(4), 99-112.##Banker, J. E., Kaestle, C. E., & Allen, K. R. (2010). Dating is hard work: A narrative approach to understanding sexual and romantic relationships in young adulthood. Contemporary Family Therapy, 32(2), 173-91. [DOI:10.1007/s10591-009-9111-9]##Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-78. [DOI:10.1177/0265407590072001]##Behradfar, R., Jazayeri, R., Bahrami, F., Abedi, M., R., Etemadi, O., & Fatemi, S. M. (2016). [A comparative scrutiny of the effectiveness of Emotionally-Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) and Narrative Couple Therapy (NCT) in the marital quality and emotional, cognitive and behavioral impaired functioning of distressed couples (Persian)]. Family Psychology, 3(1), 3-16.##Berman, E. M., & Lief, H. L. (1975). Marital therapy from a psychiatric perspective: An overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132(6), 583-92. [DOI:10.1176/ajp.132.6.583] [PMID]##Blanton, P. W., & Vandergriff-Avery, M. (2001). Marital therapy and marital power: Constructing narratives of sharing relational and positional power. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(3), 295-308. [DOI:10.1023/A:1011131032386]##Crawford, M., & Unger, R. (1994). Gender issues in psychology. Companion Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2, 1007-27.##Descutner, C. J., & Thelen, M. H. (1991). Development and validation of a fear of intimacy scale. Psychological Assessment, 3(2), 218-25. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.3.2.218]##Falahzade, H., Sanai Zaker, B. & Farzad, V. (2013). [A study on the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy and integrated systemic couple therapy on reducing intimacy anxiety (Persian)]. Family Research, 8(4), 465-84. ##Fletcher, G. (2002). The new science of intimate relationships. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. [DOI:10.1002/9780470773390]##Freedman, J., & Combs, G. (1996). Narrative therapy the social construction of preferred realities. New York: WW Norton & Company.##Frost DM. (2011). Stigma and intimacy in same-sex relationships: A narrative approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(1):1-10. [DOI:10.1037/a0022374] [PMID]##Frost, D. M. (2013). The narrative construction of intimacy and affect in relationship stories Implications for relationship quality, stability, and mental health. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 247-269. [DOI:10.1177/0265407512454463]##Ghaderi, Z., Khodadadi, Z., & Abbasi, Z. (2010). [On the effectiveness of the integrated approach with redecision and narrative therapies in controlling adolescent girls’ emotions (Persian)]. Journal of Women and Society, 1(3), 137-48.##Goldenberg, H. & Goldenberg, I. (2015). Family therapy. (8th edition) [M. Firouzbakht, Persian Trans.]. Tehran: Rasa.##Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (2000). The timing of divorce: Predicting when a couple will divorce over a 14 years period. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(3), 737-45. [DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00737.x]##Heller, P. E., & Wood, B. (1998). The process of intimacy: Similarity, understanding and gender. Journal of Marital and Family therapy, 24(3), 273-88. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1998.tb01085.x] [PMID]##Khodabakhsh M, Kiani F, Nouri Tiratashi I, & Khastouheshjin, H. (2014). [The effectiveness of narrative therapy on increasing couples intimacy and its dimensions: Implication for treatment (Persian)]. Semi-annual Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 4(4), 607-31.##Madigan, S. (2017). Narrative therapy: Theory and practice [A. H. Khajeh, & A. A. Amiri, Persian Trans.]. Tehran: Daanzheh.##Masters, A. (2008). Marriage, commitment and divorce in a matching model with differential aging. Review of Economic Dynamics, 11(3), 614-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.red.2007.08.005]##Mirzadeh, M., & Fallahchay, R. (2012). The relationship between forgiveness and marital satisfaction. Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 2(6), 278-82.##Naeimi, E., & Shirashtiani, A. (2016) [Effectiveness of the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy on vitality and emotional control in divorce applicant women (Persian)]. Journal of Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 7(27), 149-69.##Narimani, M., Abbasi, M., Bagyan, M. J. & Bakhti, M. (2014). [Comparison of two approaches based on acceptance and commitment training (ACT) and a modified version of group therapy on early maladaptive schemas in clients in divorce (Persian)]. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 4(1), 1-28.##Nouri Tirtashi, E. & Kazemi, N. (2012). [The effectiveness of narrative therapy on amount of forgiveness in women (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(2), 71-8.##Payne, M. (2016). Narrative therapy: An introduction for counselors [M. Esmailie Nasab & H. Panahi, Persian Trans.]. Tehran: Roshd.##Priscilla, W. B., & Vandergriff-Avery, M. (2001). Marital therapy and marital power: Constructing narratives of sharing relational and positional power. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(3), 259-308. [DOI:10.1023/A:1011131032386]##Rabiee, S., Fatehizadeh, M., & Bahrami, F. (2008). [The effect of narrative couple therapy on couples’ family functioning in Isfahan (Persian)]. Family Research, 4(14), 179-91.##Rostami Sani, L. (2007). [Effectiveness of narrative therapy in reducing depression in female dormitory students (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaei University.##Sanderson, C. A., & Karetsky, K. H. (2002). Intimacy goals and strategies of conflict resolution in dating relationships: A mediational analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19(3), 323-43. [DOI:10.1177/0265407502193002]##Schaefer, M. T., & Olson, D. H. (1981). Assessing intimacy: The PAIR inventory. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 7(1), 47-60. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1981.tb01351.x]##Skerrett, K. (2010). Good enough stories: Helping couples invest in one another’s growth. Family Process, 49(4), 503-16. [DOI:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2010.01336.x] [PMID]##Vacy, A. (2012). [Designing and comparing of two therapy programs based on narrative therapy principles and therapy based on Quran teachings in reduction of marital conflicts (Persian)]. Semi-Annual Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 2(3), 340-57.##Vangelisti, A. L., & Beck, G. (2007). Intimacy and fear of intimacy. In L. L. Abate, D. D. Embry, & M. S. Baggett (Eds.), Low-Cost Approaches to Promote Physical and Mental Health (pp. 395-414). Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/0-387-36899-X_20]##Walker, A. J. & Thompson, L. (1983). Intimacy and intergenerational aid and contact among mothers and daughters. Journal of Marriage and Family, 45(4), 841-9. [DOI: 10.2307/351796] [DOI:10.2307/351796]##White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York: WW Norton & Company.##Abedi, A. (2006). [Storytelling in a narrative style (Persian)]. Paper presented at: Paper presented at The First National Congress of Art Therapy in Iran. 28-30 November; Tehran, Iran.##Ahmadi, S., Borghei, S., & Abbassi, Z. (2016). [Comparison between the effect of education on the basis of attachment narrative therapy and apirituality on marital conflicts (Persian)]. Islam and Psychological Research Journal Quarterly, 2(4), 99-112.##Banker, J. E., Kaestle, C. E., & Allen, K. R. (2010). Dating is hard work: A narrative approach to understanding sexual and romantic relationships in young adulthood. Contemporary Family Therapy, 32(2), 173-91. [DOI:10.1007/s10591-009-9111-9]##Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-78. [DOI:10.1177/0265407590072001]##Behradfar, R., Jazayeri, R., Bahrami, F., Abedi, M., R., Etemadi, O., & Fatemi, S. M. (2016). [A comparative scrutiny of the effectiveness of Emotionally-Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) and Narrative Couple Therapy (NCT) in the marital quality and emotional, cognitive and behavioral impaired functioning of distressed couples (Persian)]. Family Psychology, 3(1), 3-16.##Berman, E. M., & Lief, H. L. (1975). Marital therapy from a psychiatric perspective: An overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132(6), 583-92. [DOI:10.1176/ajp.132.6.583] [PMID]##Blanton, P. W., & Vandergriff-Avery, M. (2001). Marital therapy and marital power: Constructing narratives of sharing relational and positional power. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(3), 295-308. [DOI:10.1023/A:1011131032386]##Crawford, M., & Unger, R. (1994). Gender issues in psychology. Companion Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2, 1007-27.##Descutner, C. J., & Thelen, M. H. (1991). Development and validation of a fear of intimacy scale. Psychological Assessment, 3(2), 218-25. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.3.2.218]##Falahzade, H., Sanai Zaker, B. & Farzad, V. (2013). [A study on the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy and integrated systemic couple therapy on reducing intimacy anxiety (Persian)]. Family Research, 8(4), 465-84. ##Fletcher, G. (2002). The new science of intimate relationships. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. [DOI:10.1002/9780470773390]##Freedman, J., & Combs, G. (1996). Narrative therapy the social construction of preferred realities. New York: WW Norton & Company.##Frost DM. (2011). Stigma and intimacy in same-sex relationships: A narrative approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(1):1-10. [DOI:10.1037/a0022374] [PMID]##Frost, D. M. (2013). The narrative construction of intimacy and affect in relationship stories Implications for relationship quality, stability, and mental health. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 247-269. [DOI:10.1177/0265407512454463]##Ghaderi, Z., Khodadadi, Z., & Abbasi, Z. (2010). [On the effectiveness of the integrated approach with redecision and narrative therapies in controlling adolescent girls’ emotions (Persian)]. Journal of Women and Society, 1(3), 137-48.##Goldenberg, H. & Goldenberg, I. (2015). Family therapy. (8th edition) [M. Firouzbakht, Persian Trans.]. Tehran: Rasa.##Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (2000). The timing of divorce: Predicting when a couple will divorce over a 14 years period. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(3), 737-45. [DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00737.x]##Heller, P. E., & Wood, B. (1998). The process of intimacy: Similarity, understanding and gender. Journal of Marital and Family therapy, 24(3), 273-88. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1998.tb01085.x] [PMID]##Khodabakhsh M, Kiani F, Nouri Tiratashi I, & Khastouheshjin, H. (2014). [The effectiveness of narrative therapy on increasing couples intimacy and its dimensions: Implication for treatment (Persian)]. Semi-annual Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 4(4), 607-31.##Madigan, S. (2017). Narrative therapy: Theory and practice [A. H. Khajeh, & A. A. Amiri, Persian Trans.]. Tehran: Daanzheh.##Masters, A. (2008). Marriage, commitment and divorce in a matching model with differential aging. Review of Economic Dynamics, 11(3), 614-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.red.2007.08.005]##Mirzadeh, M., & Fallahchay, R. (2012). The relationship between forgiveness and marital satisfaction. Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 2(6), 278-82.##Naeimi, E., & Shirashtiani, A. (2016) [Effectiveness of the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy on vitality and emotional control in divorce applicant women (Persian)]. Journal of Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 7(27), 149-69.##Narimani, M., Abbasi, M., Bagyan, M. J. & Bakhti, M. (2014). [Comparison of two approaches based on acceptance and commitment training (ACT) and a modified version of group therapy on early maladaptive schemas in clients in divorce (Persian)]. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 4(1), 1-28.##Nouri Tirtashi, E. & Kazemi, N. (2012). [The effectiveness of narrative therapy on amount of forgiveness in women (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(2), 71-8.##Payne, M. (2016). Narrative therapy: An introduction for counselors [M. Esmailie Nasab & H. Panahi, Persian Trans.]. Tehran: Roshd.##Priscilla, W. B., & Vandergriff-Avery, M. (2001). Marital therapy and marital power: Constructing narratives of sharing relational and positional power. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(3), 259-308. [DOI:10.1023/A:1011131032386]##Rabiee, S., Fatehizadeh, M., & Bahrami, F. (2008). [The effect of narrative couple therapy on couples’ family functioning in Isfahan (Persian)]. Family Research, 4(14), 179-91.##Rostami Sani, L. (2007). [Effectiveness of narrative therapy in reducing depression in female dormitory students (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaei University.##Sanderson, C. A., & Karetsky, K. H. (2002). Intimacy goals and strategies of conflict resolution in dating relationships: A mediational analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19(3), 323-43. [DOI:10.1177/0265407502193002]##Schaefer, M. T., & Olson, D. H. (1981). Assessing intimacy: The PAIR inventory. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 7(1), 47-60. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1981.tb01351.x]##Skerrett, K. (2010). Good enough stories: Helping couples invest in one another’s growth. Family Process, 49(4), 503-16. [DOI:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2010.01336.x] [PMID]##Vacy, A. (2012). [Designing and comparing of two therapy programs based on narrative therapy principles and therapy based on Quran teachings in reduction of marital conflicts (Persian)]. Semi-Annual Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 2(3), 340-57.##Vangelisti, A. L., & Beck, G. (2007). Intimacy and fear of intimacy. In L. L. Abate, D. D. Embry, & M. S. Baggett (Eds.), Low-Cost Approaches to Promote Physical and Mental Health (pp. 395-414). Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/0-387-36899-X_20]##Walker, A. J. & Thompson, L. (1983). Intimacy and intergenerational aid and contact among mothers and daughters. Journal of Marriage and Family, 45(4), 841-9. [DOI: 10.2307/351796] [DOI:10.2307/351796]##White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York: WW Norton & Company.## ##

Predicting Suicidality and Addictions Among University Students Based on Adverse Childhood Experiences and Exposure to Family Members’ and Friends’ Suicide 2 2 Objective: This research aimed to predict suicidality and addiction (substance, alcohol, cigarette, psychoactive drugs) among university students based on Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and exposure to the suicide of family members and or friends. Methods: The research method was cross-sectional. The statistical community included all students of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil City, Iran, in 2018. A sample of 500 people was selected through convenience sampling method. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics indices, the Pearson correlation, and regression analysis in SPSS V. 23. The study measures included depressive symptom-suicidality subscale, adverse childhood experiences, substance, alcohol, cigarette, psychoactive drugs abuse, and exposure to suicidal behavior.  Results: The findings show a significant correlation between ACEs and suicide, substance, alcohol, cigarette, psychoactive drugs abuse. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the person’s suicide and exposure to the suicide of a friend and or a family member. Exposure to friends’ suicide had a significant correlation with substance, alcohol, cigarette, and psychoactive drugs abuses, but there was no significant correlation between exposure to family members’ suicide and addictions. Moreover, in the predicting variables, findings showed that ACEs can predict both suicide (r=0.322) and addictions; cigarette smoking (r=0.244), alcohol consumption (r=0.216), substance abuse (r=0.180) and street drugs (r= 0.172). However, exposure to friends’ and family members’ suicide did not have this predicting power.  Conclusion: Adverse childhood experiences play an important part in suicidality and addiction, and we should prevent these experiences by working on the family. 125 136 2018/11/232018/12/72018/10/122018/09/62018/11/262018/09/21 1397/6/30 2019/02/122019/02/192019/01/282019/01/162019/03/12019/02/8 1397/11/19 Ahmadreza Kiani Ahmadreza Kiani Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran. Iran ahmadreza_kiani@yahoo.com Shokoufeh Ramezani Shokoufeh Ramezani Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran. Iran Akbar Atadokht Akbar Atadokht Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran. Iran Suicide Addiction Adverse childhood experiences Exposure Students Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., et al. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174-86.‌ [DOI: 10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4]##Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-80. [PMID: 10842426]##Amin‐Esmaeili, M., Rahimi‐Movaghar, A., Sharifi, V., Hajebi, A., Radgoodarzi, R., Mojtabai, R., et al. (2016). Epidemiology of illicit drug use disorders in Iran: prevalence, correlates, comorbidity, and service utilization results from the Iranian Mental Health Survey. Addiction, 111(10), 1836-47. [DOI:10.4178/epih.e2018030] [PMID] [PMCID]##Anda, R. F., Butchart, A., Felitti, V. J., & Brown, D. W. (2010). Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health implications of adverse childhood experiences. American Journal of preventive medicine, 39(1), 93-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.03.015] [PMID]##Anda, R. F., Croft, J. B., Felitti, V. J., Nordenberg, D., Giles, W. H., Williamson, D. F., et al. (1999). Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. JAMA, 282(17), 1652-8. [DOI:10.1001/jama.282.17.1652] [PMID]##Becker, W. C., & Fiellin, D. A. (2017). Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations-putting the potential benefits into perspective. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(22), 2103-5. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMp1701553] [PMID]##Brown, D. W., Anda, R. F., Tiemeier, H., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., Croft, J. B., et al. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(5), 389-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.021]##Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 217-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013] [PMID]##Dehshiri, G., & Mousavi, S. F. (2015). Potential for drug abuse: The predictive role of parenting styles, stress and type D personality (Persian)]. Research on Addiction, 9(33), 91-106.##Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D., & O’Connor, R. C. (2016). A structural test of the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior. Psychiatry Research, 239, 169-78. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.023] [PMID]##Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(24), 3089-96. [DOI:10.1001/jama.286.24.3089] [PMID]##Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics, 111(3), 564-72. [DOI:10.1542/peds.111.3.564] [PMID]##Eskin, M., Sun, J. M., Abuidhail, J., Yoshimasu, K., Kujan, O., Janghorbani, et al. (2016). Suicidal behavior and psychological distress in university students: A 12-nation Study. Journal Archives of Suicide Research, 20(3), 369–88. [DOI/10.1080/13811118.2015.1054055]##Font, S. A., & Maguire-Jack, K. (2016). Pathways from childhood abuse and other adversities to adult health risks: the role of adult socioeconomic conditions. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 390-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.05.013] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hassanian-Moghaddam, H., & Zamani, N. (2017). Suicide in Iran: The facts and the figures from nationwide reports. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 73-7. [PMID] [PMCID]##Hill, S. Y., Tessner, K. D., & McDermott, M. D. (2011). Psychopathology in offspring from families of alcohol dependent female probands: A prospective study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(3), 285-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.08.005] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hussong, A., Bauer, D., & Chassin, L. (2008). Telescoped trajectories from alcohol initiation to disorder in children of alcoholic parents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1):63-78.[DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.63] [PMID] [PMCID]##Joiner Jr, T. E., Pfaff, J. J., & Acres, J. G. (2002). A brief screening tool for suicidal symptoms in adolescents and young adults in general health settings: Reliability and validity data from the Australian national general practice youth suicide prevention project. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40(4), 471-81. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00017-1]##Kabir, K., Bahari, A., Hajizadeh, M., Allahverdipour, H., Tarrahi, M. J., Fakhari, A., et al. (2018). Substance abuse behaviors among university freshmen in Iran: A latent class analysis. Epidemiology and Health, 40, e2018030. [DOI:10.4178/epih.e2018030] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kiani Chelmardi, A.R., Rashid, S., Honarmand, P., & Tamook, F. (2018). [structural test of the interpersonal theory of suicide model in students (Persian)]. Contemporary Psychology, Biannual. Journal of the Iranian Psychological Association, 13(1), 50-61. [DOI: 10.32598/bjcp.13.1.50]##Ma, J., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Han, J. (2016). A systematic review of the predictions of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 34-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.008] [PMID]##Maltsberger, J. T. (2003). Reducing suicide: A national imperative. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(9), 623-4. [DOI:10.1097/01.nmd.0000087330.14485.41]##Mars, B., Heron, J., Klonsky, E. D., Moran, P., O'Connor, R. C., Tilling, K., et al. (2019). What distinguishes adolescents with suicidal thoughts from those who have attempted suicide? A population-based birth cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(1), 91-9. [DOI:10.1111/jcpp.12878] [PMID] [PMCID]##Miller, A. B., Esposito-Smythers, C., Weismoore, J. T., & Renshaw, K. D. (2013). The relation between child maltreatment and adolescent suicidal behavior: A systematic review and critical examination of the literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(2), 146-72. [DOI:10.1007/s10567-013-0131-5] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mortier, P., Cuijpers, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., et al. (2018). The prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among college students: a metaanalysis. Psychological Medicine, 48(4), 554–65. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291717002215]##Lipschitz, D. S., Winegar, R. K., Nicolaou, A. L., Hartnick, E., Wolfson, M., & Southwick, S. M. (1999). Perceived abuse and neglect as risk factors for suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(1), 32-9.‌##O’connor, R. C., Armitage, C. J., & Gray, L. (2006). The role of clinical and social cognitive variables in parasuicide. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 465-81. [DOI:10.1348/014466505X82315] [PMID]##O’connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2012). Distinguishing adolescents who think about self-harm from those who engage in self-harm. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 330-5. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097808] [PMID]##Oladeji, B. D., Makanjuola, V. A., & Gureje, O. (2010). Family-related adverse childhood experiences as risk factors for psychiatric disorders in Nigeria. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(3), 186-91. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.063677] [PMID] [PMCID]##Parolin, M., Simonelli, A., Mapelli, D., Sacco, M., & Cristofalo, P. (2016). Parental substance abuse as an early traumatic event. Preliminary findings on neuropsychological and personality functioning in young drug addicts exposed to drugs early. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(887), 1-15. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00887]##Ports, K. A., Merrick, M. T., Stone, D. M., Wilkins, N. J., Reed, J., Ebin, J., et al. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and suicide risk: Toward comprehensive prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(3), 400-3. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.03.015] [PMID] [PMCID]##Quinn, K., Boone, L., Scheidell, J. D., Mateu-Gelabert, P., McGorray, S. P., Beharie, N., et al. (2016). The relationships of childhood trauma and adulthood prescription pain reliever misuse and injection drug use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 190-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.021] [PMID] [PMCID]##Rashid, S., Khorramdel, K., Gholami, F., & Senobar, L. (2016). The relationship between interpersonal psychological theory of suicide constructs (loneliness, perceived social support, thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness) and suicidal behavior among Iranian students. Health Education & Health Promotion, 4(2), 35-48.##Reavis, J. A., Looman, J., Franco, K. A., & Rojas, B. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: How long must we live before we possess our own lives?. The Permanente Journal, 17(2), 44-8.‌ [DOI:10.7812/TPP/12-072]##Rothman, E. F., Edwards, E. M., Heeren, T., & Hingson, R. W. (2008). Adverse childhood experiences predict earlier age of drinking onset: Results from a representative US sample of current or former drinkers. Pediatrics, 122(2), e298-e304. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2007-3412] [PMID]##Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., & Gore, S. (2007). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health, 7, 30. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-7-30] [PMID] [PMCID]##Sher, L. (2017). Commentary: Adverse childhood experiences and risk for Suicidal Behavior in male Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Seeking PtSD treatment. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(72), 1-3. [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00072]##Shonkoff, J. P. (2016). Capitalizing on advances in science to reduce the health consequences of early childhood adversity. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(10), 1003-7. [DOI:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1559] [PMID]##Thompson, N. J., Potter, J. S., Sanderson, C. A., & Maibach, E.W. (1997). The relationship between sexual abuse and HIV risk behaviors among heterosexual adult female STD patients. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(2):149-56. [DOI:10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00140-8]##Tsavoussis, A., Stawicki, S., Stoicea, N., & Papadimos, T. J. (2014). Child-witnessed domestic violence and its adverse effects on brain development: a call for societal self-examination and awareness. Frontiers in Public Health, 2, 178. [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00178] [PMID] [PMCID]##Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 72-83. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72] [PMID]##Veisani, Y., Delpisheh, A., Mohamadian, F., & Valizadeh, R. (2018). Trends of suicide attempts and completed suicide in Ilam province of Iran; A demographic analysis study. Bulletin of Emergency & Trauma, 6(3), 245-8. [DOI:10.29252/beat-060310] [PMID] [PMCID]##von Glischinski, M., Teismann, T., Prinz, S., Gebauer, J. E., & Hirschfeld, G. (2016). Depressive symptom inventory suicidality subscale: Optimal cut points for clinical and non‐clinical samples. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(6), 543-9. [DOI:10.1002/cpp.2007] [PMID]##Voss, W. D., Kaufman, E., O’Connor, S. S., Comtois, K. A., Conner, K. R., & Ries, R. K. (2013). Preventing addiction-related suicide: A pilot study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(5), 565-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.10.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##Weitzman, E. R., & Wechsler, H. (2000). Alcohol use, abuse, and related problems among children of problem drinkers: findings from a national survey of college alcohol use. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188(3), 148-54. [DOI:10.1097/00005053-200003000-00004] [PMID]##Yasamy, M. T., Shahmohammadi, D., Bagheri Yazdi, S. A., Layeghi, H., Bolhari, J., Razzaghi, E. M., et al. (2001). Mental health in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Achievements and areas of need. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 7(3), 381-91. [PMID]##Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., et al. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174-86.‌ [DOI: 10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4]##Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-80. [PMID: 10842426]##Amin‐Esmaeili, M., Rahimi‐Movaghar, A., Sharifi, V., Hajebi, A., Radgoodarzi, R., Mojtabai, R., et al. (2016). Epidemiology of illicit drug use disorders in Iran: prevalence, correlates, comorbidity, and service utilization results from the Iranian Mental Health Survey. Addiction, 111(10), 1836-47. [DOI:10.4178/epih.e2018030] [PMID] [PMCID]##Anda, R. F., Butchart, A., Felitti, V. J., & Brown, D. W. (2010). Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health implications of adverse childhood experiences. American Journal of preventive medicine, 39(1), 93-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.03.015] [PMID]##Anda, R. F., Croft, J. B., Felitti, V. J., Nordenberg, D., Giles, W. H., Williamson, D. F., et al. (1999). Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. JAMA, 282(17), 1652-8. [DOI:10.1001/jama.282.17.1652] [PMID]##Becker, W. C., & Fiellin, D. A. (2017). Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations-putting the potential benefits into perspective. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(22), 2103-5. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMp1701553] [PMID]##Brown, D. W., Anda, R. F., Tiemeier, H., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., Croft, J. B., et al. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(5), 389-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.021]##Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 217-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013] [PMID]##Dehshiri, G., & Mousavi, S. F. (2015). Potential for drug abuse: The predictive role of parenting styles, stress and type D personality (Persian)]. Research on Addiction, 9(33), 91-106.##Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D., & O’Connor, R. C. (2016). A structural test of the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior. Psychiatry Research, 239, 169-78. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.023] [PMID]##Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(24), 3089-96. [DOI:10.1001/jama.286.24.3089] [PMID]##Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics, 111(3), 564-72. [DOI:10.1542/peds.111.3.564] [PMID]##Eskin, M., Sun, J. M., Abuidhail, J., Yoshimasu, K., Kujan, O., Janghorbani, et al. (2016). Suicidal behavior and psychological distress in university students: A 12-nation Study. Journal Archives of Suicide Research, 20(3), 369–88. [DOI/10.1080/13811118.2015.1054055]##Font, S. A., & Maguire-Jack, K. (2016). Pathways from childhood abuse and other adversities to adult health risks: the role of adult socioeconomic conditions. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 390-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.05.013] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hassanian-Moghaddam, H., & Zamani, N. (2017). Suicide in Iran: The facts and the figures from nationwide reports. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 73-7. [PMID] [PMCID]##Hill, S. Y., Tessner, K. D., & McDermott, M. D. (2011). Psychopathology in offspring from families of alcohol dependent female probands: A prospective study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(3), 285-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.08.005] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hussong, A., Bauer, D., & Chassin, L. (2008). Telescoped trajectories from alcohol initiation to disorder in children of alcoholic parents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1):63-78.[DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.63] [PMID] [PMCID]##Joiner Jr, T. E., Pfaff, J. J., & Acres, J. G. (2002). A brief screening tool for suicidal symptoms in adolescents and young adults in general health settings: Reliability and validity data from the Australian national general practice youth suicide prevention project. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40(4), 471-81. [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00017-1]##Kabir, K., Bahari, A., Hajizadeh, M., Allahverdipour, H., Tarrahi, M. J., Fakhari, A., et al. (2018). Substance abuse behaviors among university freshmen in Iran: A latent class analysis. Epidemiology and Health, 40, e2018030. [DOI:10.4178/epih.e2018030] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kiani Chelmardi, A.R., Rashid, S., Honarmand, P., & Tamook, F. (2018). [structural test of the interpersonal theory of suicide model in students (Persian)]. Contemporary Psychology, Biannual. Journal of the Iranian Psychological Association, 13(1), 50-61. [DOI: 10.32598/bjcp.13.1.50]##Ma, J., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Han, J. (2016). A systematic review of the predictions of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 34-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.008] [PMID]##Maltsberger, J. T. (2003). Reducing suicide: A national imperative. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(9), 623-4. [DOI:10.1097/01.nmd.0000087330.14485.41]##Mars, B., Heron, J., Klonsky, E. D., Moran, P., O'Connor, R. C., Tilling, K., et al. (2019). What distinguishes adolescents with suicidal thoughts from those who have attempted suicide? A population-based birth cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(1), 91-9. [DOI:10.1111/jcpp.12878] [PMID] [PMCID]##Miller, A. B., Esposito-Smythers, C., Weismoore, J. T., & Renshaw, K. D. (2013). The relation between child maltreatment and adolescent suicidal behavior: A systematic review and critical examination of the literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(2), 146-72. [DOI:10.1007/s10567-013-0131-5] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mortier, P., Cuijpers, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., et al. (2018). The prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among college students: a metaanalysis. Psychological Medicine, 48(4), 554–65. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291717002215]##Lipschitz, D. S., Winegar, R. K., Nicolaou, A. L., Hartnick, E., Wolfson, M., & Southwick, S. M. (1999). Perceived abuse and neglect as risk factors for suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(1), 32-9.‌##O’connor, R. C., Armitage, C. J., & Gray, L. (2006). The role of clinical and social cognitive variables in parasuicide. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 465-81. [DOI:10.1348/014466505X82315] [PMID]##O’connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2012). Distinguishing adolescents who think about self-harm from those who engage in self-harm. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 330-5. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097808] [PMID]##Oladeji, B. D., Makanjuola, V. A., & Gureje, O. (2010). Family-related adverse childhood experiences as risk factors for psychiatric disorders in Nigeria. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(3), 186-91. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.063677] [PMID] [PMCID]##Parolin, M., Simonelli, A., Mapelli, D., Sacco, M., & Cristofalo, P. (2016). Parental substance abuse as an early traumatic event. Preliminary findings on neuropsychological and personality functioning in young drug addicts exposed to drugs early. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(887), 1-15. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00887]##Ports, K. A., Merrick, M. T., Stone, D. M., Wilkins, N. J., Reed, J., Ebin, J., et al. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and suicide risk: Toward comprehensive prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(3), 400-3. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.03.015] [PMID] [PMCID]##Quinn, K., Boone, L., Scheidell, J. D., Mateu-Gelabert, P., McGorray, S. P., Beharie, N., et al. (2016). The relationships of childhood trauma and adulthood prescription pain reliever misuse and injection drug use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 190-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.021] [PMID] [PMCID]##Rashid, S., Khorramdel, K., Gholami, F., & Senobar, L. (2016). The relationship between interpersonal psychological theory of suicide constructs (loneliness, perceived social support, thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness) and suicidal behavior among Iranian students. Health Education & Health Promotion, 4(2), 35-48.##Reavis, J. A., Looman, J., Franco, K. A., & Rojas, B. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: How long must we live before we possess our own lives?. The Permanente Journal, 17(2), 44-8.‌ [DOI:10.7812/TPP/12-072]##Rothman, E. F., Edwards, E. M., Heeren, T., & Hingson, R. W. (2008). Adverse childhood experiences predict earlier age of drinking onset: Results from a representative US sample of current or former drinkers. Pediatrics, 122(2), e298-e304. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2007-3412] [PMID]##Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., & Gore, S. (2007). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health, 7, 30. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-7-30] [PMID] [PMCID]##Sher, L. (2017). Commentary: Adverse childhood experiences and risk for Suicidal Behavior in male Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Seeking PtSD treatment. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(72), 1-3. [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00072]##Shonkoff, J. P. (2016). Capitalizing on advances in science to reduce the health consequences of early childhood adversity. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(10), 1003-7. [DOI:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1559] [PMID]##Thompson, N. J., Potter, J. S., Sanderson, C. A., & Maibach, E.W. (1997). The relationship between sexual abuse and HIV risk behaviors among heterosexual adult female STD patients. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(2):149-56. [DOI:10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00140-8]##Tsavoussis, A., Stawicki, S., Stoicea, N., & Papadimos, T. J. (2014). Child-witnessed domestic violence and its adverse effects on brain development: a call for societal self-examination and awareness. Frontiers in Public Health, 2, 178. [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00178] [PMID] [PMCID]##Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 72-83. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72] [PMID]##Veisani, Y., Delpisheh, A., Mohamadian, F., & Valizadeh, R. (2018). Trends of suicide attempts and completed suicide in Ilam province of Iran; A demographic analysis study. Bulletin of Emergency & Trauma, 6(3), 245-8. [DOI:10.29252/beat-060310] [PMID] [PMCID]##von Glischinski, M., Teismann, T., Prinz, S., Gebauer, J. E., & Hirschfeld, G. (2016). Depressive symptom inventory suicidality subscale: Optimal cut points for clinical and non‐clinical samples. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(6), 543-9. [DOI:10.1002/cpp.2007] [PMID]##Voss, W. D., Kaufman, E., O’Connor, S. S., Comtois, K. A., Conner, K. R., & Ries, R. K. (2013). Preventing addiction-related suicide: A pilot study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(5), 565-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.10.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##Weitzman, E. R., & Wechsler, H. (2000). Alcohol use, abuse, and related problems among children of problem drinkers: findings from a national survey of college alcohol use. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188(3), 148-54. [DOI:10.1097/00005053-200003000-00004] [PMID]##Yasamy, M. T., Shahmohammadi, D., Bagheri Yazdi, S. A., Layeghi, H., Bolhari, J., Razzaghi, E. M., et al. (2001). Mental health in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Achievements and areas of need. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 7(3), 381-91. [PMID] ##

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Internet Intervention on the Anxiety, Depression, and Fatigue of the Patients With Multiple Sclerosis 2 2 Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the prevalent autoimmune diseases that affects the central nervous system. It is a chronic neurological disorder that progresses to physical inability and cognitive abnormalities restricting the individual’s ability to function independently. The problems of MS patients significantly affect their psychological well-being. Considering the problems of MS patients, like commuting, traffic, and long distances to health centers, weather conditions, and enormous time and costs they spend on seeking health services, remote psychological intervention is an alternative and advisable choice. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention (MBI) via a web conferencing application on the reduction of anxiety, depression, and fatigue of patients with MS.  Methods: This is a pre-test post-test quasi-experimental study with a control group. A total of 30 female patients with relapsing-remitting MS, who met the inclusion criteria were selected through purposeful sampling method from the members of the MS Society in Tehran and Qom cities in 2017. They were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The two groups completed Beck anxiety inventory, Beck depression inventory, and fatigue Inventory online in three stages (before the intervention, after the intervention, and one-month follow-up after intervention). The experimental group received eight 2-h sessions of MBI via a web conferencing software, while the control group received no intervention. For analyzing the collected data, repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was performed in SPSS V. 23.  Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test scores of anxiety (F=50.277, P≤0.001, η2=0.642), depression (F=73.680, P≤0.001, η2=0.725), and fatigue (F=111.086, P≤0.001, η2=0.799). MBI significantly reduced the anxiety and depression and fatigue in the experimental group.  Conclusion: MBI is effective in reducing anxiety, depression, and fatigue of MS patients. This therapy can be applied as an effective method to improve the quality of life of MS patients.   137 146 2018/11/232018/12/72018/10/122018/09/62018/11/262018/09/212018/12/17 1397/9/26 2019/02/122019/02/192019/01/282019/01/162019/03/12019/02/82019/06/18 1398/3/28 Mahnaz Khazaeili Mahnaz Khazaeili Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. Iran Majid Zargham Hajebi Majid Zargham Hajebi Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. Iran Parvaneh Mohamadkhani Parvaneh Mohamadkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Iran Hasan Mirzahoseini Hasan Mirzahoseini Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. Iran Mindfulness-base Internet Intervention Multiple Sclerosis Anxiety Depression Fatigue Aghabagheri, H., Mohammadkhani, P., Omrani, S. & Farahmand, V. (2012). The efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group on the increase of subjective well-being and hope in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 23-31.##Ahmadi-shooli, P., Feily, A. R., & Behzadipour, S. (2016). [The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the mental health of female patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (Persian)]. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 23(10), 989-1000.##Ashford, M. T., Olander, E. K., & Ayers, S. (2016). Finding web-based anxiety interventions on the world wide web: A scoping review. JMIR Mental Health, 3(2), e14. [DOI:10.2196/mental.5349] [PMID] [PMCID]##Askarizadeh, G., Karamoozian, M., & Darekordi, A. (2017). Validation of Iranian version of pregnancy related anxiety questionnaire. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8:17. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_63_16] [PMID] [PMCID]##Beck, A. T. (1990). The Beck anxiety inventory manual. San Antonio: Psychologyical corporation.##Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-7. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893] [PMID]##Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. (1990). The Beck anxiety inventory manual. San Antonio: Psychologyical corporation.##Biyabangard, E. (2011). [The methods of research in psychology and educational science (Persian)]. Tehran: Doran.##Boeschoten, R. E., Dekker, J., Uitdehaag, B. M., Beekman, A. T., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Collette, E. H., et al. (2017). Internet-based treatment for depression in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 23(8), 1112-22. [DOI:10.1177/1352458516671820] [PMID]##Campos, D., Mira, A., Bretón-López, J., Castilla, D., Botella, C., Baños, R. M., et al. (2018). The acceptability of an internet-based exposure treatment for flying phobia with and without therapist guidance: Patients’ expectations, satisfaction, treatment preferences, and usability. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 879-92. [DOI:10.2147/NDT.S153041] [PMID] [PMCID]##Carletto, S., Tesio, V., Borghi, M., Francone, D., Scavelli, F., Bertino, G., et al. (2017). The effectiveness of a body-affective mindfulness intervention for multiple sclerosis patients with depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2083. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02083] [PMID] [PMCID]##Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Patel, K. D., & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 571-81. [DOI:10.1097/01.PSY.0000074003.35911.41]##Cavalera, C., Pagnini, F., Rovaris, M., Mendozzi, L., Pugnetti, L., Garegnani, M., et al. (2016). A telemedicine meditation intervention for people with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17, 4. [DOI:10.1186/s13063-015-1136-9] [PMID] [PMCID]##Dent, L., Peters, A., Kerr, P. L., Mochari-Greenberger, H., & Pande, R. L. (2018). Using telehealth to implement cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychiatric Services, 69(4), 370-3. [DOI:10.1176/appi.ps.201700477] [PMID]##Deslich, S. A., Thistlethwaite, T., & Coustasse, A. (2013). Telepsychiatry in correctional facilities: Using technology to improve access and decrease costs of mental health care in underserved populations. The Permanente Journal, 17(3), 80-94. [DOI:10.7812/TPP/12-123] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ershad Sarabi, R., Sadoughi, F., Jamshidi Orak R., & Bahaadinbeigy K. (2018). [Role of mobile technology in Iran healthcare system: A review study (Persian)]. Journal of Health and Biomedical Informatics; 4(4): 313-26##Farhadi, M., & Pasandideh, M. M. (2018). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy in reducing stress, anxiety, depression and increase self-efficacy in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Biannual Journal of Clinical Psychology & Personality, 15(2), 7-15.##Feinstein, A., Magalhaes, S., Richard, J. F., Audet, B., & Moore, C. (2014). The link between multiple sclerosis and depression. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(9), 507-17. [DOI:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.139] [PMID]##Fathi Ashtiani, A. (2011). [Psychological test books: Personality assessment and mental health (Persian)]. Tehran: Be'sat.##Firoozi, M., & Ramezani Piyani, M. (2018). [Effect of positive psychotherapy based on virtual social networks on anxiety and depression reduction in veterans with spinal cord injury. Iranian Journal of War & Public Health (Persian)], 10(1), 21-6. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.ijwph.10.1.21]##Frontario, A., Feld, E., Sherman, K., Krupp, L., & Charvet, L. (2016). Telehealth mindfulness meditation improves cognitive performance in adults with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Neurology, 86(16), P3-092.##Fiest, K. M., Walker, J. R., Bernstein, C. N., Graff, L. A., Zarychanski, R., & Abou-Setta, A. M. (2015). Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 5, 12-26. [DOI:10.1016/j.msard.2015.10.004] [PMID]##Firoozi, M., Ramezani, M. (2018). Effect of positive psychotherapy based on virtual social networks on anxiety and depression reduction in veterans with spinal cord injury. Iranian Journal of War & Public Health, 10(1):21-6. [DOI:10.29252/ijwph.10.1.21]##Fischer, A., Schröder, J., Vettorazzi, E., Wolf, O. T., Pöttgen, J., Lau, S., et al. (2015). An online programme to reduce depression in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(3), 217-23. [DOI:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00049-2]##Friedemann, P. (2016). Online program to reduce depression in MS. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02740361##Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-Persian. Depress Anxiety, 21(4), 185-92. [DOI:10.1002/da.20070] [PMID]##Griffiths, K. M., Farrer, L., & Christensen, H. (2010). The efficacy of internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders: A review of randomised controlled trials. Medical Journal of Australia, 192(S11), S4-S11. [DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03685.x]##Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35-43. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7]##Gharabaghi, H., & Talaei Mash'oof, A. A. (2009). [Theoretical basics of E-learning (Persian)]. Paper presented at The First E-Learning Student Conference, Tehran, Iran, 10-11 December 2009##Goodarzian, M. (2016). [The effectiveness of remote nursing through telephone consultation on the rate of depression and anxiety in family carers in patients with stroke (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.##Hailey, D., Ohinmaa, A., Roine, R., & Bulger,T. (2007). Uptake of telemental health services in Alberta: A success, but not in all regions. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 15(5), 71-7.##Hirazi, E., Ahmadkhaniha, H., Sayahfar, Sh., Hosseini Shams Abadi, R., & Afsharkhass, L. (2017). [Delivery of medical care by telehealth system (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 24(164),9-12. ##Hollon, S. D., Stewart, M. O., Strunk, D. (2006). Enduring effects for cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Annual Review of Psychology, 57:285–315. [DOI: 10.2904.190044]##Kabat-Zinn, T., Nhat Hanh, Th. (2013). Full catastrophe living: Using wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York City: Bantam Books.##Kahrizi, S., Taghavi, M., Ghasemi, R., & Goodarzi, M. (2017). [The effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in asthma patients (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 24(154) 27-36.##Ke, Y., Ng, T., Yeo, H. L., Shwe, M., Gan, Y. X., & Chan, A. (2016). Psychometric properties and measurement equivalence of the English and Chinese versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in patients with breast cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 25(2), 633-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3452-3] [PMID]##Krupp, L. B., Coyle, P. K., Doscher, C., Miller, A., Cross, A. H., Jandorf, L., .et al. (1995). Fatigue therapy in multiple sclerosis: Results of a double-blind, randomized, parallel trial of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo. Neurology, 45(11), 1956-61. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.45.11.1956] [PMID]##Lee, E. H., Lee, S. J., Hwang, S.T., Hong, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Relability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents . Psychiatry Investig, 14(1), 30-6##Marziniak, M., Brichetto, G., Feys, P., Meyding-Lamadé, U., Vernon, K., & Meuth, S. G. (2018). The use of digital and remote communication technologies as a tool for multiple sclerosis management: narrative review. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies, 5(1), e5. [DOI:10.2196/rehab.7805] [PMID] [PMCID]##MCcabe, M. P. (2005). Mood and self-esteem of persons with multiple sclerosis following an exacerbation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 59(3), 161-6.[DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.04.010] [PMID]##Mehdipour, Y., Noori, T., Mehraeen, E., Khajepour, E., Balochzehi Shahbakhsh, F., & Farhadi, E. (2015). [Utilization of telemental health services from the viewpoints of psychology students of Zahedan Universities (Persian)]. Journal of Health and Biomedical Informatics, 1(2), 122-30.##Mohamadkhani, P., & Tamanayifar, S. (2005). [Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression (Persian)]. Tehran: Faradid.##Mohammadkhani, P., & Khanipour, H. (2016). [Mindfulness Based cognitive therapies (Persian)]. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.##Mak, W. W., Chio, F., Chan, A., Lui, W., & Wu, E. (2017). The efficacy of internet-based mindfulness training and cognitive-behavior traing with telephone support in the enhancement of mental health among college students and young working adults: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(3), e84. [DOI:10.2196/jmir.6737]##Mahmoodi, M., Mohammad Khani, P., Ghobari Banab, B., & Bagheri, F. (2016). [Effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on strategies for coping with stress of family caregivers of patients with alzheimer’s disease (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(4), 190-201. [DOI:10.21859/sija-1101190] ##Morland, L. A., Greene, C. J., Rosen, C. S., Foy, D., Reilly, P., Shore, J., et al. (2010). Telemedicine for anger management therapy in a rural population of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized noninferiority trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(7), 855-63. [PMID]##Omidi, A., Mohamadkhani, P. (2008). [Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention (Persian)]. Mental health, 1(1), 29-38.##Pagnini, F. (2017). A telemedicine mindfulness-based intervention for people with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers. Retrieved from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02364505##Renton, T., Tang, H., Ennis, N., Cusimano, M. D., Bhalerao, S., Schweizer, T. A., et al. (2014). Web-based intervention programs for depression: A scoping review and evaluation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(9), e209. [DOI:10.2196/jmir.3147] [PMID] [PMCID]##Segal, Z. V., & Williams, T. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press.##Shirazi, E., Hakim Shooshtari, M., Shalbafan, M. R., Hadi, F., & Bidaki R. (2017). [E-health, telemedicine and telepsychiatry (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 266-9.##Ulrichsen, K. M., Kaufmann, T., Dørum, E. S., Kolskår, K. K., Richard, G., Alnæs, D., et al. (2016). Clinical utility of mindfulness training in the treatment of fatigue after stroke, traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 912. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00912] [PMID] [PMCID]##Wallin, M. T., Wilken, J. A., Turner, A. P., Williams, R. M., & Kane, R. (2006). Depression and multiple sclerosis: Review of a lethal combination. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(1), 45-62. [DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2004.09.0117] [PMID]##Aghabagheri, H., Mohammadkhani, P., Omrani, S. & Farahmand, V. (2012). The efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group on the increase of subjective well-being and hope in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 23-31.##Ahmadi-shooli, P., Feily, A. R., & Behzadipour, S. (2016). [The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the mental health of female patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (Persian)]. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 23(10), 989-1000.##Ashford, M. T., Olander, E. K., & Ayers, S. (2016). Finding web-based anxiety interventions on the world wide web: A scoping review. JMIR Mental Health, 3(2), e14. [DOI:10.2196/mental.5349] [PMID] [PMCID]##Askarizadeh, G., Karamoozian, M., & Darekordi, A. (2017). Validation of Iranian version of pregnancy related anxiety questionnaire. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8:17. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_63_16] [PMID] [PMCID]##Beck, A. T. (1990). The Beck anxiety inventory manual. San Antonio: Psychologyical corporation.##Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-7. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893] [PMID]##Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. (1990). The Beck anxiety inventory manual. San Antonio: Psychologyical corporation.##Biyabangard, E. (2011). [The methods of research in psychology and educational science (Persian)]. Tehran: Doran.##Boeschoten, R. E., Dekker, J., Uitdehaag, B. M., Beekman, A. T., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Collette, E. H., et al. (2017). Internet-based treatment for depression in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 23(8), 1112-22. [DOI:10.1177/1352458516671820] [PMID]##Campos, D., Mira, A., Bretón-López, J., Castilla, D., Botella, C., Baños, R. M., et al. (2018). The acceptability of an internet-based exposure treatment for flying phobia with and without therapist guidance: Patients’ expectations, satisfaction, treatment preferences, and usability. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 879-92. [DOI:10.2147/NDT.S153041] [PMID] [PMCID]##Carletto, S., Tesio, V., Borghi, M., Francone, D., Scavelli, F., Bertino, G., et al. (2017). The effectiveness of a body-affective mindfulness intervention for multiple sclerosis patients with depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2083. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02083] [PMID] [PMCID]##Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Patel, K. D., & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 571-81. [DOI:10.1097/01.PSY.0000074003.35911.41]##Cavalera, C., Pagnini, F., Rovaris, M., Mendozzi, L., Pugnetti, L., Garegnani, M., et al. (2016). A telemedicine meditation intervention for people with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17, 4. [DOI:10.1186/s13063-015-1136-9] [PMID] [PMCID]##Dent, L., Peters, A., Kerr, P. L., Mochari-Greenberger, H., & Pande, R. L. (2018). Using telehealth to implement cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychiatric Services, 69(4), 370-3. [DOI:10.1176/appi.ps.201700477] [PMID]##Deslich, S. A., Thistlethwaite, T., & Coustasse, A. (2013). Telepsychiatry in correctional facilities: Using technology to improve access and decrease costs of mental health care in underserved populations. The Permanente Journal, 17(3), 80-94. [DOI:10.7812/TPP/12-123] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ershad Sarabi, R., Sadoughi, F., Jamshidi Orak R., & Bahaadinbeigy K. (2018). [Role of mobile technology in Iran healthcare system: A review study (Persian)]. Journal of Health and Biomedical Informatics; 4(4): 313-26##Farhadi, M., & Pasandideh, M. M. (2018). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy in reducing stress, anxiety, depression and increase self-efficacy in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Biannual Journal of Clinical Psychology & Personality, 15(2), 7-15.##Feinstein, A., Magalhaes, S., Richard, J. F., Audet, B., & Moore, C. (2014). The link between multiple sclerosis and depression. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(9), 507-17. [DOI:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.139] [PMID]##Fathi Ashtiani, A. (2011). [Psychological test books: Personality assessment and mental health (Persian)]. Tehran: Be'sat.##Firoozi, M., & Ramezani Piyani, M. (2018). [Effect of positive psychotherapy based on virtual social networks on anxiety and depression reduction in veterans with spinal cord injury. Iranian Journal of War & Public Health (Persian)], 10(1), 21-6. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.ijwph.10.1.21]##Frontario, A., Feld, E., Sherman, K., Krupp, L., & Charvet, L. (2016). Telehealth mindfulness meditation improves cognitive performance in adults with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Neurology, 86(16), P3-092.##Fiest, K. M., Walker, J. R., Bernstein, C. N., Graff, L. A., Zarychanski, R., & Abou-Setta, A. M. (2015). Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 5, 12-26. [DOI:10.1016/j.msard.2015.10.004] [PMID]##Firoozi, M., Ramezani, M. (2018). Effect of positive psychotherapy based on virtual social networks on anxiety and depression reduction in veterans with spinal cord injury. Iranian Journal of War & Public Health, 10(1):21-6. [DOI:10.29252/ijwph.10.1.21]##Fischer, A., Schröder, J., Vettorazzi, E., Wolf, O. T., Pöttgen, J., Lau, S., et al. (2015). An online programme to reduce depression in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(3), 217-23. [DOI:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00049-2]##Friedemann, P. (2016). Online program to reduce depression in MS. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02740361##Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-Persian. Depress Anxiety, 21(4), 185-92. [DOI:10.1002/da.20070] [PMID]##Griffiths, K. M., Farrer, L., & Christensen, H. (2010). The efficacy of internet interventions for depression and anxiety disorders: A review of randomised controlled trials. Medical Journal of Australia, 192(S11), S4-S11. [DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03685.x]##Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35-43. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7]##Gharabaghi, H., & Talaei Mash'oof, A. A. (2009). [Theoretical basics of E-learning (Persian)]. Paper presented at The First E-Learning Student Conference, Tehran, Iran, 10-11 December 2009##Goodarzian, M. (2016). [The effectiveness of remote nursing through telephone consultation on the rate of depression and anxiety in family carers in patients with stroke (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.##Hailey, D., Ohinmaa, A., Roine, R., & Bulger,T. (2007). Uptake of telemental health services in Alberta: A success, but not in all regions. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 15(5), 71-7.##Hirazi, E., Ahmadkhaniha, H., Sayahfar, Sh., Hosseini Shams Abadi, R., & Afsharkhass, L. (2017). [Delivery of medical care by telehealth system (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 24(164),9-12. ##Hollon, S. D., Stewart, M. O., Strunk, D. (2006). Enduring effects for cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Annual Review of Psychology, 57:285–315. [DOI: 10.2904.190044]##Kabat-Zinn, T., Nhat Hanh, Th. (2013). Full catastrophe living: Using wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York City: Bantam Books.##Kahrizi, S., Taghavi, M., Ghasemi, R., & Goodarzi, M. (2017). [The effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in asthma patients (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 24(154) 27-36.##Ke, Y., Ng, T., Yeo, H. L., Shwe, M., Gan, Y. X., & Chan, A. (2016). Psychometric properties and measurement equivalence of the English and Chinese versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in patients with breast cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 25(2), 633-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3452-3] [PMID]##Krupp, L. B., Coyle, P. K., Doscher, C., Miller, A., Cross, A. H., Jandorf, L., .et al. (1995). Fatigue therapy in multiple sclerosis: Results of a double-blind, randomized, parallel trial of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo. Neurology, 45(11), 1956-61. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.45.11.1956] [PMID]##Lee, E. H., Lee, S. J., Hwang, S.T., Hong, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Relability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents . Psychiatry Investig, 14(1), 30-6##Marziniak, M., Brichetto, G., Feys, P., Meyding-Lamadé, U., Vernon, K., & Meuth, S. G. (2018). The use of digital and remote communication technologies as a tool for multiple sclerosis management: narrative review. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies, 5(1), e5. [DOI:10.2196/rehab.7805] [PMID] [PMCID]##MCcabe, M. P. (2005). Mood and self-esteem of persons with multiple sclerosis following an exacerbation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 59(3), 161-6.[DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.04.010] [PMID]##Mehdipour, Y., Noori, T., Mehraeen, E., Khajepour, E., Balochzehi Shahbakhsh, F., & Farhadi, E. (2015). [Utilization of telemental health services from the viewpoints of psychology students of Zahedan Universities (Persian)]. Journal of Health and Biomedical Informatics, 1(2), 122-30.##Mohamadkhani, P., & Tamanayifar, S. (2005). [Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression (Persian)]. Tehran: Faradid.##Mohammadkhani, P., & Khanipour, H. (2016). [Mindfulness Based cognitive therapies (Persian)]. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.##Mak, W. W., Chio, F., Chan, A., Lui, W., & Wu, E. (2017). The efficacy of internet-based mindfulness training and cognitive-behavior traing with telephone support in the enhancement of mental health among college students and young working adults: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(3), e84. [DOI:10.2196/jmir.6737]##Mahmoodi, M., Mohammad Khani, P., Ghobari Banab, B., & Bagheri, F. (2016). [Effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on strategies for coping with stress of family caregivers of patients with alzheimer’s disease (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(4), 190-201. [DOI:10.21859/sija-1101190] ##Morland, L. A., Greene, C. J., Rosen, C. S., Foy, D., Reilly, P., Shore, J., et al. (2010). Telemedicine for anger management therapy in a rural population of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized noninferiority trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(7), 855-63. [PMID]##Omidi, A., Mohamadkhani, P. (2008). [Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention (Persian)]. Mental health, 1(1), 29-38.##Pagnini, F. (2017). A telemedicine mindfulness-based intervention for people with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers. Retrieved from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02364505##Renton, T., Tang, H., Ennis, N., Cusimano, M. D., Bhalerao, S., Schweizer, T. A., et al. (2014). Web-based intervention programs for depression: A scoping review and evaluation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(9), e209. [DOI:10.2196/jmir.3147] [PMID] [PMCID]##Segal, Z. V., & Williams, T. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press.##Shirazi, E., Hakim Shooshtari, M., Shalbafan, M. R., Hadi, F., & Bidaki R. (2017). [E-health, telemedicine and telepsychiatry (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 266-9.##Ulrichsen, K. M., Kaufmann, T., Dørum, E. S., Kolskår, K. K., Richard, G., Alnæs, D., et al. (2016). Clinical utility of mindfulness training in the treatment of fatigue after stroke, traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 912. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00912] [PMID] [PMCID]##Wallin, M. T., Wilken, J. A., Turner, A. P., Williams, R. M., & Kane, R. (2006). Depression and multiple sclerosis: Review of a lethal combination. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(1), 45-62. [DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2004.09.0117] [PMID]## ##

Prediction of Extramarital Relationships Based on Executive Functions With the Mediatory Role of Marital Commitment 2 2 Objective: The purpose of this study is to propound the structural model of executive functions and extramarital relationship with the mediating role of marital commitment. Methods: The samples were selected by convenience sampling method. In experimental situation, for assessing the executive function of the participants did computerized exams, including Stroop test, Wisconsin test, Go-No-Go test, N-Back test, completed commitment questionnaire of Rusbult, and attitudes toward infidelity scale of Whatley. The obtained data were analyzed using regression and structural equation modeling. Results: Executive functions, including inhibition, task switching, working memory, and commitment, directly affect the extramarital relationship through the mediation of commitment. The model has a suitable fit (average root mean square second approximation error; 0.051, goodness of fit index; 0.942, normed fit index; 0.926, and comparative fit index; 0.942). Conclusion: Executive functions (including inhibition, task switching, working memory), and marital commitment play an important role in extramarital relationships; therefore, they should be taken into consideration. 147 157 2018/11/232018/12/72018/10/122018/09/62018/11/262018/09/212018/12/172019/01/28 1397/11/8 2019/02/122019/02/192019/01/282019/01/162019/03/12019/02/82019/06/182019/06/2 1398/3/12 Razieh Khorramabadi Razieh Khorramabadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran. Iran samirakhorramabadi@gmail.com Zohreh Sepehri Shamloo Zohreh Sepehri Shamloo Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran. Iran z.s.shamloo@um.ac.ir Javad Salehi Fadardi Javad Salehi Fadardi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran. Iran j.s.fadardi@um.ac.ir Imanollah Bigdeli Imanollah Bigdeli Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran. Iran ibigdeli@um.ac.ir Extramarital relationship Infidelity Affair Executive functions Executive control Amato, P. R., & Previti, D. (2003). People's reasons for divorcing: Gender, social class, the life course, and adjustment. Journal of Family Issues, 24(5), 602-26. ##Balliet, D., Li, N. P., & Joireman, J. (2011). Relating trait self-control and forgiveness within prosocials and proselfs: Compensatory versus synergistic models. Journal of personality and social psychology, 101(5), 1090-1105. [DOI:10.1037/a0024967] [PMID]##Bird, M. H., Butler, M. H., & Fife, S. T. (2007). The process of couple healing following infidelity: A qualitative study. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 6(4), 1-25. [DOI:10.1300/J398v06n04_01]##Blow, A. J., & Hartnett, K. (2005). Infidelity in committed relati0nships ii: A substantive review. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 31(2), 217-33. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2005.tb01555.x] [PMID]##Burnette, J. L., Davisson, E. K., Finkel, E. J., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hui, C. M., & Hoyle, R. H. (2014). Self-control and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 443-50. [DOI:10.1177/1948550613502991]##Ciarocco, N. J., Echevarria, J., & Lewandowski Jr, G. W. (2012). Hungry for love: The influence of self-regulation on infidelity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152(1), 61-74. [DOI:10.1080/00224545.2011.555435] [PMID]##Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2017). Infidelity in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 70-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.008] [PMID]##Finkel, E. J., DeWall, C. N., Slotter, E. B., Oaten, M., & Foshee, V. A. (2009). Self-regulatory failure and intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of personality and social psychology, 97(3), 483. [DOI:10.1037/a0015433] [PMID]##Finkel, E. J., Rusbult, C. E., Kumashiro, M., & Hannon, P. A. (2002). Dealing with betrayal in close relationships: Does commitment promote forgiveness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 956-74. [DOI:10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.956] [PMID]##Givertz, M., Segrin, C., & Woszidlo, A. (2016). Direct and indirect effects of commitment on interdependence and satisfaction in married couples. Journal of family psychology, 30(2), 214-20. [DOI:10.1037/fam0000174] [PMID]##Gordon, K. C., Baucom, D. H., & Snyder, D. K. (2004). An integrative intervention for promoting recovery from extramarital affairs. Journal of marital and family therapy, 30(2), 213-31. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01235.x] [PMID]##Hadi, s., skandari, H., sohrabi, F., Moetamedi, A. & Farokhi, N. (2016). Structural models predict marital commitment based on attachment styles and mediator variables self-control and early maladaptive schemas (in people with emotional extramarital relations) (Persian)]. Journal of Counseling and Therapeutic Culture, 7(28), 33-60.##Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(3), 174-180. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006] [PMID]##Hamburg, M. E., & Pronk, T. M. (2015). Believe you can and you will: The belief in high self-control decreases interest in attractive alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 30-5. ##Ghadiri, F., Jazayeri, A., Ashayeri, H., Ghazi Tabatabaei, M. (2006), The role of rehabilitation of cognitive in reduce deficits of executive function and symptoms of obsessive: Compulsive in Schizo-obsessive patients. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 7(4), 15-24.##Glass, S. P. (2002). Couple therapy after the trauma of infidelity. New York: The Guilford Press##Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R., Miura, T. K., & Colflesh, G. J. (2007). Working memory, attention control, and the N-back task: a question of construct validity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(3), 615-22. [DOI:10.1037/0278-7393.33.3.615] [PMID]##Khorramabadi, R., Sepehri, Z., & Bigdeli, I. (2018). [Structural model of executive function and extramarital relationship with mediating role of self-control (Persian)]. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6(1), 46-57.##Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., & Hannay, H. J. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment, (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.##Madani, s., Alizadeh, H., Farokhi, N. & Hakimi Rad, E. (2017). [Development of an executive functions (response inhibition, updating,sustained attention) program and examining its effectiveness on symptoms amelioration in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Persian)]. Quarterly of Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 7(26), 1-25.##Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., & DeWall, C. N. (2007). Adaptive attentional attunement: Evidence for mating-related perceptual bias. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(1), 28-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.05.006]##Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., & Miller, S. L. (2009). The implicit cognition of relationship maintenance: Inattention to attractive alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(1), 174-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.002]##Mark, K. P., Janssen, E., & Milhausen, R. R. (2011). Infidelity in heterosexual couples: Demographic, interpersonal, and personality-related predictors of extradyadic sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 971-82. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-011-9771-z] [PMID]##Mattingly, B. A., Clark, E. M., Weidler, D. J., Bullock, M., Hackathorn, J., & Blankmeyer, K. (2011). Sociosexual orientation, commitment, and infidelity: A mediation analysis. The Journal of social psychology, 151(3), 222-6. [DOI:10.1080/00224540903536162] [PMID]##Meyer, M. L., Berkman, E. T., Karremans, J. C., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011). Incidental regulation of attraction: The neural basis of the derogation of attractive alternatives in romantic relationships. Cognition and Emotion, 25(3), 490-505. [DOI:10.1080/02699931.2010.527494] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mirdoraghi, F., Ghanbary Hashemabady, B. A., Mashhadi, A. (2012). [Cognitive and behavioral inhibition in veterans with- and without posttraumatic stress disorder (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine, 14(1), 41-7. ##Moradi, A., Jabbari. H., Miraghayi. A., & Parhon, H. (2011). [Executive Functions Performance among People with AIDS/HIV (Persian)]. Journal of Modern Psychology, 6(24),15-24.##Mosako, J. (2009). Commitment and attachment dimensions. (Doctoral dissertation). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University##Molden, D. C., & Finkel, E. J. (2010). Motivations for promotion and prevention and the role of trust and commitment in interpersonal forgiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(2), 255-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.014]##Nelson, J. A., Kirk, A. M., Ane, P., & Serres, S. A. (2011). Religious and spiritual values and moral commitment in marriage: Untapped resources in couples counseling? Journal of Counseling and Values, 55(3), 228-46.##Pronk, T. M., & Karremans, J. C. (2014). Does executive control relate to sacrificial behavior during conflicts of interests? Personal Relationships, 21(1), 168-75. [DOI:10.1111/pere.12024]##Pronk, T. M., Karremans, J. C., & Wigboldus, D. H. (2011). How can you resist? Executive control helps romantically involved individuals to stay faithful. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 827-37. [DOI:10.1037/a0021993] [PMID]##Pronk, T. M., & Righetti, F. (2015). How executive control promotes happy relationships and a well-balanced life. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 14-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.11.016] ##Ritter, S. M., Karremans, J. C., & van Schie, H. T. (2010). The role of self-regulation in derogating attractive alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(4), 631-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.02.010]##Rodrigues, D., Lopes, D., & Pereira, M. (2017). Sociosexuality, commitment, sexual infidelity, and perceptions of infidelity: Data from the second love web site. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 241-53. [DOI:10.1080/00224499.2016.1145182] [PMID]##Rosenblatt, P. C., & Hillabrant, W. J. (1972). Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery. Journal of Sex Research, 8(2), 117-27. [DOI:10.1080/00224497209550737]##Rusbult, C. E., Martz, J. M., & Agnew, C. R. (1998). The investment model scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Personal Relationships, 5(4), 357-87.##Rusbult, C. E., & Van Lange, P. A. (2003). Interdependence, interaction, and relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 351-75. ##Sadeghpour, B., Moradi, V. (2011). Statical analysis with Amos; amp & Spss (Persian)]. Mazandaran: Mazandaran university.##Shrout, M. R., & Weigel, D. J. (2018). Infidelity’s aftermath: Appraisals, mental health, and health-compromising behaviors following a partner’s infidelity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(8), 1067-91. [DOI:10.1177/0265407517704091]##Silva, A., Saraiva, M., Albuquerque, P. B., & Arantes, J. (2017). Relationship quality influences attitudes toward and perceptions of infidelity. Personal Relationships, 24(4), 718-28. [DOI:10.1111/pere.12205]##Struss, D. T., & Alesander, M. P. (2006). Executive function and the frontal lobes: A conceptual view. Psychology Reaserch, 63(3-4), 289-98. [DOI:10.1007/s004269900007] [PMID]##Ueda, R., Yanagisawa, K., Ashida, H., & Abe, N. (2017). Implicit attitudes and executive control interact to regulate interest in extra-pair relationships. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 17(6), 1210-20. [DOI:10.3758/s13415-017-0543-7] [PMID]##Ueda, R., Yanagisawa, K., Ashida, H., & Abe, N. (2018). Executive control and faithfulness: Only long-term romantic relationships require prefrontal control. Experimental Brain Research, 236(3), 821-8. [DOI:10.1007/s00221-018-5181-y] [PMID]##Weiser, D. A., & Weigel, D. J. (2017). Exploring intergenerational patterns of infidelity. Personal Relationships, 24(4), 933-52. [DOI:10.1111/pere.12222]##Wilkowski, B. M., Robinson, M. D., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2010). How does cognitive control reduce anger and aggression? The role of conflict monitoring and forgiveness processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 830-40. [DOI:10.1037/a0018962] [PMID]##Wolff, M., Krönke, K. M., Venz, J., Kräplin, A., Bühringer, G., Smolka, M. N., et al. (2016). Action versus state orientation moderates the impact of executive functioning on real-life self-control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(12), 1635-53. [DOI:10.1037/xge0000229] [PMID]##Yousefi, N., Karimipour, B. & Amani, A. (2016). The study model of religious beliefs, conflict resolution styles, and marital commitment with attitudes toward marital infidelity. Journal of Applied Counseling, 6(1), 47-64. ####Amato, P. R., & Previti, D. (2003). People's reasons for divorcing: Gender, social class, the life course, and adjustment. Journal of Family Issues, 24(5), 602-26. ##Balliet, D., Li, N. P., & Joireman, J. (2011). Relating trait self-control and forgiveness within prosocials and proselfs: Compensatory versus synergistic models. Journal of personality and social psychology, 101(5), 1090-1105. [DOI:10.1037/a0024967] [PMID]##Bird, M. H., Butler, M. H., & Fife, S. T. (2007). The process of couple healing following infidelity: A qualitative study. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 6(4), 1-25. [DOI:10.1300/J398v06n04_01]##Blow, A. J., & Hartnett, K. (2005). Infidelity in committed relati0nships ii: A substantive review. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 31(2), 217-33. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2005.tb01555.x] [PMID]##Burnette, J. L., Davisson, E. K., Finkel, E. J., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hui, C. M., & Hoyle, R. H. (2014). Self-control and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 443-50. [DOI:10.1177/1948550613502991]##Ciarocco, N. J., Echevarria, J., & Lewandowski Jr, G. W. (2012). Hungry for love: The influence of self-regulation on infidelity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152(1), 61-74. [DOI:10.1080/00224545.2011.555435] [PMID]##Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2017). Infidelity in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 70-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.008] [PMID]##Finkel, E. J., DeWall, C. N., Slotter, E. B., Oaten, M., & Foshee, V. A. (2009). Self-regulatory failure and intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of personality and social psychology, 97(3), 483. [DOI:10.1037/a0015433] [PMID]##Finkel, E. J., Rusbult, C. E., Kumashiro, M., & Hannon, P. A. (2002). Dealing with betrayal in close relationships: Does commitment promote forgiveness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 956-74. [DOI:10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.956] [PMID]##Givertz, M., Segrin, C., & Woszidlo, A. (2016). Direct and indirect effects of commitment on interdependence and satisfaction in married couples. Journal of family psychology, 30(2), 214-20. [DOI:10.1037/fam0000174] [PMID]##Gordon, K. C., Baucom, D. H., & Snyder, D. K. (2004). An integrative intervention for promoting recovery from extramarital affairs. Journal of marital and family therapy, 30(2), 213-31. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01235.x] [PMID]##Hadi, s., skandari, H., sohrabi, F., Moetamedi, A. & Farokhi, N. (2016). Structural models predict marital commitment based on attachment styles and mediator variables self-control and early maladaptive schemas (in people with emotional extramarital relations) (Persian)]. Journal of Counseling and Therapeutic Culture, 7(28), 33-60.##Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(3), 174-180. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006] [PMID]##Hamburg, M. E., & Pronk, T. M. (2015). Believe you can and you will: The belief in high self-control decreases interest in attractive alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 30-5. ##Ghadiri, F., Jazayeri, A., Ashayeri, H., Ghazi Tabatabaei, M. (2006), The role of rehabilitation of cognitive in reduce deficits of executive function and symptoms of obsessive: Compulsive in Schizo-obsessive patients. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 7(4), 15-24.##Glass, S. P. (2002). Couple therapy after the trauma of infidelity. New York: The Guilford Press##Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R., Miura, T. K., & Colflesh, G. J. (2007). Working memory, attention control, and the N-back task: a question of construct validity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(3), 615-22. [DOI:10.1037/0278-7393.33.3.615] [PMID]##Khorramabadi, R., Sepehri, Z., & Bigdeli, I. (2018). [Structural model of executive function and extramarital relationship with mediating role of self-control (Persian)]. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6(1), 46-57.##Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., & Hannay, H. J. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment, (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.##Madani, s., Alizadeh, H., Farokhi, N. & Hakimi Rad, E. (2017). [Development of an executive functions (response inhibition, updating,sustained attention) program and examining its effectiveness on symptoms amelioration in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Persian)]. Quarterly of Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 7(26), 1-25.##Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., & DeWall, C. N. (2007). Adaptive attentional attunement: Evidence for mating-related perceptual bias. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(1), 28-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.05.006]##Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., & Miller, S. L. (2009). The implicit cognition of relationship maintenance: Inattention to attractive alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(1), 174-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.002]##Mark, K. P., Janssen, E., & Milhausen, R. R. (2011). Infidelity in heterosexual couples: Demographic, interpersonal, and personality-related predictors of extradyadic sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 971-82. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-011-9771-z] [PMID]##Mattingly, B. A., Clark, E. M., Weidler, D. J., Bullock, M., Hackathorn, J., & Blankmeyer, K. (2011). Sociosexual orientation, commitment, and infidelity: A mediation analysis. The Journal of social psychology, 151(3), 222-6. [DOI:10.1080/00224540903536162] [PMID]##Meyer, M. L., Berkman, E. T., Karremans, J. C., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011). Incidental regulation of attraction: The neural basis of the derogation of attractive alternatives in romantic relationships. Cognition and Emotion, 25(3), 490-505. [DOI:10.1080/02699931.2010.527494] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mirdoraghi, F., Ghanbary Hashemabady, B. A., Mashhadi, A. (2012). [Cognitive and behavioral inhibition in veterans with- and without posttraumatic stress disorder (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine, 14(1), 41-7. ##Moradi, A., Jabbari. H., Miraghayi. A., & Parhon, H. (2011). [Executive Functions Performance among People with AIDS/HIV (Persian)]. Journal of Modern Psychology, 6(24),15-24.##Mosako, J. (2009). Commitment and attachment dimensions. (Doctoral dissertation). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University##Molden, D. C., & Finkel, E. J. (2010). Motivations for promotion and prevention and the role of trust and commitment in interpersonal forgiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(2), 255-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.014]##Nelson, J. A., Kirk, A. M., Ane, P., & Serres, S. A. (2011). Religious and spiritual values and moral commitment in marriage: Untapped resources in couples counseling? Journal of Counseling and Values, 55(3), 228-46.##Pronk, T. M., & Karremans, J. C. (2014). Does executive control relate to sacrificial behavior during conflicts of interests? Personal Relationships, 21(1), 168-75. [DOI:10.1111/pere.12024]##Pronk, T. M., Karremans, J. C., & Wigboldus, D. H. (2011). How can you resist? Executive control helps romantically involved individuals to stay faithful. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 827-37. [DOI:10.1037/a0021993] [PMID]##Pronk, T. M., & Righetti, F. (2015). How executive control promotes happy relationships and a well-balanced life. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 14-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.11.016] ##Ritter, S. M., Karremans, J. C., & van Schie, H. T. (2010). The role of self-regulation in derogating attractive alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(4), 631-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.02.010]##Rodrigues, D., Lopes, D., & Pereira, M. (2017). Sociosexuality, commitment, sexual infidelity, and perceptions of infidelity: Data from the second love web site. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 241-53. [DOI:10.1080/00224499.2016.1145182] [PMID]##Rosenblatt, P. C., & Hillabrant, W. J. (1972). Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery. Journal of Sex Research, 8(2), 117-27. [DOI:10.1080/00224497209550737]##Rusbult, C. E., Martz, J. M., & Agnew, C. R. (1998). The investment model scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Personal Relationships, 5(4), 357-87.##Rusbult, C. E., & Van Lange, P. A. (2003). Interdependence, interaction, and relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 351-75. ##Sadeghpour, B., Moradi, V. (2011). Statical analysis with Amos; amp & Spss (Persian)]. Mazandaran: Mazandaran university.##Shrout, M. R., & Weigel, D. J. (2018). Infidelity’s aftermath: Appraisals, mental health, and health-compromising behaviors following a partner’s infidelity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(8), 1067-91. [DOI:10.1177/0265407517704091]##Silva, A., Saraiva, M., Albuquerque, P. B., & Arantes, J. (2017). Relationship quality influences attitudes toward and perceptions of infidelity. Personal Relationships, 24(4), 718-28. [DOI:10.1111/pere.12205]##Struss, D. T., & Alesander, M. P. (2006). Executive function and the frontal lobes: A conceptual view. Psychology Reaserch, 63(3-4), 289-98. [DOI:10.1007/s004269900007] [PMID]##Ueda, R., Yanagisawa, K., Ashida, H., & Abe, N. (2017). Implicit attitudes and executive control interact to regulate interest in extra-pair relationships. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 17(6), 1210-20. [DOI:10.3758/s13415-017-0543-7] [PMID]##Ueda, R., Yanagisawa, K., Ashida, H., & Abe, N. (2018). Executive control and faithfulness: Only long-term romantic relationships require prefrontal control. Experimental Brain Research, 236(3), 821-8. [DOI:10.1007/s00221-018-5181-y] [PMID]##Weiser, D. A., & Weigel, D. J. (2017). Exploring intergenerational patterns of infidelity. Personal Relationships, 24(4), 933-52. [DOI:10.1111/pere.12222]##Wilkowski, B. M., Robinson, M. D., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2010). How does cognitive control reduce anger and aggression? The role of conflict monitoring and forgiveness processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 830-40. [DOI:10.1037/a0018962] [PMID]##Wolff, M., Krönke, K. M., Venz, J., Kräplin, A., Bühringer, G., Smolka, M. N., et al. (2016). Action versus state orientation moderates the impact of executive functioning on real-life self-control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(12), 1635-53. [DOI:10.1037/xge0000229] [PMID]##Yousefi, N., Karimipour, B. & Amani, A. (2016). The study model of religious beliefs, conflict resolution styles, and marital commitment with attitudes toward marital infidelity. Journal of Applied Counseling, 6(1), 47-64. ## ##