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Prediction of Academic Resilience Based on Coping Styles and Personality Traits 2 2 Objective: The purpose of the present study was prediction of academic resilience based on coping styles and personality traits. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional research. Study population comprised all students of Kashan University graduating February to March 2017. A total of 368 (253 females and 115 males) students studying in academic year 2016-2017 were selected by cluster sampling method. The data were collected using academic resilience scale, coping inventory for stressful situation and neo personality traits inventory. To analyze the obtained data, regression analysis was performed in SPSS V. 22. Results: Academic resilience had a significant positive correlation with problem-focused coping style (r=0.21, P<0.01) and significant negative correlations with emotion-focused coping style (r=-0.41, P<0.01) and avoidance coping style (r=-0.16, P<0.05). In addition, there were positive correlations between academic resilience and extroversion (r=0.45, P<0.01), openness (r=0.10, not specified), agreeableness (r=0.28, P<0.01), conscientiousness (r=0.53, P<0.01), but significant negative correlation with neuroticism (r=-0.18, P<0.05). Moreover, the results of regression analysis indicated that emotion-focused style and problem-focused coping style predicted 21% of academic resilience variance, and conscientiousness and extraversion personality traits predicted 32% of academic resilience variance. Conclusion: Results of this study support Endler and Parker’s model of resilience and confirm that students’ coping styles have considerable impact on their academic resilience. Furthermore, the findings indicated that academic resilient individuals mostly have conscientious and extravert personality traits. 1 10 2018/07/10 1397/4/19 2018/11/25 1397/9/4 MohammadReza Tamannaeifar MohammadReza Tamannaeifar Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. Iran tamannai@kashanu.ac.ir Sara Shahmirzaei Sara Shahmirzaei Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. Iran shahmirzai1349@gmail.com Academic resilience Coping styles Personality Allison, K. D. (2015). Stress, anxiety symptomology, and the need for student support services for university freshmen of first-generation status, low-SES backgrounds, and those registered with disabilities [MSc. thesis]. Louisiana: Louisiana State University.##Annalakshmi, N. (2007). [Resilience in relation to extraversion-introversion, psychoticism and neuroticism (Persian)]. Indian Journal of Psychometry & Education, 38(1), 51-5.##Ahn, J. H. (2014). The relationship between academic stress of grade school gifted student and regular student, and academic burnout on coping with their stress [MSc. thesis]. Gyeonggi: Ajou University, Gyeongi-do.##Banyard, V. L., & Cantor, E. N. (2004). Adjustment to college among trauma survivors: An exploratory study of resilience. Journal of College Student Development, 45(2), 207-21. [DOI:10.1353/csd.2004.0017]##Baqutayan, S. M. S., & Mai, M. M. (2012). Stress, strain and coping mechanisms: an experimental study of fresh college students. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 16(1), 19-30.##Bienvenu, O. J., & Stein, M. B. (2003). Personality and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 139-51. [DOI:10.1521/pedi.17.2.139.23991] [PMID]##Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-8. [DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20] [PMID]##Brown, T. A., Chorpita, D. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(2), 179-92. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179] [PMID]##Bülbül, T. (2012). Dropout in higher education: Reasons and solutions. Education and Science, 37(166), 219-35.##Campbell Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 585-99. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001]##Cassidy, S. (2016 ). The academic resilience scale (ARS-30): A new multidimensional construct measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1787. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01787]##Chen, C. (2016). The role of resilience and coping styles in subjective well-being among Chinese university students. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(3), 377-87. [DOI:10.1007/s40299-016-0274-5]##Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory and NEO five factor inventory professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.##De la Fuente, J., Cardelle-Elawar, M., Martínez-Vicente, J. M., Zapata, L., & Peralta, F. J. (2013). Gender as a determining factor in the coping strategies and resilience of university students. In R. Haumann & G. Zimmer (Eds.), Handbook of Academic Performance (pp. 205-17). New York: Nova Science Publishers.##Drybye, L., & Shanafelt, T.(2012). Nurturing resiliency in medical trainees. Medical Education. 46(4), 343–8. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04206.x] [PMID]##Dumont, M., & Provost, M. A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343-63. [DOI:10.1023/A:1021637011732]##Dyson, R., & Renk, K. (2006). Freshmen adaptation to university life: Depressive symptoms, stress, and coping. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(10), 1231-44. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.20295] [PMID]##Eley, D. S., Cloninger, C. R., Walters, L., Laurence, C., Synnott, R. & Wilkinson, D. (2013). The relationship between resilience and personality traits in doctors: Implications for enhancing well being. PeerJ, 1, e216. [DOI:10.7717/peerj.216] [PMID] [PMCID]##Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 844-54. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.844]##Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (2015). CISS: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Retrieved from https://www.mhs.com/MHS-Assessment?prodname=ciss##Ewen, R. B. (1998). Personality: A topical approach: Theories, research, major controversies, and emerging findings. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.##Fayombo, G. (2010). The Relationship between personality traits and psychological resilience among the Caribbean adolescents. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 105-16. [DOI:10.5539/ijps.v2n2p105]##Feder, A., Nestler, E. J., Westphal, M., & Charney, D. S. (2010). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience to stress. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of Adult Resilience (pp. 35–54). New York: Guilford Press.##Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2003). A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. [DOI:10.1027/1016-9040/a000124]##Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 745-74. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456]##Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-26. [DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218] [PMID]##Friborg, O., Barlaug, D., Martinussen, M., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Hjemdal, O. (2005). Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14(1), 29-42. [DOI:10.1002/mpr.15]##García-Secades, X., Molinero, O., Ruiz, R., Salguero, A., De La Vega, R., & Márquez, S. (2014). Resilience in sport: Theoretical foundations, instruments and literature review. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 14(3):83-98. [DOI:10.1177/0031512516631056]##Gardner, T. M., Krägeloh, C. U., & Henning, M. A. (2014). Religious coping,stress, and quality of life of Muslim university students in New Zealand. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(4), 327–38. [DOI:10.1080/13674676.2013.804044]##Goleman, D. (1997). "Beyond IQ: Developing the leadership competencies of emotional intelligence". Paper presented at: The 2nd International Competency Conference, London, England, 12 October 1997.##González-Torres1, M. C., & Artuch-Gard, R. (2014). Resilience and coping strategy profiles at university: Contextual and demographic variables. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 12(3), 621-48.##Haeussler, S. (2013). Emotional regulation and resilience in educational organisations: A case of German school teachers [PhD. dissertation]. Newcastle: Northumbria University##Hashemi, Z. (2012). Explanative model of academic and emotional resilience [MSc. thesis]. Shiraz: Shiraz University.##Kawata, Y., Kamimura, A., Yamada, K., Izutsu, S., Wakui, S., Mizuno, M., et al. (2015). Relationship between resilience and stress coping among Japanese university athletes. Paper presented at Proceedings 19th Triennial Congress of the IEA, Melbourne, Australia, 9-14 August 2015.##Khadem , H., Motevalli Haghi, S. A., Ranjbari ,T., & Mohammadi, A. (2017). The moderating role of resilience in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and anxiety and depression symptoms among firefighters. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology,5(2), 133-40. [DOI:10.29252/nirp.jpcp.5.4.271]##Kim, N. Y. (2011). Study on relationships among stress, social support, and life satisfaction of university students [MSc. thesis]. Seoul: Konkuk University.##Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.##Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In: D. Cicchetti, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 740-95). Hoboken: Wiley.##Martin, A. J. & Marsh, H. (2006). Academic resilien ce and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach. Psychology in the Schools, 43(3),267-81. [DOI:10.1002/pits.20149]##McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr, P. T. (2004). A contemplated revision of the NEO five-factor inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 587-96. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00118-1]##McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr, P. T. (1989). Rotation to maximize the construct validity of factors in the NEO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24(1), 107-24. [DOI:10.1207/s15327906mbr2401_7] [PMID]##McMillan, J. H., & Reed, D. F. (1994). At-risk students and resiliency: Factors contributing to academic success. The Clearing House, 67(3), 137-40.##Michaeli Manee, F. (2010). The role of coping with stress styles between irrational beliefs and social adjustment relationship among Urmia university students. Research in Psychology Health, 3(4), 45-54.##Munro, B. & Pooley, J. A. (2009). Differences in resilience and university adjustment between school leavers and mature entry university studentes. The Australian Community Psychologist, 21(1), 50-61.##Nakaya, M., Oshio, A., & Kaneko, H. (2006). Correlations for Adolescent Resilience Scale with big five personality traits. Psychological Reports, 98(3), 927-30. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.98.3.927-930] [PMID]##Panter-Brick, C., & Leckman, J. F. (2013). Editorial commentary: Resilience in child development-interconnected pathways to wellbeing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 333-6. [DOI:10.1111/jcpp.12057]##Piers, D. (2004). The effects of a cognitive behavioral and emotional resilience program on the emotional resilience, social competence and school adjustment of elementary students. Long Beach, California: California State University Long Beach.##Reis, S. R., Colbert, R. B., & Hébert, T. P. (2005). Understanding resilience in diverse, talented students in an urban high school. Roeper Review, 27(2), 110-20. [DOI:10.1080/02783190509554299]##Rahat, E., & Ilhan, T. (2016). Coping styles, social support, relational self- construal, and resilience in predicting students' adjustment to university life. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 16(1), 187-208. [DOI:10.12738/estp.2016.1.0058]##Reich, J. W., Zautra, A. J., & Hall, J. S. (2010). Preface. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. xi–xv). New York: Guilford Press. [DOI:10.1177/1089253210388422]##Rojas, L. F. (2015). Factors affecting academic resilience in middle school students: A case study. Gist Education and Learning Research Journal, 11, 63-78.##Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598-611. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.147.6.598] [PMID]##Salami, S. O. (2011). Psychosocial predictors of adjustment among first year college of education students. US-China Education Review, 8(2), 239-48.##Sami, A., Mohammad Nazary, A., Mohsenzadeh, F., & Taheri, M. (2015). [Explanation structural equation modeling of marital infidelity based, personality dimensions, marital satisfaction and attachment styles (Persian)]. Journal of Research Behavior Science, 13(3), 376-87.##Secades, X. G., , Molinero, O., Salguero, A., Barquín, R. R., de la Vega, C., & Márquez, S. (2016). Relationship between resilience and coping strategies in competitive sport. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 122(1), 336-49. 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M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-33. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320] [PMID] [PMCID]##Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Barrett, L. F. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6),1161-90. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x] [PMID] [PMCID]##Valikhani, A., Aflakseir, A., Hashemi, R., Fathi, M., Momeni, H., & Abbasi, Z. (2017). The relationship between personality characteristics and early maladaptive schema with suicide ideation in Iranian late adolescents. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 5(4), 271-80. [DOI: 10.29252/nirp.jpcp.5.4.271]##Wang, M. C., Gordon, E. W. (2012). Educational resilience in innercity America: Challenges and prospects. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [DOI:10.4324/9780203052723]##Werner, E. E. (2012). Children and war: risk, resilience, and recovery. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 553-8. [DOI:10.1017/S0954579412000156]##Yates, T. M., & Grey, I. K. (2012). Adapting to aging out: profiles of risk and resilience among emancipated foster youth. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 475-92. [DOI:10.1017/S0954579412000107] [PMID]##Zolkoski, S. M., & Bullock, L. M. (2012). Resilience in children and youth: A review. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(12), 2295-303. [DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.08.009]##Zuckerman, M. (1991). Psychobiology of personality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.545]##Allison, K. D. (2015). Stress, anxiety symptomology, and the need for student support services for university freshmen of first-generation status, low-SES backgrounds, and those registered with disabilities [MSc. thesis]. Louisiana: Louisiana State University.##Annalakshmi, N. (2007). [Resilience in relation to extraversion-introversion, psychoticism and neuroticism (Persian)]. Indian Journal of Psychometry & Education, 38(1), 51-5.##Ahn, J. H. (2014). The relationship between academic stress of grade school gifted student and regular student, and academic burnout on coping with their stress [MSc. thesis]. Gyeonggi: Ajou University, Gyeongi-do.##Banyard, V. L., & Cantor, E. N. (2004). Adjustment to college among trauma survivors: An exploratory study of resilience. Journal of College Student Development, 45(2), 207-21. [DOI:10.1353/csd.2004.0017]##Baqutayan, S. M. S., & Mai, M. M. (2012). Stress, strain and coping mechanisms: an experimental study of fresh college students. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 16(1), 19-30.##Bienvenu, O. J., & Stein, M. B. (2003). Personality and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 139-51. [DOI:10.1521/pedi.17.2.139.23991] [PMID]##Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-8. [DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20] [PMID]##Brown, T. A., Chorpita, D. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(2), 179-92. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179] [PMID]##Bülbül, T. (2012). Dropout in higher education: Reasons and solutions. Education and Science, 37(166), 219-35.##Campbell Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 585-99. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001]##Cassidy, S. (2016 ). The academic resilience scale (ARS-30): A new multidimensional construct measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1787. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01787]##Chen, C. (2016). The role of resilience and coping styles in subjective well-being among Chinese university students. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(3), 377-87. [DOI:10.1007/s40299-016-0274-5]##Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory and NEO five factor inventory professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.##De la Fuente, J., Cardelle-Elawar, M., Martínez-Vicente, J. M., Zapata, L., & Peralta, F. J. (2013). Gender as a determining factor in the coping strategies and resilience of university students. In R. Haumann & G. Zimmer (Eds.), Handbook of Academic Performance (pp. 205-17). New York: Nova Science Publishers.##Drybye, L., & Shanafelt, T.(2012). Nurturing resiliency in medical trainees. Medical Education. 46(4), 343–8. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04206.x] [PMID]##Dumont, M., & Provost, M. A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343-63. [DOI:10.1023/A:1021637011732]##Dyson, R., & Renk, K. (2006). Freshmen adaptation to university life: Depressive symptoms, stress, and coping. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(10), 1231-44. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.20295] [PMID]##Eley, D. S., Cloninger, C. R., Walters, L., Laurence, C., Synnott, R. & Wilkinson, D. (2013). The relationship between resilience and personality traits in doctors: Implications for enhancing well being. PeerJ, 1, e216. [DOI:10.7717/peerj.216] [PMID] [PMCID]##Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 844-54. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.844]##Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (2015). CISS: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Retrieved from https://www.mhs.com/MHS-Assessment?prodname=ciss##Ewen, R. B. (1998). Personality: A topical approach: Theories, research, major controversies, and emerging findings. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.##Fayombo, G. (2010). The Relationship between personality traits and psychological resilience among the Caribbean adolescents. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 105-16. [DOI:10.5539/ijps.v2n2p105]##Feder, A., Nestler, E. J., Westphal, M., & Charney, D. S. (2010). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience to stress. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of Adult Resilience (pp. 35–54). New York: Guilford Press.##Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2003). A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. [DOI:10.1027/1016-9040/a000124]##Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 745-74. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456]##Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-26. [DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218] [PMID]##Friborg, O., Barlaug, D., Martinussen, M., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Hjemdal, O. (2005). Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14(1), 29-42. [DOI:10.1002/mpr.15]##García-Secades, X., Molinero, O., Ruiz, R., Salguero, A., De La Vega, R., & Márquez, S. (2014). Resilience in sport: Theoretical foundations, instruments and literature review. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 14(3):83-98. [DOI:10.1177/0031512516631056]##Gardner, T. M., Krägeloh, C. U., & Henning, M. A. (2014). Religious coping,stress, and quality of life of Muslim university students in New Zealand. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(4), 327–38. [DOI:10.1080/13674676.2013.804044]##Goleman, D. (1997). "Beyond IQ: Developing the leadership competencies of emotional intelligence". Paper presented at: The 2nd International Competency Conference, London, England, 12 October 1997.##González-Torres1, M. C., & Artuch-Gard, R. (2014). Resilience and coping strategy profiles at university: Contextual and demographic variables. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 12(3), 621-48.##Haeussler, S. (2013). Emotional regulation and resilience in educational organisations: A case of German school teachers [PhD. dissertation]. Newcastle: Northumbria University##Hashemi, Z. (2012). Explanative model of academic and emotional resilience [MSc. thesis]. Shiraz: Shiraz University.##Kawata, Y., Kamimura, A., Yamada, K., Izutsu, S., Wakui, S., Mizuno, M., et al. (2015). Relationship between resilience and stress coping among Japanese university athletes. Paper presented at Proceedings 19th Triennial Congress of the IEA, Melbourne, Australia, 9-14 August 2015.##Khadem , H., Motevalli Haghi, S. A., Ranjbari ,T., & Mohammadi, A. (2017). The moderating role of resilience in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and anxiety and depression symptoms among firefighters. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology,5(2), 133-40. [DOI:10.29252/nirp.jpcp.5.4.271]##Kim, N. Y. (2011). Study on relationships among stress, social support, and life satisfaction of university students [MSc. thesis]. Seoul: Konkuk University.##Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.##Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In: D. Cicchetti, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 740-95). Hoboken: Wiley.##Martin, A. J. & Marsh, H. (2006). Academic resilien ce and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach. Psychology in the Schools, 43(3),267-81. [DOI:10.1002/pits.20149]##McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr, P. T. (2004). A contemplated revision of the NEO five-factor inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 587-96. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00118-1]##McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr, P. T. (1989). Rotation to maximize the construct validity of factors in the NEO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24(1), 107-24. [DOI:10.1207/s15327906mbr2401_7] [PMID]##McMillan, J. H., & Reed, D. F. (1994). At-risk students and resiliency: Factors contributing to academic success. The Clearing House, 67(3), 137-40.##Michaeli Manee, F. (2010). The role of coping with stress styles between irrational beliefs and social adjustment relationship among Urmia university students. Research in Psychology Health, 3(4), 45-54.##Munro, B. & Pooley, J. A. (2009). Differences in resilience and university adjustment between school leavers and mature entry university studentes. The Australian Community Psychologist, 21(1), 50-61.##Nakaya, M., Oshio, A., & Kaneko, H. (2006). Correlations for Adolescent Resilience Scale with big five personality traits. Psychological Reports, 98(3), 927-30. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.98.3.927-930] [PMID]##Panter-Brick, C., & Leckman, J. F. (2013). Editorial commentary: Resilience in child development-interconnected pathways to wellbeing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 333-6. [DOI:10.1111/jcpp.12057]##Piers, D. (2004). The effects of a cognitive behavioral and emotional resilience program on the emotional resilience, social competence and school adjustment of elementary students. Long Beach, California: California State University Long Beach.##Reis, S. R., Colbert, R. B., & Hébert, T. P. (2005). Understanding resilience in diverse, talented students in an urban high school. Roeper Review, 27(2), 110-20. [DOI:10.1080/02783190509554299]##Rahat, E., & Ilhan, T. (2016). Coping styles, social support, relational self- construal, and resilience in predicting students' adjustment to university life. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 16(1), 187-208. [DOI:10.12738/estp.2016.1.0058]##Reich, J. W., Zautra, A. J., & Hall, J. S. (2010). Preface. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. xi–xv). New York: Guilford Press. [DOI:10.1177/1089253210388422]##Rojas, L. F. (2015). Factors affecting academic resilience in middle school students: A case study. Gist Education and Learning Research Journal, 11, 63-78.##Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598-611. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.147.6.598] [PMID]##Salami, S. O. (2011). Psychosocial predictors of adjustment among first year college of education students. 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Evaluation of the Effects of Positive Parenting Program on Symptoms of Preschool Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder بررسی اثرات برنامه فرزندپروری مثبت بر نشانه های بیش فعالی در کودکان پیش از دبستان 2 2 Objective: Positive Parenting Program (Triple-P) is an approved method of parent training for reducing child behavioral problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of standard level of Triple-P in improving behavioral problems and core Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms of preschool children diagnosed with ADHD.  Methods: The study was conducted on 94 mothers who had preschool children with ADHD (53 subjects and 41 controls), referred to child psychiatry clinic at Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The subjects were selected by purposive sampling method. Mothers with adjusted homogeneous demographic factors responded to study questionnaires (pre-test and post-test) in both groups. The subject group received child-rearing intervention Triple-p and the control group received the routine clinical treatment. The obtained data were analyzed by analysis of covariance in SPSS. Results: A significant decrease was observed in ADHD symptoms based on Conner’s questionnaire in the subjects compared to controls (P=0.001). Parent depression index in the subject group was significant compared to control group (P=0.005). In addition, results related to parent problem scale in the subject group indicated a significant impr­­ovement compared to control group (P=0.001).  Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the Triple-p can reduce ADHD symptoms and behavioral problems and improve the capabilities of preschool children with ADHD.  11 20 2018/07/102018/04/13 1397/1/24 2018/11/252018/10/10 1397/7/18 Mojgan Khademi Mojgan Khademi Behavioral Science Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mkhademi@sbmu.ac.ir Fatemeh Ayatmehr Fatemeh Ayatmehr Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran baharayatmehr@gmail.com Najmeh Khosravan Mehr Najmeh Khosravan Mehr Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran nkhosrovan@yahoo.com Katayoon Razjooyan Katayoon Razjooyan Behavioral Science Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran k_razjouyan@sbmu.ac.ir Rozita Davari Ashtiani Rozita Davari Ashtiani Behavioral Science Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran rodavari@sbmu.ac.ir Fariba Arabgol Fariba Arabgol Behavioral Science Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran farabgol@sbmu.ac.ir ADHD Positive parenting Conner’s questionnaire Behavioral problem Arnold, D. S., O'leary S. G., Wolff, L. S., & Acker, M. M. (1993). The parenting scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 137-44. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.137]##Beckwith, C., Rodning, S., & Cohen, D. B. (1992). Preterm children at early adolescence and continuity and discontinuity in maternal responsiveness from infancy. Child Development, 63(5), 1198-208. [PMID]##Bor, W., Saners, M. R., & Marki-Dadds, C. (2002). The effects of the triple P-positive parecting program on preschool children with co-occurring disruptive behavior and attention/hyperactivity difficulties. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3(6), 571-8. [DOI:10.1023/A:1020807613155]##Chronis, A. M., Jones, H. A., & Raggi, V. L. (2006). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 486-502. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.002] [PMID]##Conner, C. O. (1997). Conner's rating scale revised technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.##Dadds, M. R., & Powll, M. B. (1991). The relationship of interparental conflict and global marital adjustment to aggressive and nonclinic children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 19(5), 553-67. [DOI:10.1007/BF00925820]##Daley, D., & Thompson, M. (2007). Parent training for ADHD in preschool children. Advances in ADHD Research through the Lifespan, 2(1), 11-6.##Daley, D., Jones, K., Hutchings, J., & Thompson, M. (2009). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in pre-school children: current findings, recommended interventions and future directions. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(6), 754-66.##Danforth, J. S., Harvey, E., Ulaszek, W. R., & Mckee, T. E. (2006). The outcome of group parent training for families of children with ADHD and defiant/aggressive behavior. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(3), 188-206. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.05.009] [PMID]##Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: an integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-96. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487]##Dean, C., Myors, K., & Evans, E. (2003). Community-wide implementation of a parenting program: The South East Sydney positive parenting project. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 2(3), 1446-984. [DOI:10.5172/jamh.2.3.179]##Eshel, B., Daelmans, M. C., de Mello, M. C., & Martines, J. (2006). Responsive parenting: Interventions and outcomes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84(12), 991-8.##Greenhill, L., Kollins, S., Abikoff, H., McCracken, J., Riddle, M., & Swanson, B. (2006). Efficacy and safety of immediate-release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(11), 1284-93. [DOI:10.1097/01.chi.0000235077.32661.61] [PMID]##Ireland, J. L, Sanders, M. R., & Markie-Dadds, C. (2003). The impact of parent training on marital functioning: a comparison of two group versions of the triple p–positive parenting Program for parents of children with early-onset conduct problems. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(2), 127–42. [DOI:10.1017/S1352465803002017]##Johnston, C., Mash, E. J., Miller, N., & Ninowski, J. E. (2012). Parenting in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 215-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.007] [PMID] [PMCID]##Jones, K. , Daley, D., Hutchings, J., Bywater, T., & Eames, C. (2007). Efficacy of the incredible years basic parent training programme as an early intervention for children with conduct problems and ADHD. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33(6), 749-56.##Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., & Guttentag, C. (2008). A responsive parenting intervention: The optimal timing across early childhood for impacting maternal behaviors and child outcomes. Developmental Psychology. 44(5), 335–1353 [DOI:10.1037/a0013030] [PMID] [PMCID]##Leung, C., Sanders, M., Francis, I. P., & Joseph, L. (2006). Implementation of triple P-positive parenting program in Hong Kong: Predictors of programme completion and clinical outcomes. Journal of Children's Services, 1(2), 4 17.##Leung, C., Sanders, M., Leung, S., Mak, R., & Lau, J. (2003). An outcome evaluation of the implementation of the Triple-P- positive parenting programme in Hong Kong. Family Process, 42(4), 531-44. [PMID]##Markie-Dadds, C., Sanders, M. R., & Turner, K. M. T. (1999). Every parent's self-help workbook. Brisbane: Triple P International.##McTaggart, P., & Sanders, M. (2007). Mediators and moderators of change in dysfunctional parenting in a school based universal application of the Triple-P positive parenting programme. Journal of Children's Services, 2(1), 4-17. [DOI:10.1108/17466660200700002]##Melchert, T. P., & Kalemeer, A. (2009). A brief version of the family background questionnaire. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 41(4), 1-14.##Moharreri, F., Shahrivar, Z., Tehranidoost, M., & MahmoudiGhara, J. (2008). Efficacy of the positive parenting program (Triple-p) for parent of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 3(2), 59-63.##Ralph, A., & Sanders, M. R. (2003). Preliminary evaluation of the group teen triple P program for parents of teenagers making the transition to high school. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 2(3), 1-10.##Sanders, M. R. (1999). triple P-positive parenting program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(2), 71-90.##Sanders, M. R., Kirby, J. N, Tellegen, C. L., & Day, J. J. (2014). the triple P-positive parenting program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support review article. Clinical Psychology Review Journal, 34(4), 337-57. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003]##Sanders, M. R., McFarland, M. (2000).Treatment of depressed mothers with disruptive children: A controlled evaluation of cognitive behavioral family intervention. Behaviour Research and Therapy Journal, 31(1), 89-112.##Sandler, I. N., Schoenfelder, E. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Mackinnon, D. P. (2011). Long-term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting: Lasting effects but uncertain processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 299-329. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131619] [PMID] [PMCID]##Sleddens, E. F., Gerards, S. M., Thijs, C., Vries, N. K., & Kremers, S. P. (2011). General parenting, childhood overweight and obesity-inducing behaviors: A review. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6, 12-27. [DOI:10.3109/17477166.2011.566339] [PMID]##Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Daley, D., Thompson, M., Laver-Bradbury, C., & Weeks, A. (2001). Parent-based therapies for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, controlled trial with a community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 402-8. [DOI:10.1097/00004583-200104000-00008] [PMID]##Tehranidoost, M., Shahrivar, Z., MahmoudiGharaie, J.,; Alaghband-Rad, J. (2009). [Efficacy of positive parenting on improving children's behavior problems and parenting styles (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 4(14), 371-9.##West, F., & Sanders, M. R. (2012). Facilitator's manual for group lifestyle Triple P. Triple P International. Brisbane: Milton QLD.##Whittingham, K., Sofronoff, K., Sheffield, J., & Sanders, M. R. (2008). Stepping stones triple p: An RCT of a parenting program with parents of a child diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(4), 469-80. [DOI:10.1007/s10802-008-9285-x] [PMID]##ZargariNejad, G. H., & YekkeYazdandoost, R. (2007). [Efficacy of parent's training on problem behaviors in ADHD children (Persian)]. Psychological Studies, 3(2), 29-48.##Zubrick, S. R., Silburn, P. B., Burton, P., & Blair, E. (2000). Mental health disorders in children and young people: Scope, cause and prevention. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(4), 570-8. [DOI:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00703.x] [PMID]##Arnold, D. S., O'leary S. G., Wolff, L. S., & Acker, M. M. (1993). The parenting scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 137-44. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.137]##Beckwith, C., Rodning, S., & Cohen, D. B. (1992). Preterm children at early adolescence and continuity and discontinuity in maternal responsiveness from infancy. Child Development, 63(5), 1198-208. [PMID]##Bor, W., Saners, M. R., & Marki-Dadds, C. (2002). The effects of the triple P-positive parecting program on preschool children with co-occurring disruptive behavior and attention/hyperactivity difficulties. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3(6), 571-8. [DOI:10.1023/A:1020807613155]##Chronis, A. M., Jones, H. A., & Raggi, V. L. (2006). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 486-502. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.002] [PMID]##Conner, C. O. (1997). Conner's rating scale revised technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.##Dadds, M. R., & Powll, M. B. (1991). The relationship of interparental conflict and global marital adjustment to aggressive and nonclinic children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 19(5), 553-67. [DOI:10.1007/BF00925820]##Daley, D., & Thompson, M. (2007). Parent training for ADHD in preschool children. Advances in ADHD Research through the Lifespan, 2(1), 11-6.##Daley, D., Jones, K., Hutchings, J., & Thompson, M. (2009). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in pre-school children: current findings, recommended interventions and future directions. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(6), 754-66.##Danforth, J. S., Harvey, E., Ulaszek, W. R., & Mckee, T. E. (2006). The outcome of group parent training for families of children with ADHD and defiant/aggressive behavior. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(3), 188-206. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.05.009] [PMID]##Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: an integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-96. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487]##Dean, C., Myors, K., & Evans, E. (2003). Community-wide implementation of a parenting program: The South East Sydney positive parenting project. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 2(3), 1446-984. [DOI:10.5172/jamh.2.3.179]##Eshel, B., Daelmans, M. C., de Mello, M. C., & Martines, J. (2006). Responsive parenting: Interventions and outcomes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84(12), 991-8.##Greenhill, L., Kollins, S., Abikoff, H., McCracken, J., Riddle, M., & Swanson, B. (2006). Efficacy and safety of immediate-release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(11), 1284-93. [DOI:10.1097/01.chi.0000235077.32661.61] [PMID]##Ireland, J. L, Sanders, M. R., & Markie-Dadds, C. (2003). The impact of parent training on marital functioning: a comparison of two group versions of the triple p–positive parenting Program for parents of children with early-onset conduct problems. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(2), 127–42. [DOI:10.1017/S1352465803002017]##Johnston, C., Mash, E. J., Miller, N., & Ninowski, J. E. (2012). Parenting in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 215-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.007] [PMID] [PMCID]##Jones, K. , Daley, D., Hutchings, J., Bywater, T., & Eames, C. (2007). Efficacy of the incredible years basic parent training programme as an early intervention for children with conduct problems and ADHD. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33(6), 749-56.##Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., & Guttentag, C. (2008). A responsive parenting intervention: The optimal timing across early childhood for impacting maternal behaviors and child outcomes. Developmental Psychology. 44(5), 335–1353 [DOI:10.1037/a0013030] [PMID] [PMCID]##Leung, C., Sanders, M., Francis, I. P., & Joseph, L. (2006). Implementation of triple P-positive parenting program in Hong Kong: Predictors of programme completion and clinical outcomes. Journal of Children's Services, 1(2), 4 17.##Leung, C., Sanders, M., Leung, S., Mak, R., & Lau, J. (2003). An outcome evaluation of the implementation of the Triple-P- positive parenting programme in Hong Kong. Family Process, 42(4), 531-44. [PMID]##Markie-Dadds, C., Sanders, M. R., & Turner, K. M. T. (1999). Every parent's self-help workbook. Brisbane: Triple P International.##McTaggart, P., & Sanders, M. (2007). Mediators and moderators of change in dysfunctional parenting in a school based universal application of the Triple-P positive parenting programme. Journal of Children's Services, 2(1), 4-17. [DOI:10.1108/17466660200700002]##Melchert, T. P., & Kalemeer, A. (2009). A brief version of the family background questionnaire. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 41(4), 1-14.##Moharreri, F., Shahrivar, Z., Tehranidoost, M., & MahmoudiGhara, J. (2008). Efficacy of the positive parenting program (Triple-p) for parent of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 3(2), 59-63.##Ralph, A., & Sanders, M. R. (2003). Preliminary evaluation of the group teen triple P program for parents of teenagers making the transition to high school. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 2(3), 1-10.##Sanders, M. R. (1999). triple P-positive parenting program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(2), 71-90.##Sanders, M. R., Kirby, J. N, Tellegen, C. L., & Day, J. J. (2014). the triple P-positive parenting program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support review article. Clinical Psychology Review Journal, 34(4), 337-57. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003]##Sanders, M. R., McFarland, M. (2000).Treatment of depressed mothers with disruptive children: A controlled evaluation of cognitive behavioral family intervention. Behaviour Research and Therapy Journal, 31(1), 89-112.##Sandler, I. N., Schoenfelder, E. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Mackinnon, D. P. (2011). Long-term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting: Lasting effects but uncertain processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 299-329. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131619] [PMID] [PMCID]##Sleddens, E. F., Gerards, S. M., Thijs, C., Vries, N. K., & Kremers, S. P. (2011). General parenting, childhood overweight and obesity-inducing behaviors: A review. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6, 12-27. [DOI:10.3109/17477166.2011.566339] [PMID]##Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Daley, D., Thompson, M., Laver-Bradbury, C., & Weeks, A. (2001). Parent-based therapies for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, controlled trial with a community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 402-8. [DOI:10.1097/00004583-200104000-00008] [PMID]##Tehranidoost, M., Shahrivar, Z., MahmoudiGharaie, J.,; Alaghband-Rad, J. (2009). [Efficacy of positive parenting on improving children's behavior problems and parenting styles (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 4(14), 371-9.##West, F., & Sanders, M. R. (2012). Facilitator's manual for group lifestyle Triple P. Triple P International. Brisbane: Milton QLD.##Whittingham, K., Sofronoff, K., Sheffield, J., & Sanders, M. R. (2008). Stepping stones triple p: An RCT of a parenting program with parents of a child diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(4), 469-80. [DOI:10.1007/s10802-008-9285-x] [PMID]##ZargariNejad, G. H., & YekkeYazdandoost, R. (2007). [Efficacy of parent's training on problem behaviors in ADHD children (Persian)]. Psychological Studies, 3(2), 29-48.##Zubrick, S. R., Silburn, P. B., Burton, P., & Blair, E. (2000). Mental health disorders in children and young people: Scope, cause and prevention. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(4), 570-8. [DOI:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00703.x] [PMID]## ##

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Anxiety, Depression and Burden of Caregivers of Multiple Sclerosis Patients Through Web Conferencing 2 2 Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the common autoimmune diseases that affects the central nervous system. It is a chronic neurological disorder that leads to physical inability and cognitive abnormalities that restricts the individual’s ability to function independently. The problems of MS patients significantly affect their psychological well-being, also their caregivers. Studies have shown that caregivers of these patients suffer from anxiety, depression and caregiving burden. Considering the problems of MS patients and their caregivers such as problems related to commuting, traffic and long distances to health centers, weather conditions, shortage of time and health costs, the need for remote psychological intervention is necessary. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Mindfulness-Based Intervention (MBI) via a web conferencing application on reduction of anxiety, depression and burden of caregivers of patients with MS.  Methods: This is a pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental study with control group. A total of 30 caregivers of female patients with Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) who were members of the MS Society in Tehran and Qom cities in 2017, and had criteria for entering the research were selected through purposeful sampling method. They were randomly divided into test (n=15) and control groups (n=15). Beck anxiety inventory, Beck depression inventory, Caregiver burden inventory, and five-facet mindfulness questionnaire were completed online in three stages (before the intervention, after the intervention, and one-month follow-up after intervention) by two groups. The test group received eight 2-hour sessions of MBI via a web conferencing software while the control group received no intervention. For analyzing the collected data, repeated-measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was performed in SPSS V. 23.  Results: There was a significant difference in the post-test scores of anxiety and caregiving burden between the two groups. MBI significantly reduced the anxiety, and caregiving burden in the test group. Although the mean score of depression in the post-test decreased in relation to pre-test, the difference was not significant. Conclusion: Internet-based MBI is effective in reducing anxiety, depression and burden of the caregivers of MS patients. Therefore, this method of therapy can be applied as an effective method to improve the quality of life and rehabilitate the caregivers of MS patients. 21 32 2018/07/102018/04/132018/08/23 1397/6/1 2018/11/252018/10/102018/11/25 1397/9/4 Mahnaz Khazaeili Mahnaz Khazaeili Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. Iran Mahna_kh@yahoo.com Majid Zargham Hajebi Majid Zargham Hajebi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. Iran Parvaneh Mohamadkhani Parvaneh Mohamadkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hasan Mirzahoseini Hasan Mirzahoseini Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. Iran Burden Mindfulness-based intervention Multiple Sclerosis Caregivers Anxiety Depression Aghabagheri, H., Mohammadkhani, P., Omrani, S., & Farahmand, V. (2012). The efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group on the increase of subjective well-being and hope in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 23-31.##Ahmadi-shooli, P., Feily, A. R., & Behzadipour, S. (2016). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the mental health of female patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 23(10), 989-1000.##Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.[DOI:10.1177/1073191105283504] [PMID]##Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., et al. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329-42. [PubMed] [DOI:10.1177/1073191107313003]##Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-7. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893]##Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. San Antonio, Texas: Psychological Corporation.##Bijker, L., Kleiboer, A., Riper, H., Cuijpers, P., & Donker, T. (2016). E-care 4 caregivers–an online intervention for nonprofessional caregivers of patients with depression: Study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17(1), 193. [DOI:10.1186/s13063-016-1320-6] [PMID] [PMCID]##Biyabangard, S. (2011). [The methods of research in psychology and educational science (Persian)]. Tehran: Doran.##Brown, K. W., Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Linley, P. A., & Orzech, K. (2009). When what one has is enough: Mindfulness, financial desire discrepancy, and subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 727-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.002]##Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present; Mindfulness and its role in psychological well–being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-48.##Cavalera, C., Pagnini, F., Rovaris, M., Mendozzi, L., Pugnetti, L., Garegnani, M., et al. (2016). A telemedicine meditation intervention for people with Multiple Sclerosis and their caregivers: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17(1), 4. [DOI:10.1186/s13063-015-1136-9]##Chadwick, P., Taylor, K. N., & Abba, N. (2005). Mindfulness groups for people with psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33(3), 351-9. [DOI:10.1017/S1352465805002158]##Dent, L., Peters, A., Kerr, P. L., Mochari-Greenberger, H., & Pande, R. L. (2018). Using telehealth to implement cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychiatric Services, 69(4), 370-3. [DOI:10.1176/appi.ps.201700477]##Eichenberg, C., & Ott, R. (2012). [Clinical-psychological intervention on the internet (German)]. Psychotherapeut, 57(1), 58-69. [DOI:10.1007/s00278-011-0832-5]##Ershad Sarabi, R., Sadoughi, F., Jamshidi Orak, R., & Bahaadinbeigy, K. (2018). [Role of mobile technology in Iran healthcare system: A review study (Persian)]. Journal of Health and Biomedical Informatics, 4(4):313-26.##Esmaeilzadeh, A. (2016). [The role of tele-medicine in medical science (Persian)]. Paper presented at The 1st Congress of the Association of Iran telemedicine, Tehran, Iran, 11-12 May 2017.##Farhadi, M., & Pasandideh, M. M. (2018). [Mindfulness based cognitive therapy in reducing stress, anxiety, depression and increase self-efficacy in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (Persian)]. Biannual Journal of Clinical Psychology & Personality, 15(2), 7-15.##Fathi Ashtiani, A. (2011). [Psychological test books: Personality assessment and mental health (Persian)]. Tehran: Bessat.##Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-90. [DOI:10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8]##Firoozy, M., & Ramezani Piyani, M. (2018). [Effect of positive psychotherapy based on virtual social networks on anxiety and depression reduction in veterans with spinal cord (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of War & Public Health, 10(1), 21-6. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.ijwph.10.1.21]##Fleisher, J., Bondi, S., Singleton-Garvin, J., Lanoff, M., Di Rocco, A., Xie, S., et al. (2016). Health literacy in Parkinson's disease caregivers (P1. 021). Neurology, 86(16 Supplement), P1-021.##Frontario, A., Feld, E., Sherman, K., Krupp, L., & Charvet, L. (2016). Telehealth mindfulness meditation improves cognitive performance in adults with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (P3. 092). Neurology, 86(16 Supplement), P3-092.##Gharabaghi, H., & Talaei Mashoof, A. A. (2009). [The oretical basics of E-learning (Persian)]. Paper presented at The 1st E-Learning Student Conference, Tehran, Iran, 10-11 December 2009.##Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-Persian. Depress Anxiety, 21(4), 185-92. [DOI:10.1002/da.20070] [PMID]##Goodarzian, M. (2016). [The effectiveness of remote nursing through telephone consultation on the rate of depression and anxiety in family carers in patients with stroke (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.##Grossman, P., Kappos, L., Gensicke, H., D'Souza, M., Mohr, D. C., Penner, I. K., et al. (2010). MS quality of life, depression, and fatigue improve after mindfulness training: A randomized trial. Neurology, 75(13), 1141-9. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f4d80d]##Hailey, D., Ohinmaa, A., Roine, R., & Bulger, T. (2008). Uptake of telemental health services in Alberta: A success, but not in all regions. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 13(8), 42-4. [DOI:10.1258/135763307783247329]##Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mind-fulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 255-62. [DOI:10.1093/clipsy.bph080]##Hosseini, A., Moghaddasi, H., Asadi, F., & Karimi, M. (2012). [Feasibility study of implementing of telesurgery in hospitals affiliated to Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences, Iran (Persian)]. Director General, 9(1), 64-74.##Izadi, S., & Neamat Tavousi, M. (2017). [The effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in quality of life among patients with MS (Persian)]. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 11(42), 37-46.##Jahanbakhshian, N., & Zahrakar, K. (2018). Effect of Positive Psychotherapy Based on Virtual Social Networks on Anxiety and Depression Reduction in Veterans with Spinal Cord. Iranian Journal of War & Public Health, 10(1), 21-6. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.ijwph.10.1.21]##Kabat-Zinn, T. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using wisd om of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Dell. [PMID]##Kahrizi, S., Taghavi, M., Ghasemi, R., & Goodarzi, M. (2017). [The effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in asthma patients (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 24(154), 27-36.##Karamoozian, M., Askarizadeh, G., & Darekordi, A. (2017). Validation of iranian version of pregnancy related anxiety questionnaire. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8(1), 17. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_63_16]##Ke, Y., Ng, T., Yeo, H. L., Shwe, M., Gan, Y. X., & Chan, A. (2016). Psychometric properties and measurement equivalence of the English and Chinese versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in patients with breast cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 25(2), 633-43. [DOI:10.1007/s00520-016-3452-3]##Mahmoodi, M., Mohammad Khani, P., Ghobari Banab, B., & Bagheri, F. (2016). [Effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on strategies for coping with stress of family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(4), 190-201. [DOI:10.21859/sija-1101190]##Mak, W. W., Chio, F., Chan, A., Lui, W., & Wu, E. (2017). The efficacy of internet-based mindfulness training and cognitive-behavior traing with telephone support in the enhancement of mental health among college students and young working adults: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(3), e84. [DOI:10.2196/jmir.6737]##Marziniak, M., Brichetto, G., Feys, P., Meyding-Lamadé, U., Vernon, K., & Meuth, S. G. (2018). The use of digital and remote communication technologies as a tool for Multiple Sclerosis management: Narrative review. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies, 5(1), e5. [DOI:10.2196/rehab.7805] [PMCID] [PMID]##Mohammadkhani, P., & Khanipour, H. (2016). [Mindfulness based cognitive therapies (Persian)]. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.##Mohammadkhani, P., & Tamanayifar, S. (2005). [Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression (Persian)]. Tehran: Faradid Publisher.##Moss-Morris, R., McCrone, P., Yardley, L., van Kessel, K., Wills, G., & Dennison, L. (2012). A pilot randomised controlled trial of an Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy self-management programme (MS Invigor8) for Multiple Sclerosis fatigue. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(6), 415-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2012.03.001]##Novak, M., & Guest, C. (1989). Application of a multidimensional caregiver burden inventory. The gerontologist, 29(6), 798-803. [DOI:10.1093/geront/29.6.798]##Omidi, A., & Mohamadkhani, P. (2008). [Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention (Persian)]. Mental Health, 1(1), 29-38.##Opara, J., & Brola, W. (2017). Quality of life and burden in caregivers of Multiple Sclerosis patients. Physiotherapy and Health Activity, 25(1), 9-16. [DOI:10.1515/pha-2017-0002]##Pagnini F. (2016). A telemedicine mindfulness-based intervention for people with Multiple Sclerosis and their caregivers. Retrieved from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02364505##Pahlavanzadeh, S., Dalvi-Isfahani, F., Alimohammadi, N., & Chitsaz, A. (2015). The effect of group psycho education program on the burden of family caregivers with Multiple Sclerosis patients in Isfahan in 2013-2014. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 20(4), 420-5. [DOI:10.4103/1735-9066.161000] [PMID] [PMCID]##Salehi Nejad, S., Azami, M., Motamedi, F., Sedighi, B., & Shahesmaili, A. (2017). [The effect of web-based information intervention in caregiving burden in caregivers of patients with dementia (Persian)]. Journal of Health and Biomedica Informatics, 4(3), 181-91.##Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, M. (2002). Mindfulness – based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press.##Shirazi, E., Ahmadkhaniha, H. R., Sayyahfar, S., Hosseini Shams Abadi, R., & Afsharkhass, L. (2018). [Delivery of medical care by telehealth system (Persian)]. Journal of Razi Medical Science, 24(11), 9-12.##Shirazi, E., Hakim Shooshtari, M., Shalbafan, M. R., Hadi, F., & Bidaki, R. (2017). [E-health, telemedicine and telepsychiatry (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 22(4):266-9.##Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness-the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543-55. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025]##Wilz, G., Reder, M., Meichsner, F., & Soellner, R. (2017). The Tele.TAnDem intervention: Telephone-based CBT for family caregivers of people with dementia. Gerontologist, 58(2), e118-29. [DOI:10.1093/geront/gnx183] [PMID]##Zeynali, F. (2016). The effectiveness, mindfulness based Program reducing stress on quality of life patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of The Studies of Psychology and Educational Sciences, 2(1), 57-68.##Aghabagheri, H., Mohammadkhani, P., Omrani, S., & Farahmand, V. (2012). The efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group on the increase of subjective well-being and hope in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 23-31.##Ahmadi-shooli, P., Feily, A. R., & Behzadipour, S. (2016). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the mental health of female patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 23(10), 989-1000.##Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.[DOI:10.1177/1073191105283504] [PMID]##Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., et al. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329-42. [PubMed] [DOI:10.1177/1073191107313003]##Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-7. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893]##Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. San Antonio, Texas: Psychological Corporation.##Bijker, L., Kleiboer, A., Riper, H., Cuijpers, P., & Donker, T. (2016). E-care 4 caregivers–an online intervention for nonprofessional caregivers of patients with depression: Study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17(1), 193. [DOI:10.1186/s13063-016-1320-6] [PMID] [PMCID]##Biyabangard, S. (2011). [The methods of research in psychology and educational science (Persian)]. Tehran: Doran.##Brown, K. W., Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Linley, P. A., & Orzech, K. (2009). When what one has is enough: Mindfulness, financial desire discrepancy, and subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 727-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.002]##Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present; Mindfulness and its role in psychological well–being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-48.##Cavalera, C., Pagnini, F., Rovaris, M., Mendozzi, L., Pugnetti, L., Garegnani, M., et al. (2016). A telemedicine meditation intervention for people with Multiple Sclerosis and their caregivers: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17(1), 4. [DOI:10.1186/s13063-015-1136-9]##Chadwick, P., Taylor, K. N., & Abba, N. (2005). Mindfulness groups for people with psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33(3), 351-9. [DOI:10.1017/S1352465805002158]##Dent, L., Peters, A., Kerr, P. L., Mochari-Greenberger, H., & Pande, R. L. (2018). Using telehealth to implement cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychiatric Services, 69(4), 370-3. [DOI:10.1176/appi.ps.201700477]##Eichenberg, C., & Ott, R. (2012). [Clinical-psychological intervention on the internet (German)]. Psychotherapeut, 57(1), 58-69. [DOI:10.1007/s00278-011-0832-5]##Ershad Sarabi, R., Sadoughi, F., Jamshidi Orak, R., & Bahaadinbeigy, K. (2018). [Role of mobile technology in Iran healthcare system: A review study (Persian)]. Journal of Health and Biomedical Informatics, 4(4):313-26.##Esmaeilzadeh, A. (2016). [The role of tele-medicine in medical science (Persian)]. Paper presented at The 1st Congress of the Association of Iran telemedicine, Tehran, Iran, 11-12 May 2017.##Farhadi, M., & Pasandideh, M. M. (2018). [Mindfulness based cognitive therapy in reducing stress, anxiety, depression and increase self-efficacy in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (Persian)]. Biannual Journal of Clinical Psychology & Personality, 15(2), 7-15.##Fathi Ashtiani, A. (2011). [Psychological test books: Personality assessment and mental health (Persian)]. Tehran: Bessat.##Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-90. [DOI:10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8]##Firoozy, M., & Ramezani Piyani, M. (2018). [Effect of positive psychotherapy based on virtual social networks on anxiety and depression reduction in veterans with spinal cord (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of War & Public Health, 10(1), 21-6. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.ijwph.10.1.21]##Fleisher, J., Bondi, S., Singleton-Garvin, J., Lanoff, M., Di Rocco, A., Xie, S., et al. (2016). Health literacy in Parkinson's disease caregivers (P1. 021). Neurology, 86(16 Supplement), P1-021.##Frontario, A., Feld, E., Sherman, K., Krupp, L., & Charvet, L. (2016). Telehealth mindfulness meditation improves cognitive performance in adults with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (P3. 092). Neurology, 86(16 Supplement), P3-092.##Gharabaghi, H., & Talaei Mashoof, A. A. (2009). [The oretical basics of E-learning (Persian)]. Paper presented at The 1st E-Learning Student Conference, Tehran, Iran, 10-11 December 2009.##Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-Persian. Depress Anxiety, 21(4), 185-92. [DOI:10.1002/da.20070] [PMID]##Goodarzian, M. (2016). [The effectiveness of remote nursing through telephone consultation on the rate of depression and anxiety in family carers in patients with stroke (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.##Grossman, P., Kappos, L., Gensicke, H., D'Souza, M., Mohr, D. C., Penner, I. K., et al. (2010). MS quality of life, depression, and fatigue improve after mindfulness training: A randomized trial. Neurology, 75(13), 1141-9. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f4d80d]##Hailey, D., Ohinmaa, A., Roine, R., & Bulger, T. (2008). Uptake of telemental health services in Alberta: A success, but not in all regions. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 13(8), 42-4. [DOI:10.1258/135763307783247329]##Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mind-fulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 255-62. [DOI:10.1093/clipsy.bph080]##Hosseini, A., Moghaddasi, H., Asadi, F., & Karimi, M. (2012). [Feasibility study of implementing of telesurgery in hospitals affiliated to Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences, Iran (Persian)]. Director General, 9(1), 64-74.##Izadi, S., & Neamat Tavousi, M. (2017). [The effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in quality of life among patients with MS (Persian)]. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 11(42), 37-46.##Jahanbakhshian, N., & Zahrakar, K. (2018). Effect of Positive Psychotherapy Based on Virtual Social Networks on Anxiety and Depression Reduction in Veterans with Spinal Cord. Iranian Journal of War & Public Health, 10(1), 21-6. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.ijwph.10.1.21]##Kabat-Zinn, T. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using wisd om of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Dell. [PMID]##Kahrizi, S., Taghavi, M., Ghasemi, R., & Goodarzi, M. (2017). [The effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in asthma patients (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 24(154), 27-36.##Karamoozian, M., Askarizadeh, G., & Darekordi, A. (2017). Validation of iranian version of pregnancy related anxiety questionnaire. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8(1), 17. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_63_16]##Ke, Y., Ng, T., Yeo, H. L., Shwe, M., Gan, Y. X., & Chan, A. (2016). Psychometric properties and measurement equivalence of the English and Chinese versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in patients with breast cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 25(2), 633-43. [DOI:10.1007/s00520-016-3452-3]##Mahmoodi, M., Mohammad Khani, P., Ghobari Banab, B., & Bagheri, F. (2016). [Effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on strategies for coping with stress of family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(4), 190-201. [DOI:10.21859/sija-1101190]##Mak, W. W., Chio, F., Chan, A., Lui, W., & Wu, E. (2017). The efficacy of internet-based mindfulness training and cognitive-behavior traing with telephone support in the enhancement of mental health among college students and young working adults: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(3), e84. [DOI:10.2196/jmir.6737]##Marziniak, M., Brichetto, G., Feys, P., Meyding-Lamadé, U., Vernon, K., & Meuth, S. G. (2018). The use of digital and remote communication technologies as a tool for Multiple Sclerosis management: Narrative review. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies, 5(1), e5. [DOI:10.2196/rehab.7805] [PMCID] [PMID]##Mohammadkhani, P., & Khanipour, H. (2016). [Mindfulness based cognitive therapies (Persian)]. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.##Mohammadkhani, P., & Tamanayifar, S. (2005). [Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression (Persian)]. Tehran: Faradid Publisher.##Moss-Morris, R., McCrone, P., Yardley, L., van Kessel, K., Wills, G., & Dennison, L. (2012). A pilot randomised controlled trial of an Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy self-management programme (MS Invigor8) for Multiple Sclerosis fatigue. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(6), 415-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2012.03.001]##Novak, M., & Guest, C. (1989). Application of a multidimensional caregiver burden inventory. The gerontologist, 29(6), 798-803. [DOI:10.1093/geront/29.6.798]##Omidi, A., & Mohamadkhani, P. (2008). [Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention (Persian)]. Mental Health, 1(1), 29-38.##Opara, J., & Brola, W. (2017). Quality of life and burden in caregivers of Multiple Sclerosis patients. Physiotherapy and Health Activity, 25(1), 9-16. [DOI:10.1515/pha-2017-0002]##Pagnini F. (2016). A telemedicine mindfulness-based intervention for people with Multiple Sclerosis and their caregivers. Retrieved from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02364505##Pahlavanzadeh, S., Dalvi-Isfahani, F., Alimohammadi, N., & Chitsaz, A. (2015). The effect of group psycho education program on the burden of family caregivers with Multiple Sclerosis patients in Isfahan in 2013-2014. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 20(4), 420-5. [DOI:10.4103/1735-9066.161000] [PMID] [PMCID]##Salehi Nejad, S., Azami, M., Motamedi, F., Sedighi, B., & Shahesmaili, A. (2017). [The effect of web-based information intervention in caregiving burden in caregivers of patients with dementia (Persian)]. Journal of Health and Biomedica Informatics, 4(3), 181-91.##Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, M. (2002). Mindfulness – based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press.##Shirazi, E., Ahmadkhaniha, H. R., Sayyahfar, S., Hosseini Shams Abadi, R., & Afsharkhass, L. (2018). [Delivery of medical care by telehealth system (Persian)]. Journal of Razi Medical Science, 24(11), 9-12.##Shirazi, E., Hakim Shooshtari, M., Shalbafan, M. R., Hadi, F., & Bidaki, R. (2017). [E-health, telemedicine and telepsychiatry (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 22(4):266-9.##Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness-the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543-55. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025]##Wilz, G., Reder, M., Meichsner, F., & Soellner, R. (2017). The Tele.TAnDem intervention: Telephone-based CBT for family caregivers of people with dementia. Gerontologist, 58(2), e118-29. [DOI:10.1093/geront/gnx183] [PMID]##Zeynali, F. (2016). The effectiveness, mindfulness based Program reducing stress on quality of life patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of The Studies of Psychology and Educational Sciences, 2(1), 57-68.## ##

Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Problems Among Applicants and Non-applicants of Cosmetic Surgery 2 2 Objective: The human beings’ interest in beauty and improvement of their appearance might compel them to seek for cosmetic surgery. This study aimed to compare body image, self-esteem, and psychological problems between the applicants and non-applicants of cosmetic surgery in Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 200 participants were selected for this study (including 100 applicants and 100 non-applicants of cosmetic surgery) via purposive sampling method. The questionnaires of body image, self-esteem, and psychological problems were used for data collection.  Results: The mean score of body image among non-applicants was higher than applicants of cosmetic surgery, but this difference was not statistically significant. In addition, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding their self-esteem and psychological problems.  Conclusion: Cosmetic surgery is not necessarily associated with body image, self-esteem and psychological problems. 33 42 2018/07/102018/04/132018/08/232018/06/25 1397/4/4 2018/11/252018/10/102018/11/252018/10/14 1397/7/22 Aazam Heidarzadeh Aazam Heidarzadeh Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Geriatric Care Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Iran heidarzadehaazam@yahoo.com Parisa Shahmohammadipour Parisa Shahmohammadipour Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Geriatric Care Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Iran Mansooreh Azzizadeh Forouzi Mansooreh Azzizadeh Forouzi Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, R. Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran forozy@gmail.com Mahlagha Dehghan Mahlagha Dehghan Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, R. Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran Zohreh Khorasani Zohreh Khorasani School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Body image Self-esteem Psychological problems Cosmetic surgery Ahmadi, H., & Poorsharifi, H. (2013). [The role of news source on individuals persuasion with moderation of attitude to news source, gender and self-esteem (Persian)]. Social Cognition, 2(3), 7-18.##Aliehyaii, F., Latifi, A., & Bakhtiary, M. (2013). An epidemiological study of the reasons for tendency to undergo rhinoplasty in Tehran. Teb va Tazkieh, 22, 9-16.##Babuccu, O., Latifoglu, O., Atabay, K., Oral, N., & Cosan, B. (2003). Sociological aspects of rhinoplasty. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 27(1), 44-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00266-002-1517-9] [PMID]##Baniasadi, H. (2012). Effects of rhinoplasty on women's body image. Journal of Dermatology and Cosmetic, 3(4), 194-201.##Ching, S., Thoma, A., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2003). Measuring outcomes in aesthetic surgery: A comprehensive review of the literature. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 111(1), 469-82. [DOI:10.1097/01.PRS.0000036041.67101.48] [PMID]##Dowling, N. A., Jackson, A. C., & Honigman, R. J. (2013). A comparison of the psychological outcomes of cosmetic surgical procedures. Plastic Surgery: An International Journal, 2013(2013), 979486.##Farshidfar, Z., Dastjerdi, R., & Shahabizadeh, F. (2013). Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: body image, self esteem and conformity. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 238-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.542]##Frederick, D. A., Lever, J., & Peplau, L. A. (2007). Interest in cosmetic surgery and body image: Views of men and women across the lifespan. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 120(5), 1407-15. [DOI:10.1097/01.prs.0000279375.26157.64] [PMID]##Hosseini, S. E., Ghasemi, N., Molayi Gonbadi, G., & Rezayi, L. (2010). [Comparison of the level of stress and body image among individuals aged 20-30 seeking and not seeking cosmetic surgeries in Ahvaz province (Persian)]. Journal of Modern Industrial/Organization Psychology, 1(3), 75-84.##Jomeen, J., & Martin, C. R. (2005). Self-esteem and mental health during early pregnancy. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing, 9(1), 92-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.cein.2004.09.001]##Khanjani, Z., Babapour, J., & Saba, G. (2012). Investigating mental status and body image in cosmetic surgery applicants in comparison with non-applicants. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 20(2), 237-48.##Kkeli, N., & Argyrides, M. (2013). Appearance Schemas Inventory Revised: Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version in a Female Sample. North American Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 577-88.##Klassen, A., Jenkinson, C., Fitzpatrick, R., & Goodacre, T. (1996). Patients' health related quality of life before and after aesthetic surgery. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 49(7), 433-8. [DOI:10.1016/S0007-1226(96)90025-9]##Kvalevaag, A. L., Ramchandani, P. G., Hove, O., Assmus, J., Eberhard-Gran, M., & Biringer, E. (2013). Paternal mental health and socioemotional and behavioral development in their children. Pediatrics, 131(2), e463-e9. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2012-0804]##Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602.##Mirsardoo, T., Kaldi, A., & Ataee, B. (2011). [Relationship between socio-cultural factors and women's tendency to beauty care among women in Karaj (Persian)]. Woman and Family Studie, 3(10), 145-64.##Mohammadpanah Ardakan, A., & Yousefi, R. (2011). [Assessment of beliefs about appearance and inferiority feeling in cosmetic surgery candidates (Persian)]. Journal of dermatology and cosmetic, 2(2), 85-97.##Mohammadpanah, A, Yaghoobi, H, & Yusefi, R. (2012). [Personality traits and defense mechanisms in patients seeking for cosmetic surgery (Persian)]. Dermatology and Cosmetic, 3(2), 72-82.##Moss, T. P., & Harris, D. L. (2009). Psychological change after aesthetic plastic surgery: A prospective controlled outcome study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 14(5), 567-72. [DOI:10.1080/13548500903112374] [PMID]##Mousavizadeh, S. M., Niazi Shahraki, F., Kalantar Hormozi, A., Fadaei Naeini, A. R., & Nasri Lari, M., (2010). [Assessing tendencies and motivations of female volunteers for cosmetic surgery (Persian)]. Pajoohandeh Journal, 14(6), 318-23.##Pasha, G. R., Naaderi, F., & Akbari, S. (2008). [Comparison of body image, body mass index, general health, and self concept between people experienced cosmetic surgery, applicants for cosmetic surgery and normal sample of Behbahan (Persian)]. New Findings in Psychology, 2(7), 61-80.##Piyavhatkul, N., Aroonpongpaisal, S., Patjanasoontorn, N., Rongbutsri, S., Maneeganondh, S., & Pimpanit, W. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale-Thai version as compared to the Self-Esteem Visual Analog Scale. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand=Chotmaihet thangphaet, 94(7), 857-862.##Riggs, L. E. (2012). The globalization of cosmetic surgery: Examining BRIC and beyond [MA. thesis]. San Francisco: University of San Francisco.##Saba, G. (2012). [Comparison of psychopathology in people seeking cosmetic surgery with controls (Persian)]. Pajoohandeh Journal, 17(1), 26-31.##Sadrosadatzadeh, M., Farahani, M., Kiamanesh, A., & Ramezani, V. (2013). [Qualification of self-esteem and body image before and after cosmetic surgery on girls (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 7(1), 40-8.##Sarwer, D. B., Wadden, T. A., Moore, R. H., Eisenberg, M. H., Raper, S. E., & Williams, N. N. (2010). Changes in quality of life and body image after gastric bypass surgery. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 6(6), 608-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.soard.2010.07.015] [PMID] [PMCID]##Tahmasbi, S., Tahmasbi, Z., & Yaghmaie, F. (2014). [Factors related to cosmetic surgery based on theory of reasoned action in shahrekord students (Persian)]. Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery, 24(4), 53-61.##Tousi, P., Barikbin, B., Arbabi, M., & Saati, S. (2007). Evaluation of 116 patients treated with botulimum toxin referred to private dermatologic clinics in Tehran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Dermatology, 10(2), 125-9.##Von Soest, T., Kvalem, I., Roald, H., & Skolleborg, K. (2009). The effects of cosmetic surgery on body image, self-esteem, and psychological problems. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 62(10), 1238-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.093] [PMID]##Zamani, S., & Fazilatpour, M. (2013). [The effects of cosmetic surgery on patients' self-esteem and negative image of themselves (Persian)]. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 20(5), 492-504.##Zuckerman, D., & Abraham, A. (2008). Teenagers and cosmetic surgery: Focus on breast augmentation and liposuction. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(4), 318-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.04.018] [PMID]##Ahmadi, H., & Poorsharifi, H. (2013). [The role of news source on individuals persuasion with moderation of attitude to news source, gender and self-esteem (Persian)]. Social Cognition, 2(3), 7-18.##Aliehyaii, F., Latifi, A., & Bakhtiary, M. (2013). An epidemiological study of the reasons for tendency to undergo rhinoplasty in Tehran. Teb va Tazkieh, 22, 9-16.##Babuccu, O., Latifoglu, O., Atabay, K., Oral, N., & Cosan, B. (2003). Sociological aspects of rhinoplasty. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 27(1), 44-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00266-002-1517-9] [PMID]##Baniasadi, H. (2012). Effects of rhinoplasty on women's body image. Journal of Dermatology and Cosmetic, 3(4), 194-201.##Ching, S., Thoma, A., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2003). Measuring outcomes in aesthetic surgery: A comprehensive review of the literature. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 111(1), 469-82. [DOI:10.1097/01.PRS.0000036041.67101.48] [PMID]##Dowling, N. A., Jackson, A. C., & Honigman, R. J. (2013). A comparison of the psychological outcomes of cosmetic surgical procedures. Plastic Surgery: An International Journal, 2013(2013), 979486.##Farshidfar, Z., Dastjerdi, R., & Shahabizadeh, F. (2013). Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: body image, self esteem and conformity. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 238-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.542]##Frederick, D. A., Lever, J., & Peplau, L. A. (2007). Interest in cosmetic surgery and body image: Views of men and women across the lifespan. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 120(5), 1407-15. [DOI:10.1097/01.prs.0000279375.26157.64] [PMID]##Hosseini, S. E., Ghasemi, N., Molayi Gonbadi, G., & Rezayi, L. (2010). [Comparison of the level of stress and body image among individuals aged 20-30 seeking and not seeking cosmetic surgeries in Ahvaz province (Persian)]. Journal of Modern Industrial/Organization Psychology, 1(3), 75-84.##Jomeen, J., & Martin, C. R. (2005). Self-esteem and mental health during early pregnancy. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing, 9(1), 92-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.cein.2004.09.001]##Khanjani, Z., Babapour, J., & Saba, G. (2012). Investigating mental status and body image in cosmetic surgery applicants in comparison with non-applicants. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 20(2), 237-48.##Kkeli, N., & Argyrides, M. (2013). Appearance Schemas Inventory Revised: Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version in a Female Sample. North American Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 577-88.##Klassen, A., Jenkinson, C., Fitzpatrick, R., & Goodacre, T. (1996). Patients' health related quality of life before and after aesthetic surgery. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 49(7), 433-8. [DOI:10.1016/S0007-1226(96)90025-9]##Kvalevaag, A. L., Ramchandani, P. G., Hove, O., Assmus, J., Eberhard-Gran, M., & Biringer, E. (2013). Paternal mental health and socioemotional and behavioral development in their children. Pediatrics, 131(2), e463-e9. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2012-0804]##Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602.##Mirsardoo, T., Kaldi, A., & Ataee, B. (2011). [Relationship between socio-cultural factors and women's tendency to beauty care among women in Karaj (Persian)]. Woman and Family Studie, 3(10), 145-64.##Mohammadpanah Ardakan, A., & Yousefi, R. (2011). [Assessment of beliefs about appearance and inferiority feeling in cosmetic surgery candidates (Persian)]. Journal of dermatology and cosmetic, 2(2), 85-97.##Mohammadpanah, A, Yaghoobi, H, & Yusefi, R. (2012). [Personality traits and defense mechanisms in patients seeking for cosmetic surgery (Persian)]. Dermatology and Cosmetic, 3(2), 72-82.##Moss, T. P., & Harris, D. L. (2009). Psychological change after aesthetic plastic surgery: A prospective controlled outcome study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 14(5), 567-72. [DOI:10.1080/13548500903112374] [PMID]##Mousavizadeh, S. M., Niazi Shahraki, F., Kalantar Hormozi, A., Fadaei Naeini, A. R., & Nasri Lari, M., (2010). [Assessing tendencies and motivations of female volunteers for cosmetic surgery (Persian)]. Pajoohandeh Journal, 14(6), 318-23.##Pasha, G. R., Naaderi, F., & Akbari, S. (2008). [Comparison of body image, body mass index, general health, and self concept between people experienced cosmetic surgery, applicants for cosmetic surgery and normal sample of Behbahan (Persian)]. New Findings in Psychology, 2(7), 61-80.##Piyavhatkul, N., Aroonpongpaisal, S., Patjanasoontorn, N., Rongbutsri, S., Maneeganondh, S., & Pimpanit, W. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale-Thai version as compared to the Self-Esteem Visual Analog Scale. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand=Chotmaihet thangphaet, 94(7), 857-862.##Riggs, L. E. (2012). The globalization of cosmetic surgery: Examining BRIC and beyond [MA. thesis]. San Francisco: University of San Francisco.##Saba, G. (2012). [Comparison of psychopathology in people seeking cosmetic surgery with controls (Persian)]. Pajoohandeh Journal, 17(1), 26-31.##Sadrosadatzadeh, M., Farahani, M., Kiamanesh, A., & Ramezani, V. (2013). [Qualification of self-esteem and body image before and after cosmetic surgery on girls (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 7(1), 40-8.##Sarwer, D. B., Wadden, T. A., Moore, R. H., Eisenberg, M. H., Raper, S. E., & Williams, N. N. (2010). Changes in quality of life and body image after gastric bypass surgery. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 6(6), 608-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.soard.2010.07.015] [PMID] [PMCID]##Tahmasbi, S., Tahmasbi, Z., & Yaghmaie, F. (2014). [Factors related to cosmetic surgery based on theory of reasoned action in shahrekord students (Persian)]. Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery, 24(4), 53-61.##Tousi, P., Barikbin, B., Arbabi, M., & Saati, S. (2007). Evaluation of 116 patients treated with botulimum toxin referred to private dermatologic clinics in Tehran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Dermatology, 10(2), 125-9.##Von Soest, T., Kvalem, I., Roald, H., & Skolleborg, K. (2009). The effects of cosmetic surgery on body image, self-esteem, and psychological problems. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 62(10), 1238-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.093] [PMID]##Zamani, S., & Fazilatpour, M. (2013). [The effects of cosmetic surgery on patients' self-esteem and negative image of themselves (Persian)]. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 20(5), 492-504.##Zuckerman, D., & Abraham, A. (2008). Teenagers and cosmetic surgery: Focus on breast augmentation and liposuction. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(4), 318-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.04.018] [PMID]## ##

The Cultural Tailoring and Effectiveness of Couples Coping Enhancement Training on Marital Adjustment of Wives 2 2 Objective: Marital adjustment of wives is associated with the satisfaction and stability of the marital life. It is among the most valuable perspectives for counselors and therapists focusing on improving couples’ relationships. This research was conducted with the aim of cultural tailoring and determining the effectiveness of “couples coping enhancement training” on improving marital adjustment of wives. Methods: The study has quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and control/placebo group with 6 months of follow-up. The statistical population consisted of the couples referring to the court of Shahr-e Kord in spring 2017 because of marital problems. The study sample comprised 36 couples selected through convenient sampling method and 12 couples were assigned randomly to the experimental, placebo and control group each. The couples of the experimental group received the administration of “couples coping enhancement training” based on cultural tailoring in 9 group sessions once a week. The placebo group had sessions with a therapist in 9 group sessions once a week and control group did not receive any intervention. The dyadic adjustment Scale was used for data collection. The obtained data were analyzed by variance analysis with the repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS V. 21. Results: The couples receiving the couples coping enhancement training based on cultural tailoring reported a significant difference in the mean scores of marital adjustment of wives compared to placebo and control group couples in pre-test and 6 months follow-up (F=9.113, P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the results, couples coping enhancement training is an effective method for improving marital adjustment of wives. 43 52 2018/07/102018/04/132018/08/232018/06/252018/05/25 1397/3/4 2018/11/252018/10/102018/11/252018/10/142018/11/14 1397/8/23 Mahdi Omidian Mahdi Omidian Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran momidian1363@gmail.com Isaac Rahimian Boogar Isaac Rahimian Boogar Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran i_rahimian@semnan.ac.ir Siavash Talepasand Siavash Talepasand Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran stalepasand@semnan.ac.ir Mahmoud Najafi Mahmoud Najafi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran rahimianis@gmail.com Manijeh Kaveh Manijeh Kaveh Department of Counseling and Psychology, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. Iran mgkaveh@yahoo.com Couples therapy Marital therapy Cultural characteristics Marital adjustment Archibald, C. (2011). Cultural Tailoring for an afro-caribbean community: A naturalistic approach. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 18(4), 114-9. [PMID] [PMCID]##Bali, A., Dhingra, R., & Baru, A. (2010). Marital adjustment of childless couples. Journal of Social Science, 24(1), 73-6. [DOI:10.1080/09718923.2010.11892839]##Batool, S. S., & Khalid, R. (2009). Role of emotional intelligence in marital relationship. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 24(1), 43-62.##Bernal, G., Jimenez-Chafey, M. I., Domenech Rodríguez, M. M. (2009). Cultural adaptation of treatments: A resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(4), 361-8. [DOI:10.1037/a0016401]##Bodenmann, G. (1997). Dyadic coping - a systemic-transactional view of stress and coping among couples: Theory and empirical findings. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 47(2), 137-40.##Bodenmann, G. (2000b). [The Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET): A new approach to prevent marital distress based upon stress and coping (German)]. Family Relations, 53(5), 477-84. [PMID]##Bodenmann, G. (2005). Dyadic coping and its significance for marital functioning. In T. A. Revenson, K. Kayser, & G. Bodenmann (Eds.), Decade of Behavior. Couples Coping With Stress: Emerging Perspectives on Dyadic Coping (pp. 33-49). Washington: American Psychological Association. [DOI:10.1037/11031-002] [PMID]##Bodenmann, G., & Randall, A. K. (2012). Common factors in the enhancement of dyadic coping. Behavior Therapy, 43(1), 88-98. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.003]##Bodenmann, G., & Shantinath, S. D. (2004). The Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET): A new approach to prevention of marital distress based upon stress and coping. Family Relations, 53(5), 477-84. [DOI:10.1111/j.0197-6664.2004.00056.x]##Bodenmann, G., Charvoz, L., Cina, A., & Widmer, K. (2001). Prevention of marital distress by enhancing the coping skills of couples: 1-year follow-up-study. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 60(1), 3-10. [DOI:10.1024//1421-0185.60.1.3]##Bodenmann, G., Ledermann, T., & Bradbury T. N. (2007). Stress, sex and satisfaction in marriage. Personal Relationships, 14(4), 551-60. [DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00171.x]##Bodenmann, G., Meuwly, N., Bradbury, T. N., Gmelch, S., & Ledermann, T. (2010). Stress and verbal aggression in intimate relationships: Moderating effects of trait anger and dyadic coping. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(3), 408-24. [DOI:10.1177/0265407510361616]##Bodenmann, G., Pihet, S., Shantinath, S. D., Cina, A., & Widmer K. (2006). Improving dyadic coping in couples with a stress-oriented approach: A 2-year longitudinal study. Behavior Modification, 30(5), 571-97. [DOI:10.1177/0145445504269902] [PMID]##Cina, A., Widmer, K., & Bodenmann, G. (2002). [The effectiveness of the Couples' Coping Enhancement Training (CCET): A comparison of two training versions (German)]. Verhaltenstherapie, 12(1), 36-45. [DOI:10.1159/000056691]##Davis, K. R., & Davis, J. R. (2014). Enhancing relationships through coping skills and sleep health education: literature review and research proposal. McNair Scholars Research Journal, 4(2), 24-33.##Falconier, M. K., Nussbeck, F., Bodenmann, G., Schneider, H., & Bradbury, T. (2015). Stress from daily hassles in couples: Its effects on intradyadic stress, relationship satisfaction, and physical and psychological well-being. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(2), 221-35. [DOI:10.1111/jmft.12073]##Hazrati, M., Hamid, T. A., Ibrahim, R., Hassan, S. A., Sharif, F., & Bagheri, Z. (2017). 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[DOI:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00355.x]##Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(1), 15-28. [DOI:10.2307/350547]##Sudani, M., Dastan, N., Khojastemehr, R., & Rajabi, R. (2015). [Comparing the effectiveness of narrative couple therapy and integrative behavior couple therapy on conflict solv-ing tactics of female victims of violence (Persian)]. Journal of Women and society, 6(3), 1-12.##Ying, L., Chen, X., Wu, L. H., Shu, J., Wu, X., & Loke, A. Y. (2017). The partnership and coping enhancement programme for couples undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment: the development of a complex intervention in China. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 34(1), 99-108. [DOI:10.1007/s10815-016-0817-y] [PMID] [PMCID]##Archibald, C. (2011). Cultural Tailoring for an afro-caribbean community: A naturalistic approach. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 18(4), 114-9. [PMID] [PMCID]##Bali, A., Dhingra, R., & Baru, A. (2010). Marital adjustment of childless couples. Journal of Social Science, 24(1), 73-6. [DOI:10.1080/09718923.2010.11892839]##Batool, S. S., & Khalid, R. (2009). Role of emotional intelligence in marital relationship. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 24(1), 43-62.##Bernal, G., Jimenez-Chafey, M. I., Domenech Rodríguez, M. M. (2009). Cultural adaptation of treatments: A resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(4), 361-8. [DOI:10.1037/a0016401]##Bodenmann, G. (1997). Dyadic coping - a systemic-transactional view of stress and coping among couples: Theory and empirical findings. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 47(2), 137-40.##Bodenmann, G. (2000b). [The Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET): A new approach to prevent marital distress based upon stress and coping (German)]. Family Relations, 53(5), 477-84. [PMID]##Bodenmann, G. (2005). Dyadic coping and its significance for marital functioning. In T. A. Revenson, K. Kayser, & G. Bodenmann (Eds.), Decade of Behavior. Couples Coping With Stress: Emerging Perspectives on Dyadic Coping (pp. 33-49). Washington: American Psychological Association. [DOI:10.1037/11031-002] [PMID]##Bodenmann, G., & Randall, A. K. (2012). Common factors in the enhancement of dyadic coping. Behavior Therapy, 43(1), 88-98. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.003]##Bodenmann, G., & Shantinath, S. D. (2004). The Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET): A new approach to prevention of marital distress based upon stress and coping. Family Relations, 53(5), 477-84. [DOI:10.1111/j.0197-6664.2004.00056.x]##Bodenmann, G., Charvoz, L., Cina, A., & Widmer, K. (2001). Prevention of marital distress by enhancing the coping skills of couples: 1-year follow-up-study. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 60(1), 3-10. [DOI:10.1024//1421-0185.60.1.3]##Bodenmann, G., Ledermann, T., & Bradbury T. N. (2007). Stress, sex and satisfaction in marriage. Personal Relationships, 14(4), 551-60. [DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00171.x]##Bodenmann, G., Meuwly, N., Bradbury, T. N., Gmelch, S., & Ledermann, T. (2010). Stress and verbal aggression in intimate relationships: Moderating effects of trait anger and dyadic coping. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(3), 408-24. [DOI:10.1177/0265407510361616]##Bodenmann, G., Pihet, S., Shantinath, S. D., Cina, A., & Widmer K. (2006). Improving dyadic coping in couples with a stress-oriented approach: A 2-year longitudinal study. Behavior Modification, 30(5), 571-97. [DOI:10.1177/0145445504269902] [PMID]##Cina, A., Widmer, K., & Bodenmann, G. (2002). [The effectiveness of the Couples' Coping Enhancement Training (CCET): A comparison of two training versions (German)]. Verhaltenstherapie, 12(1), 36-45. [DOI:10.1159/000056691]##Davis, K. R., & Davis, J. R. (2014). Enhancing relationships through coping skills and sleep health education: literature review and research proposal. McNair Scholars Research Journal, 4(2), 24-33.##Falconier, M. K., Nussbeck, F., Bodenmann, G., Schneider, H., & Bradbury, T. (2015). Stress from daily hassles in couples: Its effects on intradyadic stress, relationship satisfaction, and physical and psychological well-being. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(2), 221-35. [DOI:10.1111/jmft.12073]##Hazrati, M., Hamid, T. A., Ibrahim, R., Hassan, S. A., Sharif, F., & Bagheri, Z. (2017). The effect of emotional focused intervention on spousal emotional abuse and marital satisfaction among elderly married couples: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 5(4), 329-34. [PMID] [PMCID]##Heshmati, R., Gharadaghi, A., Jafari, E., & Gholizadehgan, M. (2017). [Prediction of marital burnout in couples seeking divorce with knowledge of demographic characteristics, mindfulness, and emotional resilience (Persian)]. Journal of Family Counseling & Psychotherapy, 7(1), 1-22.##Hoseinnejad, M. (1995). [Study of rate of incompatibility among parents with mentally retarded children (Persian)] [MA. thesis]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaee University.##Landis, M., Peter-Wight, M., Martin, M., & Bodenman, G. (2013). Dyadic coping and marital satisfaction of older spouses in long-term marriage. The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry , 26(1), 39-47. [DOI:10.1024/1662-9647/a000077]##Ledermann, T., Bodenmann, G., & Cina, A. (2007). The efficacy of the Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET) in improving relationship quality. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(8),940-59. [DOI:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.8.940]##Li, A., Robustelli, B. L., & Whisman, M. A. (2016). Marital adjustment and psychological distress in Japan. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33(7), 855-66. [DOI:10.1177/0265407515599678] [PMID] [PMCID]##Marshall, A. D., Jones, D. E., & Feinberg, M. E. (2011). Enduring vulnerabilities, relationship attributions, and couple conflict: an integrative model of the occurrence and frequency of intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 709-18. [DOI:10.1037/a0025279]##Ozouni-Davaji, R. B., Dadkhah, A., Khodabakhshi-Kolaee, A., & Dolatshahi, B. (2012). [The effectiveness of group training of couples coping skills enhancement on marital relationships quality in distressed couples (Persian)]. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 6(1), 25-30.##Peterson-Post, K. M., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2014). Perceived criticism and marital adjustment predict depressive symptoms in a community sample. Behavior Therapy, 45(4), 564-75. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.002] [PMID] [PMCID]##Rostami, M., Abolqasemi, A., & Narimani, M. (2016). [The effectiveness of treatment based on quality improvement Life on the psychological well-being of couples (Persian)]. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 3(1), 105-23.##Salimi, H., Mohsenzadeh, F., & Nazari, A. M. (2016). [Prediction of marital adjustment based on family solidarity, time for togetherness and financial sources in female teachers (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society, 7(27), 175-92.##Sanai Zaker, B. (2009). [Family and Marriage Measurement Scales (Persian)]. Tehran: Be'sat Publication.##Schaer, M., Bodenmann, G., & Klink, T. (2008). Balancing work and relationship: Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET) in the workplace. Applied Psychology, 57(1), 71-89. [DOI:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00355.x]##Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(1), 15-28. [DOI:10.2307/350547]##Sudani, M., Dastan, N., Khojastemehr, R., & Rajabi, R. (2015). [Comparing the effectiveness of narrative couple therapy and integrative behavior couple therapy on conflict solv-ing tactics of female victims of violence (Persian)]. Journal of Women and society, 6(3), 1-12.##Ying, L., Chen, X., Wu, L. H., Shu, J., Wu, X., & Loke, A. Y. (2017). The partnership and coping enhancement programme for couples undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment: the development of a complex intervention in China. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 34(1), 99-108. [DOI:10.1007/s10815-016-0817-y] [PMID] [PMCID]## ##

Construction and Validation of Emotional Divorce Scale in Iranian Population 2 2 Objective: Divorce is one of the social problems and underlying factors of many psychological problems, thereby demanding necessary research to prevent its occurrence. This study aimed to construct and validate Emotional Divorce Scale in Iranian couples.  Methods: This was a cross-sectional research. A total number of 400 married individuals living in east part of Tehran City, Iran between May and June 2016 were selected by random cluster sampling method and responded to the research instruments (researcher-made Emotional Divorce Scale, Dr. Phil Relationship Health Profile Test, and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale). Data analyses were performed by factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach alpha coefficient in SPSS V. 22 and LISREL V. 8.80.  Results: The results of factor analysis showed that Emotional Divorce Scale comprised three factors. The three-factor structure of the scale was confirmed by goodness-of-fit indices.The results of Pearson correlation indicated that the total score of Emotional Divorce Scale was significantly correlated with relationship health profile test (0.69) and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (-0.42) at significance level of 0.01. The internal consistency of the total scale was 0.97 and the internal consistency of the three factors, namely compulsory living, absence of romantic behavior towards spouse, and emotional vacuum were 0.97, 0.73, and 0.93, respectively.  Conclusion: Finally, the Emotional Divorce Scale enjoys acceptable psychometric properties regarding the ease of administration, scoring, and interpretation, as well as suitable validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Thus, researchers can safely use it in their studies. 53 62 2018/07/102018/04/132018/08/232018/06/252018/05/252018/02/10 1396/11/21 2018/11/252018/10/102018/11/252018/10/142018/11/142018/09/5 1397/6/14 Fereshteh Mirzadeh Koohshahi Fereshteh Mirzadeh Koohshahi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran FereshteMirzade@semnan.ac.ir Alimohamad Rezaei Alimohamad Rezaei Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran rezaei_am@semnan.ac.ir Mahmoud Najafi Mahmoud Najafi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran m_najafi@semnan.ac.ir Divorced Emotion Factor analysis Psychometrics Amato, P. R. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments. The Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 650-66. [DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x]##Ashrafi, F. A. (2009). [Sociological study of emotional divorce (Case Study: Tehran 6th municipal district) (Persian)] [MA. thesis]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch.##Cohen, P. N. (2014). Recession and divorce in the United States, 2008–2011. Population Research and Policy Review, 33(5), 615-28. [DOI:10.1007/s11113-014-9323-z]##Etzion, D., & Romi, S. (2015). Typology of youth at risk. Children and Youth Services Review, 59, 184-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.10.017]##Feldhaus, M., & Heintz-Martin, V. (2015). Long-term effects of parental separation: Impacts of parental separation during childhood on the timing and the risk of cohabitation, marriage, and divorce in adulthood. Advances in Life Course Research, 26, 22-31. [DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.07.003]##Fouladchang, M. (2006). [The role of the family structure in adolescent's adaptation (Persian)]. Journal on Family Research, 2(7), 209-21.##Ghaffarzadeh, S. M., & Nazari, H. (2012). The consequences of divorce on individual, family and society. Life Science Journal, 9(4), 281-5.##Guven, C., Senik, C., & Stichnoth, H. (2012). You can't be happier than your wife: Happiness gaps and divorce. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 82(1), 110-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2012.01.003]##Hamama, L., & Ronen-Shenhav, A. (2012). Self-control, social support, and aggression among adolescents in divorced and two-parent families. Child and Youth Services Review, 34(5), 1042-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.02.009]##Houman, H. A. (2001). [Multivariate data analysis in behavioral research (Persian)]. Tehran: Parsa Pub.##Imanpour, T., Mahmood Aliloo, M., Madani, Y., & Haghighat, M. (2014). [Psychometric properties of Phil Relationship Health Profile Test among couples in Urmia (Persian)]. Tehran: Family Psychology Association of Iran.##Kafashi, M., & Sarabadani, S. (2014). [Socio-economic factors effective in emotional divorce between married housewives and married employed women in Qom City (Persian)]. Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research, 3(5), 125-53.##Koerner, A. F., & Maki, L. (2004). Family communication patterns and social support in families of origin and adult children's subsequent intimate relationships. Paper presented at The International Association for Relationship Research Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 22-25 July 2004. [PMCID]##Lauer, R. H., & Lauer, J. C. (2004). Marriage and family: The quest for intimacy. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc.##Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis (4th Edition). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum. [PMID]##Mohsenzadeh, F., Nazari, A. M., & Arefi, M. (2011). [Qualitative study of marital dissatisfaction and divorce attempt (Case Study of Kermanshah) (Persian)]. Womens Strategic Studies, 14(53), 7-42.##Mousavi, F., & Rahiminejad, A. (2015). [The comparison of interpersonal identity statuses in married people with regards to emotional divorce (Persian)]. Applied Psychological Research Quarterly, 6(1), 11-23.##Okorodudu, G. N. (2010). Influence of parenting styles on adolescent delinquency in delta central senatorial district. Edo Journal of Counselling, 3(1), 58-86. [DOI:10.4314/ejc.v3i1.52682]##Portes, P. R., Smith, T. L., Brown JH. (2000). The divorce adjustment inventory-revised: Validation of a parental report concerning children's post-custody adjustment. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 33(3-4), 93-109. [DOI:10.1300/J087v33n03_06]##Rezayi, J., & Naraghi, A. (2010). [Study of the pattern of healthy families in tradition of Prophet of Islam (PBUH) (Persian)]. Qur'anic Studies Journal, 1(4), 93-124.##Safayi Rad, S., & Varastehfar, A. (2012). [A survey on the relationship of marital conflicts with emotional divorce of referring women to the court of eastern Tehran in 2011 (Persian)]. Journal of Social Research, 5(20), 85-106.##Sanaee, B. (2000). [Measures of family and marriage (Persian)]. Tehran: Be'esat Pub.##Sbarra, D. A., Emery, R. E., Beam, C. R., Ocker, B. L. (2014). Marital dissolution and major depression in midlife: A propensity score analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 249-57. [DOI:10.1177/2167702613498727]##Sbarra, D. A., Law, R. W., & Portley, R. M. (2011). Divorce and death: A meta-analysis and research agenda for clinical, social, and health psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(5), 454-74. [DOI:10.1177/1745691611414724]##Scott, S. B., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., Allen, E. S., Markman, H. J. (2013). Reasons for divorce and recollections of premarital intervention: Implications for improving relationship ducation. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 2(2), 131-45. [DOI:10.1037/a0032025]##Soleimanian, A. (1994). [The investigation of irrational thinking based on the cognitive approach on the marital dissatisfaction (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: Tarbiat Moalem University.##Stack, S. (2012). Encyclopedia of human behavior (2nd Edition). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00136-1]##Stack, S., Scourfield, J. (2013). Recency of divorce, depression, and suicide risk. Journal of Family, 36(6), 695-715. [DOI:10.1177/0192513X13494824]##Strong, B. (2008). The marriage and family experience. Belmont, Ontario: Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00079.x] [PMID]##Talebpour, A., Vaziri, H., & Marzdarani, H. (2015). [Evaluation affecting factors of emotional divorce (Case study: The perspective of higher education married staffs in Karaj Province in 2014) (Persian)]. MAGNT Research Report, 3(3), 459-67.##Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association. [DOI:10.1037/10694-000]##Amato, P. R. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments. The Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 650-66. [DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x]##Ashrafi, F. A. (2009). [Sociological study of emotional divorce (Case Study: Tehran 6th municipal district) (Persian)] [MA. thesis]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch.##Cohen, P. N. (2014). Recession and divorce in the United States, 2008–2011. Population Research and Policy Review, 33(5), 615-28. [DOI:10.1007/s11113-014-9323-z]##Etzion, D., & Romi, S. (2015). Typology of youth at risk. Children and Youth Services Review, 59, 184-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.10.017]##Feldhaus, M., & Heintz-Martin, V. (2015). Long-term effects of parental separation: Impacts of parental separation during childhood on the timing and the risk of cohabitation, marriage, and divorce in adulthood. Advances in Life Course Research, 26, 22-31. [DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.07.003]##Fouladchang, M. (2006). [The role of the family structure in adolescent's adaptation (Persian)]. Journal on Family Research, 2(7), 209-21.##Ghaffarzadeh, S. M., & Nazari, H. (2012). The consequences of divorce on individual, family and society. Life Science Journal, 9(4), 281-5.##Guven, C., Senik, C., & Stichnoth, H. (2012). You can't be happier than your wife: Happiness gaps and divorce. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 82(1), 110-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2012.01.003]##Hamama, L., & Ronen-Shenhav, A. (2012). Self-control, social support, and aggression among adolescents in divorced and two-parent families. Child and Youth Services Review, 34(5), 1042-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.02.009]##Houman, H. A. (2001). [Multivariate data analysis in behavioral research (Persian)]. Tehran: Parsa Pub.##Imanpour, T., Mahmood Aliloo, M., Madani, Y., & Haghighat, M. (2014). [Psychometric properties of Phil Relationship Health Profile Test among couples in Urmia (Persian)]. Tehran: Family Psychology Association of Iran.##Kafashi, M., & Sarabadani, S. (2014). [Socio-economic factors effective in emotional divorce between married housewives and married employed women in Qom City (Persian)]. Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research, 3(5), 125-53.##Koerner, A. F., & Maki, L. (2004). Family communication patterns and social support in families of origin and adult children's subsequent intimate relationships. Paper presented at The International Association for Relationship Research Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 22-25 July 2004. [PMCID]##Lauer, R. H., & Lauer, J. C. (2004). Marriage and family: The quest for intimacy. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc.##Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis (4th Edition). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum. [PMID]##Mohsenzadeh, F., Nazari, A. M., & Arefi, M. (2011). [Qualitative study of marital dissatisfaction and divorce attempt (Case Study of Kermanshah) (Persian)]. Womens Strategic Studies, 14(53), 7-42.##Mousavi, F., & Rahiminejad, A. (2015). [The comparison of interpersonal identity statuses in married people with regards to emotional divorce (Persian)]. Applied Psychological Research Quarterly, 6(1), 11-23.##Okorodudu, G. N. (2010). Influence of parenting styles on adolescent delinquency in delta central senatorial district. Edo Journal of Counselling, 3(1), 58-86. [DOI:10.4314/ejc.v3i1.52682]##Portes, P. R., Smith, T. L., Brown JH. (2000). The divorce adjustment inventory-revised: Validation of a parental report concerning children's post-custody adjustment. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 33(3-4), 93-109. [DOI:10.1300/J087v33n03_06]##Rezayi, J., & Naraghi, A. (2010). [Study of the pattern of healthy families in tradition of Prophet of Islam (PBUH) (Persian)]. Qur'anic Studies Journal, 1(4), 93-124.##Safayi Rad, S., & Varastehfar, A. (2012). [A survey on the relationship of marital conflicts with emotional divorce of referring women to the court of eastern Tehran in 2011 (Persian)]. Journal of Social Research, 5(20), 85-106.##Sanaee, B. (2000). [Measures of family and marriage (Persian)]. Tehran: Be'esat Pub.##Sbarra, D. A., Emery, R. E., Beam, C. R., Ocker, B. L. (2014). Marital dissolution and major depression in midlife: A propensity score analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 249-57. [DOI:10.1177/2167702613498727]##Sbarra, D. A., Law, R. W., & Portley, R. M. (2011). Divorce and death: A meta-analysis and research agenda for clinical, social, and health psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(5), 454-74. [DOI:10.1177/1745691611414724]##Scott, S. B., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., Allen, E. S., Markman, H. J. (2013). Reasons for divorce and recollections of premarital intervention: Implications for improving relationship ducation. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 2(2), 131-45. [DOI:10.1037/a0032025]##Soleimanian, A. (1994). [The investigation of irrational thinking based on the cognitive approach on the marital dissatisfaction (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: Tarbiat Moalem University.##Stack, S. (2012). Encyclopedia of human behavior (2nd Edition). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00136-1]##Stack, S., Scourfield, J. (2013). Recency of divorce, depression, and suicide risk. Journal of Family, 36(6), 695-715. [DOI:10.1177/0192513X13494824]##Strong, B. (2008). The marriage and family experience. Belmont, Ontario: Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00079.x] [PMID]##Talebpour, A., Vaziri, H., & Marzdarani, H. (2015). [Evaluation affecting factors of emotional divorce (Case study: The perspective of higher education married staffs in Karaj Province in 2014) (Persian)]. MAGNT Research Report, 3(3), 459-67.##Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association. [DOI:10.1037/10694-000]## ##

Evaluating the Efficacy of Positive Psychotherapy on Life Expectancy in Students With Hemophilia: A Randomized Controlled Trial 2 2 Objective: Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder results from a deficient in synthesis of a protein needed for blood clotting. The number of people with hemophilia in the United States is about 20,000. Iran having the ninth largest Hemophilia population in the world. Hemophilia lead to many psychological and physiological complications. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on the Life expectancy as one of psychological aspects in hemophilia students.  Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental interventional study along with experimental and control groups. The subjects were evaluated in the pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up. Study population including all senior elementary and junior high school students with hemophilia who had medical records in Zahedan Hemophilia Society. After screening, 60 students were selected and randomly assigned into two 30-member groups of experimental and control. The research tool was Snyder Children’s Hope Scale questionnaire (1991). Positive psychotherapy workshop was held in 8 sessions (Two 120 minutes sessions weekly) and follow-up test was done two months after the end of the last training session. The obtained information was analyzed through repeated measurement variance.  Results: The results show significant effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on increasing Life expectancy in patients with hemophilia and indicated the durability of this therapy in the follow-up stage. In this research we highlighted the need for training and using positive psychotherapy as a new, safe and effective psychological therapy for student suffering Hemophilia.  Conclusion: We emphasize for the implication of this study result and method by clinicians and policy makers to manage psychological problems of students suffering from Hemophilia. 63 70 2018/07/102018/04/132018/08/232018/06/252018/05/252018/02/102018/03/23 1397/1/3 2018/11/252018/10/102018/11/252018/10/142018/11/142018/09/52018/10/10 1397/7/18 Mahbobe Ghavidel Heydari Mahbobe Ghavidel Heydari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran. Iran heydari4938@gmail.com Mahmoud Shirazi Mahmoud Shirazi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. Iran mahmoud.shirazi96@gmail.com Gholam Reza Sanagouyemoharer Gholam Reza Sanagouyemoharer Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran. Iran gsanagouyemoharer@gmail.com Hemophilia Positive psychotherapy Life expectancy Students Cassis, F. Y., Querol, F., Forsyth, A., Iorio, A., & Board, H. I. A. (2012). Psychosocial aspects of haemophilia: A systematic review of methodologies and findings. Haemophilia, 18(3), e101-e14. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2011.02683.x] [PMID]##Chen, C. M., Huang, K. C., Chen, C. C., Huang, S. U., Huang, C. E., Chen, Y. Y., et al. (2015). The impact of joint range of motion limitations on health-related quality of life in patients with haemophilia A: A prospective study. Haemophilia, 21(3), e176-e84. [DOI:10.1111/hae.12644] [PMID] [PMCID]##Conoley, C. W., & Conoley, J. C. (2009). Positive psychology and family therapy: Creative techniques and practical tools for guiding change and enhancing growth. Hoboken: Wiley. [PMID] [PMCID]##Dehghan, A., & Memarian, R. (2013). Abundance of stress, anxiety and depression in Multiple Sclerosis patients. Alborz University Medical Journal, 2(2), 82-8. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.aums.2.2.82]##DeKoven, M., Karkare, S., Kelley, L., Cooper, D., Pham, H., Powers, J., et al. (2014). Understanding the experience of caring for children with haemophilia: Cross‐sectional study of caregivers in the United States. Haemophilia, 20(4), 541-9. [DOI:10.1111/hae.12379] [PMID]##Dorgalaleh, A., Dadashizadeh, G., & Bamedi, T. (2016). Hemophilia in Iran. Hematology, 21(5), 300-10. [DOI:10.1080/10245332.2015.1125080] [PMID]##Falakaflaki, S., & Malekitabar, M. (2016). Group Positive Psychotherapy Effect on Increasing the Happiness of Mothers of Children with Cochlear Implant. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 173-82. [DOI:10.15412/J.JPCP.06040305]##Ghanizadeh, A., & Balich Jahromi, P. (2009). Depression, anxiety and suicidal behaviour in children and adolescents with Haemophilia. Haemophilia, 15(2), 528-32. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01971.x] [PMID]##Ghavidel Heydari, M., Shirazi, M., & Sanagouyemoharer, G. R. (2018). The effect of positive psychotherapy in test anxiety among Zahedan students with hemophilia. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 21(1), 55-61.##Griggs, S. (2017). Hope and mental health in young adult college students: an integrative review. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55(2), 28-35. [DOI:10.3928/02793695-20170210-04]##Horney, D. J., Smith, H. E., McGurk, M., Weinman, J., Herold, J., Altman, K., et al. (2011). Associations between quality of life, coping styles, optimism, and anxiety and depression in pretreatment patients with head and neck cancer. Head & Neck, 33(1), 65-71. [DOI:10.1002/hed.21407] [PMID]##Hosseini, F., Jolayi, H., Valizadeh, L., Tabaghchy Ahary, A., Hashemi, M., & Varmazyar, Z. (2014). The knowledge of hemophilia affected adolescents on the prevention of hemophilia complications. Scientific Journal of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, 10(4), 372-86.##Hutz, C. S., Midgett, A., Pacico, J. C., Bastianello, M. R., & Zanon, C. (2014). The relationship of hope, optimism, self-esteem, subjective well-being, and personality in Brazilians and Americans. Psychology, 5(6), 514-22. [DOI:10.4236/psych.2014.56061]##Iannazzo, S., Cortesi, P. A., Crea, R., Steinitz, K., Mantovani, L. G., & Gringeri, A. (2017). Cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmacokinetic-driven prophylaxis vs. standard prophylaxis in patients with severe haemophilia A. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis, 28(6), 425-30. [DOI:10.1097/MBC.0000000000000610] [PMID]##Jafari, S., Mohtashami, J., Alaee Karahroudi, F., Mansouri, S., & Rassouli, M. (2016). [Perceived social support and its correlated factors in adolescents with chronic disease (Persian)]. Hayat, 22(1), 65-78.##Ji, J. L., Holmes, E. A., & Blackwell, S. E. (2017). Seeing light at the end of the tunnel: Positive prospective mental imagery and optimism in depression. Psychiatry Research, 247, 155-62. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.025] [PMID]##Johnson, J., & Wood, A. M. (2017). Integrating positive and clinical psychology: Viewing human functioning as continua from positive to negative can benefit clinical assessment, interventions and understandings of resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 335-49. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-015-9728-y]##Karimi, M., & Haghpanah, S. (2015). The effects of economic sanctions on disease specific clinical outcomes of patients with thalassemia and hemophilia in Iran. Health Policy, 119(2), 239-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.12.011] [PMID]##Kermani, Z., Khodapanahi, M. K., & Mahmoud, H. (2011). [Psychometric properties of Snyder's hope scale (Persian)]. Applied Psychology, 5(3), 7-23.##Khodabakhsh, R., Khosravi, Z., & Zarrinpour, N. (2015). [Effect of positive psychotherapy in depression symptoms and character strengths in cancer affected patients (Persian)]. Positive Psychology Research, 1(1), 35-49.##Klein, R. H., & Nimorwicz, P. (1982). Psychosocial aspects of hemophilia in families: 1. Assessment strategies and instruments. Clinical Psychology Review, 2(2), 153-69. [DOI:10.1016/0272-7358(82)90009-5]##Layous, K., Chancellor, J., Lyubomirsky, S., Wang, L., & Doraiswamy, P. M. (2011). Delivering happiness: Translating positive psychology intervention research for treating major and minor depressive disorders. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(8), 675-83. [DOI:10.1089/acm.2011.0139] [PMID]##Leontopoulou, S. (2015). A positive psychology intervention with emerging adults. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 3(2), 113-36. [DOI:10.5964/ejcop.v3i2.33]##Meyer, P. S., Johnson, D. P., Parks, A., Iwanski, C., & Penn, D. L. (2012). Positive living: A pilot study of group positive psychotherapy for people with schizophrenia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 239-48. [DOI:10.1080/17439760.2012.677467]##Poon, J. L., Doctor, J. N., & Nichol, M. B. (2014). Longitudinal changes in health-related quality of life for chronic diseases: an example in hemophilia A. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(3), 760-6. [DOI:10.1007/s11606-014-2893-y] [PMID]##Poormansouri, S., Ahmadi, M., Shriati, A., & Keikhaei, B. (2016). [Quality of life, depression, anxiety and stress in over-18-year-old patients with beta-Thalassaemia major (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Iran Blood Transfus Organ, 13(1), 72-82##Rezende, S. M., Rodrigues, S. H. L., Brito, K. N. P., da Silva, D. L. Q., Santo, M. L., de Jesus Simões, B., et al. (2017). Evaluation of a web-based registry of inherited bleeding disorders: A descriptive study of the Brazilian experience with HEMOVIDAweb coagulopatias. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 12, 27. [DOI:10.1186/s13023-016-0560-6] [PMID]##Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. In M. Csikszentmihalyi (Ed), Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology (pp. 279-98). Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_18]##Sezgin, F., & Erdogan, O. (2015). Academic Optimism, Hope and Zest for Work as Predictors of Teacher Self-Efficacy and Perceived Success. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(1), 7-19. [DOI:10.12738/estp.2015.1.2338]##Shorey, H. S., Snyder, C. R., Yang, X., & Lewin, M. R. (2003). The role of hope as a mediator in recollected parenting, adult attachment, and mental health. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(6), 685-715.[DOI:10.1521/jscp.22.6.685.22938]##Sidonio, R., Holot, N., & Cooper, D. L. (2017). Evaluating the psychosocial impact of hemophilia B: The bridging hemophilia B experiences, results and opportunities into solutions (B‐HERO‐S) study. European Journal of Haematology, 98(S86), 3-4. [DOI:10.1111/ejh.12853] [PMID]##Snyder, C. R. (2000). The past and possible futures of hope. Journal of Social Clinical Psychology Review, 19(1), 11-28.##Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2009). Oxford handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.##Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570-85. [PMID]##Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., & Pedrotti, J. T. (2010). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks: Sage.##Sondik, E., Madans, J., & Gentleman, J. (2010). Vital and health statistics: Summary health statistics for US adults: National health interview survey, 2009. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. [PMID]##Stewart, M. E., Watson, R., Clark, A., Ebmeier, K. P., & Deary, I. J. (2010). A hierarchy of happiness? Mokken scaling analysis of the Oxford happiness inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 845-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.011]##Terni, P. (2015). Solution-focus: Bringing positive psychology into the conversation. International Journal of Solution-Focused Practices, 3(1), 8-16. [DOI:10.14335/ijsfp.v3i1.25]##Thorn, B. E. (2017). Cognitive therapy for chronic pain: A step-by-step guide. New York: Guilford Press.##Torres-Ortu-o, A., Cid-Sabatel, R., Barbero, J., & García-Dasí, M. (2017). Life experience of the adult and ageing patient with haemophilia. Practical aspects for psychological support. Vox Sanguinis, 112(4), 301-9. [DOI:10.1111/vox.12501] [PMID]##Weinberg, M., Besser, A., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Neria, Y. (2016). Bidirectional associations between hope, optimism and social support, and trauma-related symptoms among survivors of terrorism and their spouses. Journal of Research in Personality, 62, 29-38. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.03.002]##Cassis, F. Y., Querol, F., Forsyth, A., Iorio, A., & Board, H. I. A. (2012). Psychosocial aspects of haemophilia: A systematic review of methodologies and findings. Haemophilia, 18(3), e101-e14. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2011.02683.x] [PMID]##Chen, C. M., Huang, K. C., Chen, C. C., Huang, S. U., Huang, C. E., Chen, Y. Y., et al. (2015). The impact of joint range of motion limitations on health-related quality of life in patients with haemophilia A: A prospective study. Haemophilia, 21(3), e176-e84. [DOI:10.1111/hae.12644] [PMID] [PMCID]##Conoley, C. W., & Conoley, J. C. (2009). Positive psychology and family therapy: Creative techniques and practical tools for guiding change and enhancing growth. Hoboken: Wiley. [PMID] [PMCID]##Dehghan, A., & Memarian, R. (2013). Abundance of stress, anxiety and depression in Multiple Sclerosis patients. Alborz University Medical Journal, 2(2), 82-8. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.aums.2.2.82]##DeKoven, M., Karkare, S., Kelley, L., Cooper, D., Pham, H., Powers, J., et al. (2014). Understanding the experience of caring for children with haemophilia: Cross‐sectional study of caregivers in the United States. Haemophilia, 20(4), 541-9. [DOI:10.1111/hae.12379] [PMID]##Dorgalaleh, A., Dadashizadeh, G., & Bamedi, T. (2016). Hemophilia in Iran. Hematology, 21(5), 300-10. [DOI:10.1080/10245332.2015.1125080] [PMID]##Falakaflaki, S., & Malekitabar, M. (2016). Group Positive Psychotherapy Effect on Increasing the Happiness of Mothers of Children with Cochlear Implant. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 173-82. [DOI:10.15412/J.JPCP.06040305]##Ghanizadeh, A., & Balich Jahromi, P. (2009). Depression, anxiety and suicidal behaviour in children and adolescents with Haemophilia. Haemophilia, 15(2), 528-32. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01971.x] [PMID]##Ghavidel Heydari, M., Shirazi, M., & Sanagouyemoharer, G. R. (2018). The effect of positive psychotherapy in test anxiety among Zahedan students with hemophilia. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 21(1), 55-61.##Griggs, S. (2017). Hope and mental health in young adult college students: an integrative review. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55(2), 28-35. [DOI:10.3928/02793695-20170210-04]##Horney, D. J., Smith, H. E., McGurk, M., Weinman, J., Herold, J., Altman, K., et al. (2011). Associations between quality of life, coping styles, optimism, and anxiety and depression in pretreatment patients with head and neck cancer. Head & Neck, 33(1), 65-71. [DOI:10.1002/hed.21407] [PMID]##Hosseini, F., Jolayi, H., Valizadeh, L., Tabaghchy Ahary, A., Hashemi, M., & Varmazyar, Z. (2014). The knowledge of hemophilia affected adolescents on the prevention of hemophilia complications. Scientific Journal of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, 10(4), 372-86.##Hutz, C. S., Midgett, A., Pacico, J. C., Bastianello, M. R., & Zanon, C. (2014). The relationship of hope, optimism, self-esteem, subjective well-being, and personality in Brazilians and Americans. Psychology, 5(6), 514-22. [DOI:10.4236/psych.2014.56061]##Iannazzo, S., Cortesi, P. A., Crea, R., Steinitz, K., Mantovani, L. G., & Gringeri, A. (2017). Cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmacokinetic-driven prophylaxis vs. standard prophylaxis in patients with severe haemophilia A. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis, 28(6), 425-30. [DOI:10.1097/MBC.0000000000000610] [PMID]##Jafari, S., Mohtashami, J., Alaee Karahroudi, F., Mansouri, S., & Rassouli, M. (2016). [Perceived social support and its correlated factors in adolescents with chronic disease (Persian)]. Hayat, 22(1), 65-78.##Ji, J. L., Holmes, E. A., & Blackwell, S. E. (2017). Seeing light at the end of the tunnel: Positive prospective mental imagery and optimism in depression. Psychiatry Research, 247, 155-62. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.025] [PMID]##Johnson, J., & Wood, A. M. (2017). Integrating positive and clinical psychology: Viewing human functioning as continua from positive to negative can benefit clinical assessment, interventions and understandings of resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 335-49. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-015-9728-y]##Karimi, M., & Haghpanah, S. (2015). The effects of economic sanctions on disease specific clinical outcomes of patients with thalassemia and hemophilia in Iran. Health Policy, 119(2), 239-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.12.011] [PMID]##Kermani, Z., Khodapanahi, M. K., & Mahmoud, H. (2011). [Psychometric properties of Snyder's hope scale (Persian)]. Applied Psychology, 5(3), 7-23.##Khodabakhsh, R., Khosravi, Z., & Zarrinpour, N. (2015). [Effect of positive psychotherapy in depression symptoms and character strengths in cancer affected patients (Persian)]. Positive Psychology Research, 1(1), 35-49.##Klein, R. H., & Nimorwicz, P. (1982). Psychosocial aspects of hemophilia in families: 1. Assessment strategies and instruments. Clinical Psychology Review, 2(2), 153-69. [DOI:10.1016/0272-7358(82)90009-5]##Layous, K., Chancellor, J., Lyubomirsky, S., Wang, L., & Doraiswamy, P. M. (2011). Delivering happiness: Translating positive psychology intervention research for treating major and minor depressive disorders. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(8), 675-83. [DOI:10.1089/acm.2011.0139] [PMID]##Leontopoulou, S. (2015). A positive psychology intervention with emerging adults. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 3(2), 113-36. [DOI:10.5964/ejcop.v3i2.33]##Meyer, P. S., Johnson, D. P., Parks, A., Iwanski, C., & Penn, D. L. (2012). Positive living: A pilot study of group positive psychotherapy for people with schizophrenia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 239-48. [DOI:10.1080/17439760.2012.677467]##Poon, J. L., Doctor, J. N., & Nichol, M. B. (2014). Longitudinal changes in health-related quality of life for chronic diseases: an example in hemophilia A. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(3), 760-6. [DOI:10.1007/s11606-014-2893-y] [PMID]##Poormansouri, S., Ahmadi, M., Shriati, A., & Keikhaei, B. (2016). [Quality of life, depression, anxiety and stress in over-18-year-old patients with beta-Thalassaemia major (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Iran Blood Transfus Organ, 13(1), 72-82##Rezende, S. M., Rodrigues, S. H. L., Brito, K. N. P., da Silva, D. L. Q., Santo, M. L., de Jesus Simões, B., et al. (2017). Evaluation of a web-based registry of inherited bleeding disorders: A descriptive study of the Brazilian experience with HEMOVIDAweb coagulopatias. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 12, 27. [DOI:10.1186/s13023-016-0560-6] [PMID]##Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. In M. Csikszentmihalyi (Ed), Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology (pp. 279-98). Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_18]##Sezgin, F., & Erdogan, O. (2015). Academic Optimism, Hope and Zest for Work as Predictors of Teacher Self-Efficacy and Perceived Success. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(1), 7-19. [DOI:10.12738/estp.2015.1.2338]##Shorey, H. S., Snyder, C. R., Yang, X., & Lewin, M. R. (2003). The role of hope as a mediator in recollected parenting, adult attachment, and mental health. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(6), 685-715.[DOI:10.1521/jscp.22.6.685.22938]##Sidonio, R., Holot, N., & Cooper, D. L. (2017). Evaluating the psychosocial impact of hemophilia B: The bridging hemophilia B experiences, results and opportunities into solutions (B‐HERO‐S) study. European Journal of Haematology, 98(S86), 3-4. [DOI:10.1111/ejh.12853] [PMID]##Snyder, C. R. (2000). The past and possible futures of hope. Journal of Social Clinical Psychology Review, 19(1), 11-28.##Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2009). Oxford handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.##Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570-85. [PMID]##Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., & Pedrotti, J. T. (2010). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks: Sage.##Sondik, E., Madans, J., & Gentleman, J. (2010). Vital and health statistics: Summary health statistics for US adults: National health interview survey, 2009. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. [PMID]##Stewart, M. E., Watson, R., Clark, A., Ebmeier, K. P., & Deary, I. J. (2010). A hierarchy of happiness? Mokken scaling analysis of the Oxford happiness inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 845-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.011]##Terni, P. (2015). Solution-focus: Bringing positive psychology into the conversation. International Journal of Solution-Focused Practices, 3(1), 8-16. [DOI:10.14335/ijsfp.v3i1.25]##Thorn, B. E. (2017). Cognitive therapy for chronic pain: A step-by-step guide. New York: Guilford Press.##Torres-Ortu-o, A., Cid-Sabatel, R., Barbero, J., & García-Dasí, M. (2017). Life experience of the adult and ageing patient with haemophilia. Practical aspects for psychological support. Vox Sanguinis, 112(4), 301-9. [DOI:10.1111/vox.12501] [PMID]##Weinberg, M., Besser, A., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Neria, Y. (2016). Bidirectional associations between hope, optimism and social support, and trauma-related symptoms among survivors of terrorism and their spouses. Journal of Research in Personality, 62, 29-38. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.03.002]## ##

Comparing Sexual Satisfaction and Function in Operated vs. Non-Operated Patients of Gender Identity Disorder 2 2 Objective: Gender Dysphoria is one of the most important psychiatric disorders whose complications include the problems occurring after sex reassignment surgery. Methods: This study investigates sexual function and satisfaction in patients with Gender Dysphoria, both operated and non-operated patients, from 2011 to 2013. We used a cross-sectional analysis, and by referring to the Legal Medicine Center in the province of Fars, 70 patients with Gender Dysphoria (including 35-operated male to female and 35 non-operated male to female) were selected using the non-probability sampling method. The study data were collected by sexual satisfaction standard questionnaires, sexual function index, and Beck scale for suicidal ideation were used. The results were analyzed using SPSS V. 22. Results: According to the results, no significant difference was observed between the operated and non-operated groups in terms of sexual satisfaction. However, there was a significant difference in terms of sexual function among operated group compared to the non-operated group, at the significance level of 0.05. Conclusion: Based on our finding, the patients with sex reassignment surgery have found their identity, mental relaxation, and coordinated behavior with their genders. New sexual identity heals patients’ relationship with society, presents individual in community with suitable social status and reasonable sexual function for achieving normal life. 71 78 2018/07/102018/04/132018/08/232018/06/252018/05/252018/02/102018/03/232018/06/23 1397/4/2 2018/11/252018/10/102018/11/252018/10/142018/11/142018/09/52018/10/102018/11/14 1397/8/23 Elahe Asadpour Elahe Asadpour Department of Psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran Sare Behzadipuor Sare Behzadipuor Department of Psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran sarebehzadi@gmail.com Mohammad Zarenejad Mohammad Zarenejad Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran. Iran Sexual function Sexual satisfaction Operated and non-operated patients Gender Dysphoria Anderson, K. M., Sharpe, M., & Irvine, D. S. (2003). Distress and concerns in couples referred to a specialist infertility clinic. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(4), 353-5. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00398-7]##Bahrami, N., Satarzadeh, N., Ranjbar Kochaksarani, F., & Ghochazadeh, M. (2007). [Investigation of sexual satisfaction and depression in fertile and infertile couples (Persian)]. Journal of Reproduction and Infertility, 8(1), 52-9.##Bahrami, N., Sharif Nia, H., Soliemani, M. A., & Haghdoost, A. A. (2016). [Validity and reliability of the Persian version of Larson sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire in couples (Persian)]. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 23(3), 344-356.##Bandini, E., Fisher, A. D., Ricca, V., Ristori, J., Meriggiola, M. C., Jannini, E. A., et al. (2011). Childhood maltreatment in subjects with male-to-female gender identity disorder. International Journal of Impotence Research, 23(6), 276–85. [DOI:10.1038/ijir.2011.39] [PMID]##Bartolucci, C., Gómez-Gil, E., Salamero, M., Esteva, I., Guillamón, A., Zubiaurre, L., et al. (2015). Sexual Quality of Life in gender-dysphoric adults before genital sex reassignment surgery. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(1), 180-8. [DOI:10.1111/jsm.12758] [PMID]##De Cuypere, G., & T'Sjoen, G. (2011). Quality of Life and sexual health after sex reassignment surgery in transsexual men. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(12), 3379–88. [DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02348.x] [PMID]##De Cuypere, G., T'Sjoen, G., Beerten, R., Selvaggi, G., De Sutter, P., Hoebeke, P., et al. (2005). Sexual and physical health after sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(6), 679–90. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-005-7926-5] [PMID]##De Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. Pediatrics, 134(4), 696-704. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2013-2958]##Dhejne, C., Lichtenstein, P., Boman, M., Johansson, A.L., Långström, N., & Landén, M. (2011). Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: Cohort study in Sweden. PLoS One, 6(2), e16885. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0016885]##Garcia, M. M., Christopher, N. A., De Luca, F., Spilotros, M., & Ralph, D. J. (2014). Overall satisfaction, sexual function, and the durability of neophallus dimensions following staged female to male genital gender confirming surgery: The Institute of Urology, London U.K. experience. Translational Andrology and Urology, 3(2), 156-62. [PMID] [PMCID]##Gijs, L., & Brewaeys, A. (2007). Surgical treatment of Gender Dysphoria in adults and adolescents: Recent developments, effectiveness, and challenges. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 178-224.##Happich, F. J. (2006). [Postoperative outcomes in transsexuality with special consideration of satisfaction: A follow-up (German)] [PhD dissertation]. Duisburg: University of Duisburg-Essen.##Hedjazi, A., Zarenezhad, M., & Hosseini, M. (2013). Socio-demographic characteristics of transsexuals referred to the forensic medicine center in Southwest of Iran. North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(3), 224-7. [DOI:10.4103/1947-2714.109198] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hess, J., Neto R. R., Panic, L., Rübben, H., Senf, W. (2014). Satisfaction with male-to-female gender reassignment surgery: Results of a retrospective analysis. German Medical International Journal, 111(47), 795-801. [DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0795]##Imbimbo, C., Verze, P., & Palmieri, Al. (2009). A report from a single institute's 14-year experience in treatment of male-to-female transsexuals. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(10), 2736–45. [DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01379.x] [PMID]##McNeil, J., Bailey, L., Ellis, S., Morton, J., & Regan, M. (2012). Trans mental health and emotional wellbeing study. Edinburgh: Equality Network.##Johansson, A., Sundbom, E., Höjerback, T., Bodlund, O. (2010). A five-year follow-up study of Swedish adults with gender identity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1429–37. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-009-9551-1]##Kaplan, H., & Sadock, B. J. (2015). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.##Klein, C., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2009). Sexual functioning in transsexuals following hormone therapy and genital surgery: A review. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 2922-39. [DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01370.x]##Labus, L. D., Djordjevic, M. L., Stanojevic, D. S., Bizic, M. R., Stojanovic, B. Z., & Cavic, T. M. (2011). Rectosigmoid vaginoplasty in patients with vaginal agenesis: Sexual and psychosocial outcomes. Sexual Health, 8(3), 427-30.##Larson, J. H., Anderson, S. M., Holman, T. B., Niemann, B. K. (1998). A longitudinal study of the effects of premarital communication, relationship stability and self-esteem on sexual satisfaction in the first year of marriage. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 24(3), 195-206. [DOI:10.1080/00926239808404933]##Lawrence, A. A. (2003). Factors associated with satisfaction or regret following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(4), 299–315. [DOI:10.1023/A:1024086814364] [PMID]##Lief, H. I., & Hubschman, L. (1993). Orgasm in the postoperative transsexual. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22(2), 145-55. [DOI:10.1007/BF01542363] [PMID]##Löwenberg, H., Lax, H., Neto, R. R, & Krege, S. (2010). [Complications, subjective satisfaction and sexual experience by gender reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexual (German)]. Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung (Journal of Sexology), 23(4), 328-47. [DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1262718]##Mattila, A., Heinonen, L., Mäntymäki, A., Uusi-Mäkelä, N., & Algars, M. (2015). Effect of sex reassignment on mental well-being and Quality of Life. Duodecim, 131(4):379-81. [PMID]##Nimroozian, F. (2007). [Investigation of sexual satisfaction in male and female transsexual after sex reassignment surgery (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: Shahed university.##Parola, N., Bonierbale, M., Lemaire, A., Aghababian, V., Michel, A., & Lançon, C. (2010). Study of Quality of Life for transsexuals after hormonal and surgical reassignment. Sexologies, 19(1), 24-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.sexol.2009.05.004]##Rosen, R., Brown, C., Heiman, J., Leiblum, S., Meston, C., Shabsigh, R., et al. (2000) The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 26(2), 191–208. [DOI:10.1080/009262300278597] [PMID]##Rubin, S. O. (1995). A method of preserving the glans penis as aclitoris in sex conversion operations inmale transsexuals. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 14(3), 215–7. [DOI:10.3109/00365598009179564]##Selvaggi, G., Monstrey, S., Ceulemans, P., T'sjoen, G., De Cuypere, G., & Hoebeke, P. (2007). Genital sensitivity after sex reassignment surgery in transsexual patients. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 58(4), 427-33. [DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000238428.91834.be] [PMID]##Shimamura, Y., Fujikawa, A., Kubota, K., Ishii, N., Fujita, Y., & Ohta, K. (2015). Perforation of the neovagina in a male-to-female transsexual: A case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 9(1), 24. [DOI:10.1186/1752-1947-9-24]##Sohn, M. H., Hatzinger, M., & Wirsam, K. (2013). [Operative genital adjustment in man-to-woman transsexuality: Are there any guidelines or standards (German)]. Hand Surgery, Microsurgery, Plastic Surgery, 45(4), 207-10.[DOI:10.1055/s-0033-1343427] [PMID]##Vitelli, R., & Riccardi, E. (2010). Gender identity disorder and attachment theory: The influence of the patient's internal working models on psychotherapeutic engagement and objective. A study undertaken using the adult attachment interview. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(4), 241-53. [DOI:10.1080/15532739.2010.551485]##De Vries, A. L., Doreleijers, T. A., Steensma, T. D., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Psychiatric comorbidity in gender dysphoric adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(11), 1195–202. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02426.x] [PMID]##Weyers, S., Elaut, E., De Sutter, P., Gerris, J., T'sjoen, G., Heylens, G., et al. (2009). Long-term assessment of the physical, mental, and sexual health among transsexual women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(3), 752-60.##Anderson, K. M., Sharpe, M., & Irvine, D. S. (2003). Distress and concerns in couples referred to a specialist infertility clinic. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(4), 353-5. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00398-7]##Bahrami, N., Satarzadeh, N., Ranjbar Kochaksarani, F., & Ghochazadeh, M. (2007). [Investigation of sexual satisfaction and depression in fertile and infertile couples (Persian)]. Journal of Reproduction and Infertility, 8(1), 52-9.##Bahrami, N., Sharif Nia, H., Soliemani, M. A., & Haghdoost, A. A. (2016). [Validity and reliability of the Persian version of Larson sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire in couples (Persian)]. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 23(3), 344-356.##Bandini, E., Fisher, A. D., Ricca, V., Ristori, J., Meriggiola, M. C., Jannini, E. A., et al. (2011). Childhood maltreatment in subjects with male-to-female gender identity disorder. International Journal of Impotence Research, 23(6), 276–85. [DOI:10.1038/ijir.2011.39] [PMID]##Bartolucci, C., Gómez-Gil, E., Salamero, M., Esteva, I., Guillamón, A., Zubiaurre, L., et al. (2015). Sexual Quality of Life in gender-dysphoric adults before genital sex reassignment surgery. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(1), 180-8. [DOI:10.1111/jsm.12758] [PMID]##De Cuypere, G., & T'Sjoen, G. (2011). Quality of Life and sexual health after sex reassignment surgery in transsexual men. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(12), 3379–88. [DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02348.x] [PMID]##De Cuypere, G., T'Sjoen, G., Beerten, R., Selvaggi, G., De Sutter, P., Hoebeke, P., et al. (2005). Sexual and physical health after sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(6), 679–90. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-005-7926-5] [PMID]##De Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. Pediatrics, 134(4), 696-704. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2013-2958]##Dhejne, C., Lichtenstein, P., Boman, M., Johansson, A.L., Långström, N., & Landén, M. (2011). Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: Cohort study in Sweden. PLoS One, 6(2), e16885. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0016885]##Garcia, M. M., Christopher, N. A., De Luca, F., Spilotros, M., & Ralph, D. J. (2014). Overall satisfaction, sexual function, and the durability of neophallus dimensions following staged female to male genital gender confirming surgery: The Institute of Urology, London U.K. experience. Translational Andrology and Urology, 3(2), 156-62. [PMID] [PMCID]##Gijs, L., & Brewaeys, A. (2007). Surgical treatment of Gender Dysphoria in adults and adolescents: Recent developments, effectiveness, and challenges. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18(1), 178-224.##Happich, F. J. (2006). [Postoperative outcomes in transsexuality with special consideration of satisfaction: A follow-up (German)] [PhD dissertation]. Duisburg: University of Duisburg-Essen.##Hedjazi, A., Zarenezhad, M., & Hosseini, M. (2013). Socio-demographic characteristics of transsexuals referred to the forensic medicine center in Southwest of Iran. North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(3), 224-7. [DOI:10.4103/1947-2714.109198] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hess, J., Neto R. R., Panic, L., Rübben, H., Senf, W. (2014). Satisfaction with male-to-female gender reassignment surgery: Results of a retrospective analysis. German Medical International Journal, 111(47), 795-801. [DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0795]##Imbimbo, C., Verze, P., & Palmieri, Al. (2009). A report from a single institute's 14-year experience in treatment of male-to-female transsexuals. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(10), 2736–45. [DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01379.x] [PMID]##McNeil, J., Bailey, L., Ellis, S., Morton, J., & Regan, M. (2012). Trans mental health and emotional wellbeing study. Edinburgh: Equality Network.##Johansson, A., Sundbom, E., Höjerback, T., Bodlund, O. (2010). A five-year follow-up study of Swedish adults with gender identity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1429–37. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-009-9551-1]##Kaplan, H., & Sadock, B. J. (2015). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.##Klein, C., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2009). Sexual functioning in transsexuals following hormone therapy and genital surgery: A review. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11), 2922-39. [DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01370.x]##Labus, L. D., Djordjevic, M. L., Stanojevic, D. S., Bizic, M. R., Stojanovic, B. Z., & Cavic, T. M. (2011). Rectosigmoid vaginoplasty in patients with vaginal agenesis: Sexual and psychosocial outcomes. Sexual Health, 8(3), 427-30.##Larson, J. H., Anderson, S. M., Holman, T. B., Niemann, B. K. (1998). A longitudinal study of the effects of premarital communication, relationship stability and self-esteem on sexual satisfaction in the first year of marriage. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 24(3), 195-206. [DOI:10.1080/00926239808404933]##Lawrence, A. A. (2003). Factors associated with satisfaction or regret following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(4), 299–315. [DOI:10.1023/A:1024086814364] [PMID]##Lief, H. I., & Hubschman, L. (1993). Orgasm in the postoperative transsexual. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22(2), 145-55. [DOI:10.1007/BF01542363] [PMID]##Löwenberg, H., Lax, H., Neto, R. R, & Krege, S. (2010). [Complications, subjective satisfaction and sexual experience by gender reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexual (German)]. Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung (Journal of Sexology), 23(4), 328-47. [DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1262718]##Mattila, A., Heinonen, L., Mäntymäki, A., Uusi-Mäkelä, N., & Algars, M. (2015). Effect of sex reassignment on mental well-being and Quality of Life. Duodecim, 131(4):379-81. [PMID]##Nimroozian, F. (2007). [Investigation of sexual satisfaction in male and female transsexual after sex reassignment surgery (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: Shahed university.##Parola, N., Bonierbale, M., Lemaire, A., Aghababian, V., Michel, A., & Lançon, C. (2010). Study of Quality of Life for transsexuals after hormonal and surgical reassignment. Sexologies, 19(1), 24-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.sexol.2009.05.004]##Rosen, R., Brown, C., Heiman, J., Leiblum, S., Meston, C., Shabsigh, R., et al. (2000) The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 26(2), 191–208. [DOI:10.1080/009262300278597] [PMID]##Rubin, S. O. (1995). A method of preserving the glans penis as aclitoris in sex conversion operations inmale transsexuals. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 14(3), 215–7. [DOI:10.3109/00365598009179564]##Selvaggi, G., Monstrey, S., Ceulemans, P., T'sjoen, G., De Cuypere, G., & Hoebeke, P. (2007). Genital sensitivity after sex reassignment surgery in transsexual patients. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 58(4), 427-33. [DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000238428.91834.be] [PMID]##Shimamura, Y., Fujikawa, A., Kubota, K., Ishii, N., Fujita, Y., & Ohta, K. (2015). Perforation of the neovagina in a male-to-female transsexual: A case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 9(1), 24. [DOI:10.1186/1752-1947-9-24]##Sohn, M. H., Hatzinger, M., & Wirsam, K. (2013). [Operative genital adjustment in man-to-woman transsexuality: Are there any guidelines or standards (German)]. Hand Surgery, Microsurgery, Plastic Surgery, 45(4), 207-10.[DOI:10.1055/s-0033-1343427] [PMID]##Vitelli, R., & Riccardi, E. (2010). Gender identity disorder and attachment theory: The influence of the patient's internal working models on psychotherapeutic engagement and objective. A study undertaken using the adult attachment interview. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(4), 241-53. [DOI:10.1080/15532739.2010.551485]##De Vries, A. L., Doreleijers, T. A., Steensma, T. D., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Psychiatric comorbidity in gender dysphoric adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(11), 1195–202. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02426.x] [PMID]##Weyers, S., Elaut, E., De Sutter, P., Gerris, J., T'sjoen, G., Heylens, G., et al. (2009). Long-term assessment of the physical, mental, and sexual health among transsexual women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(3), 752-60.## ##