2018 6 4 24 271

A Comparative Study of Rumination, Healthy Locus of Control, and Emotion Regulation in Children of Divorce and Normal Children 2 2 Objective: Given that divorce is an important phenomenon with significant impacts on families, especially on children, the present study aimed to examine rumination, healthy locus of control, and emotion regulation in children of divorce and normal children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population included all students in the first grade of high school, in Tabriz City, Iran in the first semester of 2016-2017 academic year. With the help of school consultants and using a convenience sampling method, 45 children of divorce and 45 normal children were selected from this population. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, and the Ruminative Response Scale were used to collect the study data. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including the multivariate analysis of variance. Results: According to the results, compared to normal children, children of divorced parents had significantly higher rumination, suppression emotion regulation, and chance and powerful others locus of control; but significantly lower reappraisal emotion regulation and internal locus of control (F1, 88=27.53, P<0.05). Conclusion: Rumination, healthy locus of control, and emotion regulation have important role in mental health and adjustment. Because impairment in these scopes is common among children of divorce, it is suggested that the results of the present study be used in designing treatment and care programs for children of divorce. 207 214 2018/01/20 1396/10/30 2018/05/27 1397/3/6 Robab Besharat Robab Besharat Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran Ebrahim Soltani Azemat Ebrahim Soltani Azemat Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Abolfazl Mohammadian Abolfazl Mohammadian Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran abolfazl796@gmail.com Rumination Locus of control Emotion regulation Divorce Children Abasi, I., Fata, L., Sadeghi, M., Banihashemi, S., & Mohammadee, A. (2013). A comparison of transdiagnostic components in generalized anxiety disorder, unipolar mood disorder and nonclinical population. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 7(12), 803-11.##Abasi, I., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., & Dolatshahi, B. (2017). Mediation role of emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between emotional intensity, safety and reward motivations with social anxiety symptoms, rumination and worry: A structural equation modeling. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 11(3), e9640. [DOI:10.5812/ijpbs.9640]##Bosse, T., Pontier, M., & Treur, J. (2010). A computational model based on Gross’ emotion regulation theory. Cognitive Systems Research, 11(3), 211-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.cogsys.2009.10.001]##Brozovich, F., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(6), 891-903. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.01.002] [PMID]##Bynum, M. K., & Durm, M. W. (1996). Children of divorce and its effect on their self-esteem. Psychological Reports, 79(2), 447-50. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.447] [PMID]##Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., Midlarsky, E., & Brook, J. S. (2001). Internalizing symptoms in adolescents: Gender differences in vulnerability to parental distress and discord. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 95-118. [DOI:10.1111/1532-7795.00005]##Culpin, I., Stapinski, L., Miles, Ö. B., Araya, R., & Joinson, C. (2015). Exposure to socioeconomic adversity in early life and risk of depression at 18 years: The mediating role of locus of control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 183, 269-278. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.030] [PMID] [PMCID]##Feldman, R., Granat, A., Pariente, C., Kanety, H., Kuint, J., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2009). Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear regulation, and stress reactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(9), 919-27. [DOI:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b21651] [PMID]##Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1994). Parental separation, adolescent psychopathology, and problem behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(8), 1122-33. [DOI:10.1097/00004583-199410000-00008] [PMID]##Ghasempour, A., Ilbeigi, R., & Hasanzadeh, S. (2012). [Psychometric properties of the Gross and John’s Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in an Iranian sample (Persian)]. Paper Presented at The 6th Conference on Students’ Mental Health, Gilan, Iran, 16-17 May 2012. ##Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-62. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348] [PMID]##Hashemi, F., Yazdi, A., & Karkeshi, H. (2016). [The role of theory of mind and empathy in prediction of behavioral-emotional problems in students from typical and single parent (The case of divorce) families. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 6(1), 24-43. [DOI:10.22067/ijap.v6i1.35494]##Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 281-98. [DOI:10.1080/02699930903407948] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kalter, N., Alpern, D., Spence, R., & Plunkett, J. W. (1984). Locus of control in children of divorce. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(4), 410-4. [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa4804_14] [PMID]##Karstoft, K. I., Armour, C., Elklit, A., & Solomon, Z. (2015). The role of locus of control and coping style in predicting longitudinal PTSD-trajectories after combat exposure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 32, 89-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.007] [PMID]##Kelly, J. B., & Emery, R. E. (2003). Children’s adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52(4), 352-62. [DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2003.00352.x]##Khayyer, M., & Alborzi, S. (2002). Locus of control of children experiencing separation and divorce in their families in Iran. Psychological Reports, 90(1), 239-42. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.2002.90.1.239] [PMID]##Kong, T., He, Y., Auerbach, R. P., McWhinnie, C. M., & Xiao, J. (2015). Rumination and depression in Chinese university students: The mediating role of overgeneral autobiographical memory. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 221-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.035] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kurtz, L. (1994). Psychosocial coping resources in elementary school-age children of divorce. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(4), 554-63. [DOI:10.1037/h0079561] [PMID]##Lee, C. M., & Bax, K. A. (2000). Children’s reactions to parental separation and divorce. Paediatrics & Child Health, 5(4), 217-8. [DOI:10.1093/pch/5.4.217]##Lobel, M., Cannella, D. L., Graham, J. E., DeVincent, C., Schneider, J., & Meyer, B. A. (2008). Pregnancy-specific stress, prenatal health behaviors, and birth outcomes. Health Psychology, 27(5), 604-15. [DOI:10.1037/a0013242] [PMID]##Mahmoud Alilou, M., Bakhshipour Roodsari. A., Mansouri, A., Farnam, A., & Fakhari, A. (2012). [The comparison of worry, obsession and rumination in individual with generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression disorder and normal individual (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(4), 55-74. [DOI:10.22051/PSY.2011.1535]##Mohammadkhani, P., Abasi, I., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadi, A., & Fatehi, M. (2016). The role of neuroticism and experiential avoidance in predicting anxiety and depression symptoms: Mediating effect of emotion regulation. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 10(3), e5047. [DOI:10.17795/ijpbs-5047] [PMID] [PMCID]##Moshki, M. (2006). [Examination of the application of the PRECEDE–PROCEED model in combination with the locus of control theory in improving the mental health of students (Persian)] [PhD Dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University.##Nezlek, J. B., & Kuppens, P. (2008). Regulating positive and negative emotions in daily life. Journal of Personality, 76(4), 561-80. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00496.x] [PMID]##Nolen Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569-82. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.569] [PMID]##Nolen Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504-11. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504] [PMID]##Nolen Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-24. [DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x] [PMID]##Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2004). Depressive rumination: Nature, theory and treatment. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.##Poortinga, W., Dunstan, F. D., & Fone, D. L. (2008). Health locus of control beliefs and socio-economic differences in self-rated health. Preventive Medicine, 46(4), 374-80. [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.015] [PMID]##Potter, D. (2010). Psychosocial well‐being and the relationship between divorce and children’s academic achievement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(4), 933-46. [DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00740.x]##Reiter, S. F., Hjörleifsson, S., Breidablik, H. J., & Meland, E. (2013). Impact of divorce and loss of parental contact on health complaints among adolescents. Journal of Public Health, 35(2), 278-85. [DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fds101] [PMID]##Richardson, A., Field, T., Newton, R., & Bendell, D. (2012). Locus of control and prenatal depression. Infant Behavior and Development, 35(4), 662-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.07.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##Roelofs, J., Huibers, M., Peeters, F., & Arntz, A. (2008). Effects of neuroticism on depression and anxiety: Rumination as a possible mediator. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(3), 576-86. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.019]##Roley, M. E., Claycomb, M. A., Contractor, A. A., Dranger, P., Armour, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2015). The relationship between rumination, PTSD, and depression symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 180, 116-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.006] [PMID]##Sigal, A. B., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J. Y., & Sandler, I. N. (2012). Enhancing youth outcomes following parental divorce: A longitudinal study of the effects of the New Beginnings Program on educational and occupational goals. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(2), 150-65. [DOI:10.1080/15374416.2012.651992] [PMID] [PMCID]##Smoski, M. J., LaBar, K. S., & Steffens, D. C. (2014). Relative effectiveness of reappraisal and distraction in regulating emotion in late-life depression. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(9), 898-907. [DOI:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.070] [PMID] [PMCID]##Størksen, I., Røysamb, E., Holmen, T. L., & Tambs, K. (2006). Adolescent adjustment and well‐being: Effects of parental divorce and distress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 75-84. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00494.x] [PMID]##Sutherland, K. E., Altenhofen, S., & Biringen, Z. (2012). Emotional availability during mother–child interactions in divorcing and intact married families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(2), 126-41. [DOI:10.1080/10502556.2011.651974]##Thakral, S., Bhatia, T., Gettig, E. A., Nimgaonkar, V., & Deshpande, S. N. (2014). A comparative study of health locus of control in patients with schizophrenia and their first degree relatives. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), 34-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2013.10.004] [PMID] [PMCID]##Veinberg, I. (2015). Emotional awareness: The key to dealing appropriately with children of divorced families in schools. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 209, 514-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.281]##Wallston, K. A., Strudler Wallston, B., & DeVellis, R. (1978). Development of the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scales. Health Education Monographs, 6(1), 160-70. [DOI:10.1177/109019817800600107] [PMID]##Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 163-206. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163] [PMID] [PMCID]##Wells, A. (2010). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford Press.##Weyer, M., & Sandler, I. N. (1998). Stress and coping as predictors of children’s divorce-related ruminations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(1), 78-86. [DOI:10.1207/s15374424jccp2701_9] [PMID]##Wong, Q. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2010). Do socially anxious individuals hold positive metacognitive beliefs about rumination? Behaviour Change, 27(2), 69-83. [DOI:10.1375/bech.27.2.69]##Abasi, I., Fata, L., Sadeghi, M., Banihashemi, S., & Mohammadee, A. (2013). A comparison of transdiagnostic components in generalized anxiety disorder, unipolar mood disorder and nonclinical population. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 7(12), 803-11.##Abasi, I., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., & Dolatshahi, B. (2017). Mediation role of emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between emotional intensity, safety and reward motivations with social anxiety symptoms, rumination and worry: A structural equation modeling. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 11(3), e9640. [DOI:10.5812/ijpbs.9640]##Bosse, T., Pontier, M., & Treur, J. (2010). A computational model based on Gross’ emotion regulation theory. Cognitive Systems Research, 11(3), 211-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.cogsys.2009.10.001]##Brozovich, F., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(6), 891-903. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.01.002] [PMID]##Bynum, M. K., & Durm, M. W. (1996). Children of divorce and its effect on their self-esteem. Psychological Reports, 79(2), 447-50. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.447] [PMID]##Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., Midlarsky, E., & Brook, J. S. (2001). Internalizing symptoms in adolescents: Gender differences in vulnerability to parental distress and discord. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 95-118. [DOI:10.1111/1532-7795.00005]##Culpin, I., Stapinski, L., Miles, Ö. B., Araya, R., & Joinson, C. (2015). Exposure to socioeconomic adversity in early life and risk of depression at 18 years: The mediating role of locus of control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 183, 269-278. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.030] [PMID] [PMCID]##Feldman, R., Granat, A., Pariente, C., Kanety, H., Kuint, J., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2009). Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear regulation, and stress reactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(9), 919-27. [DOI:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b21651] [PMID]##Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1994). Parental separation, adolescent psychopathology, and problem behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(8), 1122-33. [DOI:10.1097/00004583-199410000-00008] [PMID]##Ghasempour, A., Ilbeigi, R., & Hasanzadeh, S. (2012). [Psychometric properties of the Gross and John’s Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in an Iranian sample (Persian)]. Paper Presented at The 6th Conference on Students’ Mental Health, Gilan, Iran, 16-17 May 2012. ##Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-62. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348] [PMID]##Hashemi, F., Yazdi, A., & Karkeshi, H. (2016). [The role of theory of mind and empathy in prediction of behavioral-emotional problems in students from typical and single parent (The case of divorce) families. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 6(1), 24-43. [DOI:10.22067/ijap.v6i1.35494]##Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 281-98. [DOI:10.1080/02699930903407948] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kalter, N., Alpern, D., Spence, R., & Plunkett, J. W. (1984). Locus of control in children of divorce. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(4), 410-4. [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa4804_14] [PMID]##Karstoft, K. I., Armour, C., Elklit, A., & Solomon, Z. (2015). The role of locus of control and coping style in predicting longitudinal PTSD-trajectories after combat exposure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 32, 89-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.007] [PMID]##Kelly, J. B., & Emery, R. E. (2003). Children’s adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52(4), 352-62. [DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2003.00352.x]##Khayyer, M., & Alborzi, S. (2002). Locus of control of children experiencing separation and divorce in their families in Iran. Psychological Reports, 90(1), 239-42. [DOI:10.2466/pr0.2002.90.1.239] [PMID]##Kong, T., He, Y., Auerbach, R. P., McWhinnie, C. M., & Xiao, J. (2015). Rumination and depression in Chinese university students: The mediating role of overgeneral autobiographical memory. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 221-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.035] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kurtz, L. (1994). Psychosocial coping resources in elementary school-age children of divorce. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(4), 554-63. [DOI:10.1037/h0079561] [PMID]##Lee, C. M., & Bax, K. A. (2000). Children’s reactions to parental separation and divorce. Paediatrics & Child Health, 5(4), 217-8. [DOI:10.1093/pch/5.4.217]##Lobel, M., Cannella, D. L., Graham, J. E., DeVincent, C., Schneider, J., & Meyer, B. A. (2008). Pregnancy-specific stress, prenatal health behaviors, and birth outcomes. Health Psychology, 27(5), 604-15. [DOI:10.1037/a0013242] [PMID]##Mahmoud Alilou, M., Bakhshipour Roodsari. A., Mansouri, A., Farnam, A., & Fakhari, A. (2012). [The comparison of worry, obsession and rumination in individual with generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression disorder and normal individual (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(4), 55-74. [DOI:10.22051/PSY.2011.1535]##Mohammadkhani, P., Abasi, I., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadi, A., & Fatehi, M. (2016). The role of neuroticism and experiential avoidance in predicting anxiety and depression symptoms: Mediating effect of emotion regulation. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 10(3), e5047. [DOI:10.17795/ijpbs-5047] [PMID] [PMCID]##Moshki, M. (2006). [Examination of the application of the PRECEDE–PROCEED model in combination with the locus of control theory in improving the mental health of students (Persian)] [PhD Dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University.##Nezlek, J. B., & Kuppens, P. (2008). Regulating positive and negative emotions in daily life. Journal of Personality, 76(4), 561-80. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00496.x] [PMID]##Nolen Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569-82. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.569] [PMID]##Nolen Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504-11. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504] [PMID]##Nolen Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-24. [DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x] [PMID]##Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2004). Depressive rumination: Nature, theory and treatment. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.##Poortinga, W., Dunstan, F. D., & Fone, D. L. (2008). Health locus of control beliefs and socio-economic differences in self-rated health. Preventive Medicine, 46(4), 374-80. [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.015] [PMID]##Potter, D. (2010). Psychosocial well‐being and the relationship between divorce and children’s academic achievement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(4), 933-46. [DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00740.x]##Reiter, S. F., Hjörleifsson, S., Breidablik, H. J., & Meland, E. (2013). Impact of divorce and loss of parental contact on health complaints among adolescents. Journal of Public Health, 35(2), 278-85. [DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fds101] [PMID]##Richardson, A., Field, T., Newton, R., & Bendell, D. (2012). Locus of control and prenatal depression. Infant Behavior and Development, 35(4), 662-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.07.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##Roelofs, J., Huibers, M., Peeters, F., & Arntz, A. (2008). Effects of neuroticism on depression and anxiety: Rumination as a possible mediator. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(3), 576-86. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.019]##Roley, M. E., Claycomb, M. A., Contractor, A. A., Dranger, P., Armour, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2015). The relationship between rumination, PTSD, and depression symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 180, 116-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.006] [PMID]##Sigal, A. B., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J. Y., & Sandler, I. N. (2012). Enhancing youth outcomes following parental divorce: A longitudinal study of the effects of the New Beginnings Program on educational and occupational goals. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(2), 150-65. [DOI:10.1080/15374416.2012.651992] [PMID] [PMCID]##Smoski, M. J., LaBar, K. S., & Steffens, D. C. (2014). Relative effectiveness of reappraisal and distraction in regulating emotion in late-life depression. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(9), 898-907. [DOI:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.070] [PMID] [PMCID]##Størksen, I., Røysamb, E., Holmen, T. L., & Tambs, K. (2006). Adolescent adjustment and well‐being: Effects of parental divorce and distress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 75-84. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00494.x] [PMID]##Sutherland, K. E., Altenhofen, S., & Biringen, Z. (2012). Emotional availability during mother–child interactions in divorcing and intact married families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(2), 126-41. [DOI:10.1080/10502556.2011.651974]##Thakral, S., Bhatia, T., Gettig, E. A., Nimgaonkar, V., & Deshpande, S. N. (2014). A comparative study of health locus of control in patients with schizophrenia and their first degree relatives. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), 34-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2013.10.004] [PMID] [PMCID]##Veinberg, I. (2015). Emotional awareness: The key to dealing appropriately with children of divorced families in schools. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 209, 514-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.281]##Wallston, K. A., Strudler Wallston, B., & DeVellis, R. (1978). Development of the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scales. Health Education Monographs, 6(1), 160-70. [DOI:10.1177/109019817800600107] [PMID]##Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 163-206. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163] [PMID] [PMCID]##Wells, A. (2010). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford Press.##Weyer, M., & Sandler, I. N. (1998). Stress and coping as predictors of children’s divorce-related ruminations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(1), 78-86. [DOI:10.1207/s15374424jccp2701_9] [PMID]##Wong, Q. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2010). Do socially anxious individuals hold positive metacognitive beliefs about rumination? Behaviour Change, 27(2), 69-83. [DOI:10.1375/bech.27.2.69] ##

Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Psychological Aspects of Quality of Life, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Patients With Multiple Sclerosis 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed at examining the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on psychological aspects of Quality of Life, depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest and control group design. A total of 30 members of the MS Society of Semnan City, Iran, was selected by purposive sampling in 2015 and were randomly divided into two groups, i.e. experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and the control group received no treatment. Before treatment and immediately after treatment, the patients filled in Lovibond psychological distress scale and multiple sclerosis Quality of Life questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of health distress, mental well-being, cognitive function, and role limitations, but no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of overall Quality of Life. Also there is not any significant difference between the experimental and control group in term of depression, anxiety and stress. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has a significant effect on psychological aspects of Quality of Life, including health distress, mental well-being, role limitations due to emotional problems, and cognitive performance (P<0.05). However, this effect was not statistically significant on one of the psychological aspects of Quality of Life (overall Quality of Life), depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with multiple sclerosis (P>0.05). Conclusion: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can improve the psychological Quality of Life of patients with multiple sclerosis. 215 222 2018/01/202018/02/2 1396/11/13 2018/05/272018/05/18 1397/2/28 زهرا قدس‌پور Zahra Ghodspour Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran z.ghodspoor@gmail.com محمود نجفی Mahmoud Najafi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran m-najafi@semnan.ac.ir اسحق رحیمیان بوگر Issac Rahimian Boogar Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Iran Mindfulness Quality of Life Multiple Sclerosis Mental distress Abbott, R. A., Whear, R., Rodgers, L. R., Bethel, A., Coon, J. T., Kuyken, W., et al. (2014). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness based cognitive therapy in vascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76(5), 341-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.02.012] [PMID]##Afzali, A., Delavar, A., Borjali, A., & Mirzamani, M. (2007). Psychometric properties of DASS-42 as assessed in a sample of Kermanshah High School students. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 5(2), 81-92.##Arnett, P. A., Barwick, F. H., & Beeney, J. E. (2010). Cognitive and affective neuroscience theories of cognition and depression in multiple sclerosis and guillain–barré syndrome handbook of medical neuropsychology. Berlin: Springer.##Beiske, A., Svensson, E., Sandanger, I., Czujko, B., Pedersen, E., Aarseth, J., et al. (2008). Depression and anxiety amongst multiple sclerosis patients. European Journal of Neurology, 15(3), 239-45. [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.02041.x] [PMID]##Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-48. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822] [PMID]##Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2010). A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychological Medicine, 40(08), 1239-52. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291709991747] [PMID]##Crane, R. (2013). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Distinctive features. Abingdon: Routledge.##Day, M. A., Thorn, B. E., & Rubin, N. J. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for the treatment of headache pain: A mixed-methods analysis comparing treatment responders and treatment non-responders. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 22(2), 278-85. [DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.12.018] [PMID]##Dehghan, A., & Memarian, R. (2013). [Abundance of stress, anxiety and depression in multiple sclerosis patients (Persian)]. Alborz University Medical Journal, 2(2), 82-8. ##Ghaem, H., Haghighi, A. B., Jafari, P., & Nikseresht, A. (2007). Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the multiple sclerosis Quality of Life questionnaire. Neurology India, 55(4), 369-75. [DOI:10.4103/0028-3886.33316] [PMID]##Godfrin, K. A., & Van Heeringen, C. (2010). The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on recurrence of depressive episodes, mental health and Quality of Life: A randomized controlled study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(8), 738-46. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.006] [PMID]##Grossman, P., Kappos, L., Gensicke, H., D’souza, M., Mohr, D., Penner, I., et al. (2010). MS Quality of Life, depression, and fatigue improve after mindfulness training: A randomized trial. Neurology, 75(13), 1141-9. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f4d80d] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ionescu, P., Petrescu, S., Munjev, N., Gheorghe, R., Stoean, M., & Boanta-Serban, O. (2012). The importance of depression and anxiety level for the functioning and life quality of multiple sclerosis patients. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(2), S385. [DOI:10.1016/S0924-977X(12)70598-9]##Janssens, A., Doorn, P., Boer, J., Meche, F., Passchier, J., & Hintzen, R. (2003). Impact of recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis on Quality of Life, anxiety, depression and distress of patients and partners. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 108(6), 389-95. [DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00166.x] [PMID]##Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041-56. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kirchner, T., & Lara, S. (2011). Stress and depression symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis: The mediating role of the loss of social functioning. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 123(6), 407-13. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01422.x] [PMID]##Levin, A. B., Hadgkiss, E. J., Weiland, T. J., & Jelinek, G. A. (2014). Meditation as an adjunct to the management of multiple sclerosis. Neurology Research International, 2014, 704691. [DOI:10.1155/2014/704691] [PMID] [PMCID]##Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-43. [DOI:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U]##Mitchell, A. J., Benito-León, J., González, J. M. M., & Rivera Navarro, J. (2005). Quality of Life and its assessment in multiple sclerosis: Integrating physical and psychological components of wellbeing. The Lancet Neurology, 4(9), 556-66. [DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70166-6]##Mitsonis, C. I., Zervas, I. M., Mitropoulos, P. A., Dimopoulos, N. P., Soldatos, C. R., Potagas, C. M., et al. (2008). The impact of stressful life events on risk of relapse in women with multiple sclerosis: A prospective study. European Psychiatry, 23(7), 497-504. [DOI:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.06.003] [PMID]##Mohammad, K., Rimaz, S., Dastoorpour, M., Sadeghi, M., & Majdzadeh, S. R. (2014). [Quality of Life and related factors among multiple sclerosis patients (Persian)]. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, 11(4), 1-14.##Mohammadkhani, P., & Khanipour, H. (2011). Mindfulness based cognitive therapies. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science. [PMCID]##Omidi, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Mohammadi, A., & Zargar, F. (2013). Comparing mindfulness based cognitive therapy and traditional cognitive behavior therapy with treatments as usual on reduction of major depressive disorder symptoms. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15(2), 142-6. [DOI:10.5812/ircmj.8018] [PMID] [PMCID]##Payamani, F., Nazari, A., Noktehdan, H., Ghadiriyan, F., & Karami, K. (2012). Complementary therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Iran Journal of Nursing, 25(77), 12-20.##Perich, T., Manicavasagar, V., Mitchell, P. B., & Ball, J. R. (2013). The association between meditation practice and treatment outcome in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(7), 338-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2013.03.006] [PMID]##Sá, M. J. (2008). Psychological aspects of multiple sclerosis. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 110(9), 868-77. [DOI:10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.10.001] [PMID]##Segal, Z., Williams, J., & Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness- based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to prevention relapse. New York: Guilford Press.##Simpson, R., Booth, J., Lawrence, M., Byrne, S., Mair, F., & Mercer, S. (2014). Mindfulness based interventions in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. BMC Neurology, 14(1), 15. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2377-14-15] [PMID] [PMCID]##Stauffer, M. (2006). Understanding multiple sclerosis. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.##Stepleman, L. M., Jump, R., Shelton, S. F., & Hughes, M. D. (2009). Psychological consultation services at a Multiple Sclerosis clinic: A programmatic example. International Journal of MS Care, 11(4), 180-6. [DOI:10.7224/1537-2073-11.4.180]##Tavee, J., Rensel, M., Planchon, S. M., Butler, R. S., & Stone, L. (2011). Effects of meditation on pain and Quality of Life in multiple sclerosis and peripheral neuropathy: A pilot study. International Journal of MS Care, 13(4), 163-8. [DOI:10.7224/1537-2073-13.4.163] [PMID] [PMCID]##Vickrey, B., Hays, R. D., Harooni, R., Myers, L. W., & Ellison, G. W. (1995). A health-related Quality of Life measure for multiple sclerosis. Quality of Life Research, 4(3), 187-206. [DOI:10.1007/BF02260859] [PMID]##Wallin, M. T., Wilken, J. A., Turner, A. P., & Williams, R. M. (2006). Depression and multiple sclerosis: Review of a lethal combination. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(1), 45-62. [DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2004.09.0117] [PMID]##Williams, M. J., McManus, F., Muse, K., & Williams, J. M. G. (2011). Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis): An interpretative phenomenological analysis of patients’ experiences. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(4), 379-97. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2010.02000.x] [PMID]##World Health Organization. (2008). Atlas: Multiple sclerosis resources in the world 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization.##Zwibel, H. L., & Smrtka, J. (2011). Improving Quality of Life in multiple sclerosis: an unmet need. The American Journal of Managed Care, 17(Suppl 5), S139-45. [PMID]##Abbott, R. A., Whear, R., Rodgers, L. R., Bethel, A., Coon, J. T., Kuyken, W., et al. (2014). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness based cognitive therapy in vascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76(5), 341-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.02.012] [PMID]##Afzali, A., Delavar, A., Borjali, A., & Mirzamani, M. (2007). Psychometric properties of DASS-42 as assessed in a sample of Kermanshah High School students. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 5(2), 81-92.##Arnett, P. A., Barwick, F. H., & Beeney, J. E. (2010). Cognitive and affective neuroscience theories of cognition and depression in multiple sclerosis and guillain–barré syndrome handbook of medical neuropsychology. Berlin: Springer.##Beiske, A., Svensson, E., Sandanger, I., Czujko, B., Pedersen, E., Aarseth, J., et al. (2008). Depression and anxiety amongst multiple sclerosis patients. European Journal of Neurology, 15(3), 239-45. [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.02041.x] [PMID]##Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-48. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822] [PMID]##Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2010). A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychological Medicine, 40(08), 1239-52. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291709991747] [PMID]##Crane, R. (2013). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Distinctive features. Abingdon: Routledge.##Day, M. A., Thorn, B. E., & Rubin, N. J. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for the treatment of headache pain: A mixed-methods analysis comparing treatment responders and treatment non-responders. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 22(2), 278-85. [DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.12.018] [PMID]##Dehghan, A., & Memarian, R. (2013). [Abundance of stress, anxiety and depression in multiple sclerosis patients (Persian)]. Alborz University Medical Journal, 2(2), 82-8. ##Ghaem, H., Haghighi, A. B., Jafari, P., & Nikseresht, A. (2007). Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the multiple sclerosis Quality of Life questionnaire. Neurology India, 55(4), 369-75. [DOI:10.4103/0028-3886.33316] [PMID]##Godfrin, K. A., & Van Heeringen, C. (2010). The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on recurrence of depressive episodes, mental health and Quality of Life: A randomized controlled study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(8), 738-46. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.006] [PMID]##Grossman, P., Kappos, L., Gensicke, H., D’souza, M., Mohr, D., Penner, I., et al. (2010). MS Quality of Life, depression, and fatigue improve after mindfulness training: A randomized trial. Neurology, 75(13), 1141-9. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f4d80d] [PMID] [PMCID]##Ionescu, P., Petrescu, S., Munjev, N., Gheorghe, R., Stoean, M., & Boanta-Serban, O. (2012). The importance of depression and anxiety level for the functioning and life quality of multiple sclerosis patients. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(2), S385. [DOI:10.1016/S0924-977X(12)70598-9]##Janssens, A., Doorn, P., Boer, J., Meche, F., Passchier, J., & Hintzen, R. (2003). Impact of recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis on Quality of Life, anxiety, depression and distress of patients and partners. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 108(6), 389-95. [DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00166.x] [PMID]##Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041-56. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kirchner, T., & Lara, S. (2011). Stress and depression symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis: The mediating role of the loss of social functioning. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 123(6), 407-13. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01422.x] [PMID]##Levin, A. B., Hadgkiss, E. J., Weiland, T. J., & Jelinek, G. A. (2014). Meditation as an adjunct to the management of multiple sclerosis. Neurology Research International, 2014, 704691. [DOI:10.1155/2014/704691] [PMID] [PMCID]##Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-43. [DOI:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U]##Mitchell, A. J., Benito-León, J., González, J. M. M., & Rivera Navarro, J. (2005). Quality of Life and its assessment in multiple sclerosis: Integrating physical and psychological components of wellbeing. The Lancet Neurology, 4(9), 556-66. [DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70166-6]##Mitsonis, C. I., Zervas, I. M., Mitropoulos, P. A., Dimopoulos, N. P., Soldatos, C. R., Potagas, C. M., et al. (2008). The impact of stressful life events on risk of relapse in women with multiple sclerosis: A prospective study. European Psychiatry, 23(7), 497-504. [DOI:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.06.003] [PMID]##Mohammad, K., Rimaz, S., Dastoorpour, M., Sadeghi, M., & Majdzadeh, S. R. (2014). [Quality of Life and related factors among multiple sclerosis patients (Persian)]. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, 11(4), 1-14.##Mohammadkhani, P., & Khanipour, H. (2011). Mindfulness based cognitive therapies. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science. [PMCID]##Omidi, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Mohammadi, A., & Zargar, F. (2013). Comparing mindfulness based cognitive therapy and traditional cognitive behavior therapy with treatments as usual on reduction of major depressive disorder symptoms. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15(2), 142-6. [DOI:10.5812/ircmj.8018] [PMID] [PMCID]##Payamani, F., Nazari, A., Noktehdan, H., Ghadiriyan, F., & Karami, K. (2012). Complementary therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Iran Journal of Nursing, 25(77), 12-20.##Perich, T., Manicavasagar, V., Mitchell, P. B., & Ball, J. R. (2013). The association between meditation practice and treatment outcome in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(7), 338-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2013.03.006] [PMID]##Sá, M. J. (2008). Psychological aspects of multiple sclerosis. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 110(9), 868-77. [DOI:10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.10.001] [PMID]##Segal, Z., Williams, J., & Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness- based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to prevention relapse. New York: Guilford Press.##Simpson, R., Booth, J., Lawrence, M., Byrne, S., Mair, F., & Mercer, S. (2014). Mindfulness based interventions in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. BMC Neurology, 14(1), 15. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2377-14-15] [PMID] [PMCID]##Stauffer, M. (2006). Understanding multiple sclerosis. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.##Stepleman, L. M., Jump, R., Shelton, S. F., & Hughes, M. D. (2009). Psychological consultation services at a Multiple Sclerosis clinic: A programmatic example. International Journal of MS Care, 11(4), 180-6. [DOI:10.7224/1537-2073-11.4.180]##Tavee, J., Rensel, M., Planchon, S. M., Butler, R. S., & Stone, L. (2011). Effects of meditation on pain and Quality of Life in multiple sclerosis and peripheral neuropathy: A pilot study. International Journal of MS Care, 13(4), 163-8. [DOI:10.7224/1537-2073-13.4.163] [PMID] [PMCID]##Vickrey, B., Hays, R. D., Harooni, R., Myers, L. W., & Ellison, G. W. (1995). A health-related Quality of Life measure for multiple sclerosis. Quality of Life Research, 4(3), 187-206. [DOI:10.1007/BF02260859] [PMID]##Wallin, M. T., Wilken, J. A., Turner, A. P., & Williams, R. M. (2006). Depression and multiple sclerosis: Review of a lethal combination. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(1), 45-62. [DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2004.09.0117] [PMID]##Williams, M. J., McManus, F., Muse, K., & Williams, J. M. G. (2011). Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis): An interpretative phenomenological analysis of patients’ experiences. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(4), 379-97. [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2010.02000.x] [PMID]##World Health Organization. (2008). Atlas: Multiple sclerosis resources in the world 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization.##Zwibel, H. L., & Smrtka, J. (2011). Improving Quality of Life in multiple sclerosis: an unmet need. The American Journal of Managed Care, 17(Suppl 5), S139-45. [PMID] ##

The Association Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Defense Styles With Hoarding Behaviour Among University Students 2 2 Objective: Individuals suffering from hoarding disorder tend to collect objects, belongings, and riches excessively. They are not able to or do not want to throw away the throng of worthless and useless items they have aggregated. Some psychological factors, especially maladaptive schemas and immature defense mechanisms can play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of hoarding disorder. In this regard, the present study investigates the predictive role and relationship of early maladaptive schemas and defense styles in hoarding behaviours in students. Methods: The present study was a population-based cross-sectional study carried out on 300 students (149 females and 151 males) of the Payame Noor University of Khoy City, Iran in the academic year 2016-2017. All participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, the Defense Style Questionnaire, and the Saving Inventory-Revised. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between early maladaptive schemas and defense styles with hoarding disorder. Also, all three defense styles (mature, neurotic, and immature) (R2=12%), and the domains of Impaired autonomy/performance and impaired limits (R2=17%) could predict the hoarding disorder in students. Conclusion: Considering the study result, it can be useful to set up cognitive behavioural and dynamic treatment interventions aiming at early maladaptive schemas and defense mechanisms in individuals suffering from hoarding disorder. 223 230 2018/01/202018/02/22018/04/29 1397/2/9 2018/05/272018/05/182018/07/25 1397/5/3 Rahim Yousefi Rahim Yousefi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran r.yousefi1386@gmail.com Seyed Ghasem Seyed Hashemi Seyed Ghasem Seyed Hashemi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran seyedhashemi@azaruniv.ac.ir Leila Sohrabi Leila Sohrabi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran seyedhashemi71@gmail.com Maryam Hossein Abadi Maryam Hossein Abadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran. Iran Hoarding disorder Defence style Early maladaptive schema Students  Afzali, M. H., Fathi Ashtiani, A., & Azad Fallah. P. (2008). [The Study of defense styles & mechanisms in patients with Obsessive -compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder & social phobia disorder (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 79-93. [DOI:10.22075/JCP.2017.1999]##Ahi, Gh., Mohammadifar, M. A., & Besharat, M. A. (2007). [The psychometric properties of Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) (Persian)]. Psychology & Educational Science, 37(3), 5-20.##Albucher, R. C., Abelson, J. L., & Nesse, R. M. (1998). Defense mechanism changes in successfully treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4), 558-9. [DOI:10.1176/ajp.155.4.558]##American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Pub.##Andrews, G., Singh, M., & Bond, M. (1993). The Defense Style Questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(4), 246-56. [DOI:10.1097/00005053-199304000-00006] [PMID]##Atalay, H., Atalay, F., Karahan, D., & Caliskan, M. (2008). Early maladaptive schemas activated in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 12(4), 268-79. [DOI:10.1080/13651500802095004]##Ayers, C. R., Wetherell, J. L., Golshan, S., & Saxena. S. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for geriatric compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(10), 689-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.002]##Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.##Besharat, M. A., Sharifi, M., & Irwani, M. (2001). [An investigation of the relationship between attachment styles and defense mechanisms (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology, 5(3), 277-89.##Bond, M., Gardner, S. T., Christian, J., & Sigal, J. J. (1983). Empirical study of self-rated defense styles. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40(3), 333-8. [DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790030103013]##Canale, A., & Klontz, B. (2013). Hoarding disorder: It’s more than just an obsession-implications for financial therapists and planners. Journal of Financial Therapy, 4(2), 4. [DOI:10.4148/1944-9771.1053]##Cramer, P. (2000). Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Further processes for adaptation. American Psychologist, 55(6), 637-46. [DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.637]##Frost, R. O., & Gross, R. C. (1993). The hoarding of possessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(4), 367-81. [DOI:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90094-B]##Frost, R. O., & Hartl, T. L. (1996). A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(4), 341-50. [DOI:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00071-2]##Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Tolin, D. F. (2011). Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28(10), 876-84. [DOI:10.1002/da.20861]##Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Williams, L. (2000). Hoarding: A community health problem. Health & Social Care in the Community, 8(4), 229-34. [DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2524.2000.00245.x]##Johansen, P. Ø., Krebs, T. S., Svartberg, M., Stiles, T. C., & Holen, A. (2011). Change in defense mechanisms during short-term dynamic and cognitive therapy in patients with cluster C personality disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(9), 712-5. [DOI:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318229d6a7]##Kennedy, T., & O’Neill, l. (2012). Elder care: A resource for interprofessional providers: Hoarding Disorder. ELDER CARE. Retrieved from: https://aging.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/fact-sheet-pdfs/hoarding_disorder_1.pdf##Kim, J. E., Lee, S. W., & Lee, S. J. (2014). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and symptom dimensions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 215(1), 134-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.036]##Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3) 607-10. [DOI:10.1177/001316447003000308]##Maier, T. (2004). On phenomenology and classification of hoarding: A review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(5), 323-37. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00402.x]##Mataix Cols, D., Frost, R. O., Pertusa, A., Clark, L. A., Saxena, S., Leckman, J. F., et al. (2010). Hoarding disorder: A new diagnosis for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 556-72. [DOI:10.1002/da.20693]##Mohammadzadeh, A. (2009). 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Change in defense mechanisms during short-term dynamic and cognitive therapy in patients with cluster C personality disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(9), 712-5. [DOI:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318229d6a7]##Kennedy, T., & O’Neill, l. (2012). Elder care: A resource for interprofessional providers: Hoarding Disorder. ELDER CARE. Retrieved from: https://aging.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/fact-sheet-pdfs/hoarding_disorder_1.pdf##Kim, J. E., Lee, S. W., & Lee, S. J. (2014). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and symptom dimensions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 215(1), 134-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.036]##Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3) 607-10. [DOI:10.1177/001316447003000308]##Maier, T. (2004). On phenomenology and classification of hoarding: A review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(5), 323-37. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00402.x]##Mataix Cols, D., Frost, R. O., Pertusa, A., Clark, L. A., Saxena, S., Leckman, J. F., et al. (2010). Hoarding disorder: A new diagnosis for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 556-72. [DOI:10.1002/da.20693]##Mohammadzadeh, A. (2009). [Validation of Saving Inventory-Revised (SI-R): Compulsive hoarding measure (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 15(1), 33-41. ##Pertusa, A., Fonseca, A. (2014). Hoarding behavior in other disorders. In: R. O. Frost, G. Steketee (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Hoarding and Acquiring. New York: Oxford University Press. [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199937783.013.010]##Shabanpour, R., Zahiroddin, A. R., Janbozorgi, M., & Ghaeli, P. (2012). Assessment of defense styles and mechanisms in Iranian patients suffering from obsessive compulsive or panic disorders versus normal controls using Persian version of Defense Style Questionnaire-40. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), 31-5. [PMID] [PMCID]##Taylor, C. D., Bee, P., & Haddock, G. (2017). Does schema therapy change schemas and symptoms? A systematic review across mental health disorders. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(3), 456-79. [DOI:10.1111/papt.12112]##Tolin, D. F. (2011). Understanding and treating hoarding: A biopsychosocial perspective. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 517-26. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.20795]##Vaillant, G. E. (1992). Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Pub.##Walburg, V., & Chiaramello, S. (2015). Link between early maladaptive schemas and defense mechanisms. European Review of Applied Psychology, 65(5), 221-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.erap.2015.07.003]##Waller, G., Meyer, C., & Ohanian, V. (2001). Psychometric properties of the long and short versions of the Young Schema Questionnaire: Core beliefs among bulimic and comparison women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(2), 137-47. [DOI:10.1023/A:1026487018110]##Watson, D. C., & Sinha, B. K. (1998). Gender, age, and cultural differences in the Defense Style Questionnaire‐40. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(1), 67-75. [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199801)54:13.0.CO;2-R]##Wheaton, M. G., & Van Meter, A. (2014). Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. In R. O. Frost, & G. Steketee (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Hoarding and Acquiring (pp. 75-83). New York: Oxford University Press. [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199937783.013.003]##Young, J. E. (1994). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach, Rev. Sarasota, Florida: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.##Young, J. E. (1998). Young Schema-Questionnaire Short Form. New York: Cognitive Therapy Centre.##Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press. ##

The Effectiveness of Cognitive Group Therapy on Self-efficacy and Depression Among Divorced Women 2 2 Objective: This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive group therapy on self-efficacy and depression among divorced women. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group. In this study, all divorced women referring to Hazrate Zeinab Charity Institution in Varamin City, Iran were considered as the statistical population with a sample size of 30 subjects who were selected via purposive sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). A weekly cognitive group therapy was applied to the experimental group for 12 sessions, but the control group was placed on the waiting list. Assessment instruments consisted of general self-efficacy scale and Beck depression questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using multivariable analysis of covariance.  Results: Cognitive group therapy led to significant increase in self-efficacy (df=1, P<0.05, F=66.05) and significant decrease in depression (df=1, P<0.05, F=108.65) among divorced women.  Conclusion: According to the results, cognitive group therapy is an effective way of decreasing depression and increasing self-efficiency in divorced women. 231 238 2018/01/202018/02/22018/04/292018/03/12 1396/12/21 2018/05/272018/05/182018/07/252018/07/5 1397/4/14 Esmaeil Asadpour Esmaeil Asadpour Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran dr.iasadpour@yahoo.com Maryam Sadat Hosseini Maryam Sadat Hosseini Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran maryamalsadathoseiny@gmail.com Cognitive group therapy Self-efficacy Depression Divorced women Aghaei, M., Samkhaniyan, E., Mahdavi, A., Faraji, J., & Roshandel, Z. (2015). Effectiveness of behavioral_cognitive group therapy on depression, anxiety and stress of patients with coronary heart disease. Journal of Medicine and Living, 8(4), 252-7. [PMID] [PMCID]##Barati, S. (1997). [The relationship between self-efficacy, self-esteem and autocracy among high school students (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University.##Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588-97. [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13]##Bourassa, K. J., Sbarra, D. A., & Whisman, M. A. (2015). Women in very low quality marriages gain life satisfaction following divorce. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(3), 490-9. [DOI:10.1037/fam0000075]##Brown, S. L., Sanchez, L. 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Links between premarital cohabitation and subsequent marital quality, stability, and divorce: A comparison of covenant versus standard marriages. Social Science Research, 35(2), 454-70. [DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.03.001]##Corey, G. (1995). Theory and practice of group counseling [K. Zahrakar, F. Mohsenzadeh, A. Heidarnia, A. Boostanipour, A. Sami, Persian Trans]. Tehran: Virayesh.##Gähler, M. (2006). “To Divorce Is to Die a Bit...”: A longitudinal study of marital disruption and psychological distress among Swedish women and men. The Family Journal, 14(4), 372-82. [DOI:10.1177/1066480706290145]##Ghamari Kivi, H., Rezaii Sharif, A., & Esmaeli Ghazi Valoii, F. (2016). [The effectiveness of metaphorical cognitive and behavioral therapy on depression and resilience in divorced women (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Social Work, 5(1), 5-12.##Gilliam, C. M., Norberg, M. M., Villavicencio, A., Morrison, S., Hannan, S. E., & Tolin, D. F. (2011). 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Investigating the Relationship Between Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Life Style With Stress in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome 2 2 Objective: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic, disabling, and functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract in the absence of identifiable structural disorder. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between sensory processing sensitivity and life style with perceived stress considering mediating role of duration of syndrome in patients with IBS using structural equation modelling. Methods: In this correlational study, 170 IBS patients (93 women, 77 men) recruited via convenient sampling method from gastrointestinal clinics in Urmia. The relevant data were collected by means of high sensory processing scale, perceived stress scale, and Miller-Smith life style assessment inventory. The obtained data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, and structural equation modelling.  Results: Duration of syndrome had a mediator role between sensory processing sensitivity, and perceived stress in patients with IBS (path coefficient reported 0.24, P<0.00, Chi-square value: χ2=0.01, P<0.001, goodness of fit indices (CFI=0.99, NFI=0.98) and standardized error (0.05). The same mediator role of duration of syndrome was not reported in relation between life style and perceived stress (path coefficient=0.06, P<0.001). Sensory processing, life style, and duration of syndrome explained 50% of perceived stress variance.  Conclusion: Results indicate that sensory processing sensitivity may be a temperamental disposition that interacts meaningfully with environmental factors in chronic illnesses. The relationship between sensory processing sensitivity and stress in an illness is best explained considering the possibility of contributory factors.  239 248 2018/01/202018/02/22018/04/292018/03/122018/04/2 1397/1/13 2018/05/272018/05/182018/07/252018/07/52018/08/29 1397/6/7 Bahareh Ghorbani Taghlidabad Bahareh Ghorbani Taghlidabad Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. Iran bahareghorbani0@gmail.com Reza Tasbihsazan Mashhadi Reza Tasbihsazan Mashhadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. Iran Irritable bowel syndrome Life style assessment Sensory processing sensitivity Structural equation modeling Perceived stress Ahadi, B., & Basharpoor, S. (2010). Relationship between sensory processing sensitivity, personality dimensions, and mental health. Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(7), 570-4. [DOI:10.3923/jas.2010.570.574]##Almquist, E., Tornblom, H., & Simren, M. (2016). Practical management of irritable bowel syndrome: A clinical review. Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica, 62(1), 30-48. [PMID]##Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1997). Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 345-68. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345] [PMID]##Benham, G. (2006). The highly sensitive person: Stress and physical symptom reports. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(7), 1433-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.021.]##Bentler, P. M. (1989). EQS structural equation program manual. Los Angeles: BMDP Statistical Software.##Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M., Alkon, A., Tschann, J. M., Adams, S., Chesterman, B., et al. (1995). Psychobiologic reactivity to stress and childhood respiratory illnesses: Results of two prospective studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(5), 411-22. [DOI:10.1097/00006842-199509000-00001] [PMID]##Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67(2), 319-33. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319]##Cheung, G., W., & Lau, R. S. (2007). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables; Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296-325. [DOI:10.1177/1094428107300343]##Chey, W. D., Kurlander, J. & Eswaran, S. (2015). Irritable bowel syndrome – A clinical review. The Journal of American Medical Association, 313(9), 949-58. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2015.0954] [PMID]##Cohen, S., Kamarch, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-96. [DOI:10.2307/2136404]##Cole, D. A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 584-94. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.55.4.584] [PMID]##Dickhaus, B., Mayer, E. A., Firooz, N., Stains, J., Conde, F., Olivas, T. I., Fass, R., et al. (2003). Irritable bowel syndrome patients show enhanced modulation of visceral perception by auditory stress. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 98, 135-43. [DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07156.x]##Drossman, D. A., Lesserman, J., Nachman, G., Li, Z. M., Gluck, H., Toomey, T. C. et al. (1990). Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(11), 828-33. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-113-11-828] [PMID]##Dunn, W. (2001). The sensations of everyday life: Empirical, theoretical, and pragmatic considerations. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(6), 608-s20. [DOI:10.5014/ajot.55.6.608] [PMID]##Egger, G. J., Binns, A. F., & Rossner, S. R. (2009). The emergence of lifestyle medicine as a structured approach for management of chronic disease. Medical Journal of Australia, 190(3),143-5. [PMID]##Evers, A., Rasche, J., & Schabracq, M. J. (2008). High sensory-processing sensitivity at work. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(2), 189-98. [DOI:10.1037/1072-5245.15.2.189]##Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of Personality (pp. 224-276). New York: Guilford Press. ##Gannon, L., Banks, J., Shelton, D., & Luchetta, T. (1989). The mediating effects of psychophysiological reactivity and recovery on the relationship between environmental stress and illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33(2), 167-75. [DOI:10.1016/0022-3999(89)90044-5]##Gerstenberg, F. X. R. (2012). Sensory-processing sensitivity predicts performance on a visual search task followed by an increase in perceived stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(4), 496-500. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.019]##Gray J. A. (1981) A Critique of Eysenck’s Theory of Personality. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.) A Model for Personality (pp. 246-276). Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-67783-0_8]##Hofmann, S. G., & Bitran, S. (2007). Sensory-processing sensitivity in social anxiety disorder: Relationship to harm avoidance and diagnostic subtypes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(7), 944-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.003] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hoyle, R. H. (1995). The structural equation modeling approach: Basic concepts and functional issues. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.) Structural Equation Modelling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications (pp. 1-16). SAGE: London.##Joreskog, K. G., Sorbom, D. (1989). Lisrel 7, A guide to the program and applications. Chicago: SPSS.##Kagan, J. (1994). Galen’s prophecy: Temperament in human nature. New York: Basic Books. ##Liss, M., Timmel, L., Baxley, K., & Killingsworth, P. (2005). Sensory processing sensitivity and its relation to parental bonding, anxiety, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(8), 1429-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.007.]##Lovell, R. M., & Ford, A. C., (2012). Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology , 10(7), 712-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.02.029] [PMID]##MacCallum, R. C., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 201–26. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201] [PMID]##Mayer, E. A., Naliboff, B. D., Chang, L., & Coutinho, S.V. (2001). V. Stress and irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 280(4), 519-24. [DOI:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.4.G519] [PMID]##Meleine, M., & Matricon, J. (2014). Gender-related differences in irritable bowel syndrome: potential mechanisms of sex hormones. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20 (22), 6725-43. [DOI:10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6725] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mertz, H., Morgan, V., Tanner, G., Pickens, D., Price, R., Shyr, Y., et al. (2000). 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(2016). Practical management of irritable bowel syndrome: A clinical review. Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica, 62(1), 30-48. [PMID]##Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1997). Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 345-68. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345] [PMID]##Benham, G. (2006). The highly sensitive person: Stress and physical symptom reports. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(7), 1433-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.021.]##Bentler, P. M. (1989). EQS structural equation program manual. Los Angeles: BMDP Statistical Software.##Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M., Alkon, A., Tschann, J. M., Adams, S., Chesterman, B., et al. (1995). Psychobiologic reactivity to stress and childhood respiratory illnesses: Results of two prospective studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(5), 411-22. [DOI:10.1097/00006842-199509000-00001] [PMID]##Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67(2), 319-33. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319]##Cheung, G., W., & Lau, R. S. (2007). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables; Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296-325. [DOI:10.1177/1094428107300343]##Chey, W. D., Kurlander, J. & Eswaran, S. (2015). Irritable bowel syndrome – A clinical review. The Journal of American Medical Association, 313(9), 949-58. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2015.0954] [PMID]##Cohen, S., Kamarch, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-96. [DOI:10.2307/2136404]##Cole, D. A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 584-94. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.55.4.584] [PMID]##Dickhaus, B., Mayer, E. A., Firooz, N., Stains, J., Conde, F., Olivas, T. I., Fass, R., et al. (2003). Irritable bowel syndrome patients show enhanced modulation of visceral perception by auditory stress. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 98, 135-43. [DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07156.x]##Drossman, D. A., Lesserman, J., Nachman, G., Li, Z. M., Gluck, H., Toomey, T. C. et al. (1990). Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(11), 828-33. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-113-11-828] [PMID]##Dunn, W. (2001). The sensations of everyday life: Empirical, theoretical, and pragmatic considerations. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(6), 608-s20. [DOI:10.5014/ajot.55.6.608] [PMID]##Egger, G. J., Binns, A. F., & Rossner, S. R. (2009). The emergence of lifestyle medicine as a structured approach for management of chronic disease. Medical Journal of Australia, 190(3),143-5. [PMID]##Evers, A., Rasche, J., & Schabracq, M. J. (2008). High sensory-processing sensitivity at work. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(2), 189-98. [DOI:10.1037/1072-5245.15.2.189]##Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of Personality (pp. 224-276). New York: Guilford Press. ##Gannon, L., Banks, J., Shelton, D., & Luchetta, T. (1989). The mediating effects of psychophysiological reactivity and recovery on the relationship between environmental stress and illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33(2), 167-75. [DOI:10.1016/0022-3999(89)90044-5]##Gerstenberg, F. X. R. (2012). Sensory-processing sensitivity predicts performance on a visual search task followed by an increase in perceived stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(4), 496-500. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.019]##Gray J. A. (1981) A Critique of Eysenck’s Theory of Personality. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.) A Model for Personality (pp. 246-276). Berlin: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-67783-0_8]##Hofmann, S. G., & Bitran, S. (2007). Sensory-processing sensitivity in social anxiety disorder: Relationship to harm avoidance and diagnostic subtypes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(7), 944-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.003] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hoyle, R. H. (1995). The structural equation modeling approach: Basic concepts and functional issues. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.) Structural Equation Modelling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications (pp. 1-16). SAGE: London.##Joreskog, K. G., Sorbom, D. (1989). Lisrel 7, A guide to the program and applications. Chicago: SPSS.##Kagan, J. (1994). Galen’s prophecy: Temperament in human nature. New York: Basic Books. ##Liss, M., Timmel, L., Baxley, K., & Killingsworth, P. (2005). Sensory processing sensitivity and its relation to parental bonding, anxiety, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(8), 1429-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.007.]##Lovell, R. M., & Ford, A. C., (2012). Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology , 10(7), 712-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.02.029] [PMID]##MacCallum, R. C., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 201–26. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201] [PMID]##Mayer, E. A., Naliboff, B. D., Chang, L., & Coutinho, S.V. (2001). V. Stress and irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 280(4), 519-24. [DOI:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.4.G519] [PMID]##Meleine, M., & Matricon, J. (2014). Gender-related differences in irritable bowel syndrome: potential mechanisms of sex hormones. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20 (22), 6725-43. [DOI:10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6725] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mertz, H., Morgan, V., Tanner, G., Pickens, D., Price, R., Shyr, Y., et al. (2000). Regional cerebral activation in irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects with painful and nonpainful rectal distention. Gastroenterology, 118(5), 842-8. [DOI:10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70170-3]##Meyer, B., Ajchenbrenner, M., & Bowles, D. P. (2005). Sensory sensitivity, attachment experiences, and rejection responses among adults with borderline and avoidant features. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(6), 641-58. [DOI:10.1521/pedi.2005.19.6.641] [PMID]##Miller, L. H., & Smith, A. D. (1988). The miller-smith lifestyle assessment inventory. Bookline: Biobehavioral Associates. ##Mulaik, S. A., James, M. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness of fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430-45. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430]##Naliboff, B. D., Derbyshire, S. W., Munakata, J., Berman, S., Mandelkern, M., Chang, L., et al. (2001). Cerebral activation in irritable bowel syndrome patients and control subjects during rectosigmoid stimulation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(3), 365-75. [DOI:10.1097/00006842-200105000-00006] [PMID]##Neal, J., Edelmann, R. J., & Glachan, M., (2002). Behavioral inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Is there a specific relationship with social phobia? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41 (Pt4), 361-74. [DOI:10.1348/014466502760387489] [PMID]##Smolewska, K. A., McCabe, S. B., & Woody, E. Z. (2006). A psychometric evaluation of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale: The components of sensory-processing sensitivity and their relation to the BIS/BAS and Big Five. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(6), 1269-79. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.022]##Sood, R., Law, G. R., & Ford, A. C. (2014). Diagnosis of IBS: Symptoms, symptom-based criteria, biomarkers or psychomarkers? Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11, 683-91. [DOI:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.127]##Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Harper Collins College.##Teo, T., & Noyes, J. (2014). Explaining the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: A multi-group analysis of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Interactive Learning Environments, 22(1), 51-66. [DOI:10.1080/10494820.2011.641674]##Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1-10. [DOI:10.1007/BF02291170]##Wood, J. D. (2001). Enteric nervous system, serotonin and the irritable bowel syndrome. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 17(1), 91-7. [DOI:10.1097/00001574-200101000-00017] [PMID] ##

The Role of Negative Affects and Emotion Dysregulation in Aggression 2 2 Objective: Emotion dysregulation, negative affects, and aggression can affect each other. This study aimed to demonstrate the role of the negative effects and emotion dysregulation in aggressio. Methods: The statistical population was Kharazmi University students that 280 of them were selected by random multiphasic sampling method. The study instruments were Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire, the short form of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and positive affect and negative affect scale. The Pearson correlation, Student t test, and hierarchical regression tests were used to analyse the data. Results: Gender, negative affect and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (rumination, catastrophizing, and others blaming) were correlated with aggression. After controlling for gender and negative affect, maladaptive emotion regulation explained only 0.029% of the aggression variance and in this case and negative affect could explain 11.4% of its variance. Furthermore, by controlling for gender and negative affect, others blaming and catastrophizing strategies could explain 0.077% of the aggression variance. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the more important role of negative affect in predicting aggression. It seems that efficient methods to improve mood state can be helpful in aggression reduction. 249 256 2018/01/202018/02/22018/04/292018/03/122018/04/22018/02/26 1396/12/7 2018/05/272018/05/182018/07/252018/07/52018/08/292018/06/10 1397/3/20 Hamid Shamsipour Hamid Shamsipour Department of Psychology, School of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran Shamsipour.h@yahoo.ccom Meysam Bazani Meysam Bazani Department of Clinical Psychology, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran bazani1993@gmail.com Mojtaba Tashkeh Mojtaba Tashkeh Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mojtabatashkeh@yahoo.com Said Mohammadi Said Mohammadi Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran saidmohammadi71@yahoo.com Aggression Emotional disturbance Affect Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231] [PMID]##Bakhshipour, R., & Dezhkam, M. (2006). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS). Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 108(5), 477-81. [PMID]##Bakhtiyari, M., Tashkeh, M., Bazani, M., & Mohammadi, S. (2016). [Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and aggression: Role of gender (Persian)]. Pajoohande, 21(5), 305-12.##Barlett, C. P., & Anderson, C. A. (2012). Direct and indirect relations between the Big 5 personality traits and aggressive and violent behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(8), 870-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.029]##Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45(4), 494-503. [DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.494] [PMID]##Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452-9. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452] [PMID]##Calkins, S. D. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2‐3), 53-72. [DOI:10.2307/1166138]##Colakoglu, F. F., & Solak, N. (2014). Examination of aggression levels and empathic tendency levels of secondary school students who involve or not involve in sports. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 415-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.223]##Donahue, J. J., Goranson, A. C., McClure, K. S., & Van Male, L. M. (2014). Emotion dysregulation, negative affect, and aggression: A moderated, multiple mediator analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 23-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.009]##Eckhardt, C. I., & Cohen, D. J. (1997). Attention to anger-relevant and irrelevant stimuli following naturalistic insult. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(4), 619-29. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00074-3]##Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1659-69. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.009]##Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 141-9. [DOI:10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141]##Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., Abramson, L., & Peterson, C. K. (2009). PANAS positive activation is associated with anger. Emotion, 9(2), 183-96. [DOI:10.1037/a0014959] [PMID]##Hasani, J. (2011). [The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 9(4), 229-40.##Kim‐Spoon, J., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2013). A longitudinal study of emotion regulation, emotion lability‐negativity, and internalizing symptomatology in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Child Development, 84(2), 512-27. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01857.x] [PMID] [PMCID]##Krueger, R. F. (1999). Personality traits in late adolescence predict mental disorders in early adulthood: A perspective‐epidemiological study. Journal of Personality, 67(1), 39-65. [DOI:10.1111/1467-6494.00047] [PMID]##Megargee, E. I. (1966). Undercontrolled and overcontrolled personality types in extreme antisocial aggression. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(3), 1-29. [DOI:10.1037/h0093894] [PMID]##Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 1281-310. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008] [PMID]##Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 284-302. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001] [PMID]##Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2006). Reactive and proactive aggression: Similarities and differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(8), 1469-80. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.004]##Miller, J. D., Zeichner, A., & Wilson, L. F. (2012). Personality correlates of aggression: Evidence from measures of the five-factor model, UPPS model of impulsivity, and BIS/BAS. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(14), 2903-19. [DOI:10.1177/0886260512438279] [PMID]##Norström, T., & Pape, H. (2010). Alcohol, suppressed anger and violence. Addiction, 105(9), 1580-6. [DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02997.x] [PMID]##Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2012). Emotion regulation and aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(1), 72-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.006]##Rydell, R. J., Mackie, D. M., Maitner, A. T., Claypool, H. M., Ryan, M. J., & Smith, E. R. (2008). Arousal, processing, and risk taking: Consequences of intergroup anger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1141-52. [DOI:10.1177/0146167208319694] [PMID]##Tull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., McMillan, E. S., & Roemer, L. (2007). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 303-13. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.001] [PMID]##Waldman, I. D., Singh, A. L., & Lahey, B. B. (2006). Dispositional Dimensions and the Causal Structure of Child and Adolescent Conduct Problems. In R. F. Krueger & J. L. Tackett (Eds.), Personality and Psychopathology (pp. 112-152). New York: Guilford Press. ##Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(4), 465-90. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465] [PMID]##Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-70. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063] [PMID]##Werner, K., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual framework. In A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Etiology and Treatment (pp. 13-37). New York: Guilford Press.##White, B. A., & Turner, K. A. (2014). Anger rumination and effortful control: Mediation effects on reactive but not proactive aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 186-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.012]##Wyckoff, J. P. (2016). Aggression and emotion: Anger, not general negative affect, predicts desire to aggress. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 220-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.001]##Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231] [PMID]##Bakhshipour, R., & Dezhkam, M. (2006). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS). Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 108(5), 477-81. [PMID]##Bakhtiyari, M., Tashkeh, M., Bazani, M., & Mohammadi, S. (2016). [Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and aggression: Role of gender (Persian)]. Pajoohande, 21(5), 305-12.##Barlett, C. P., & Anderson, C. A. (2012). Direct and indirect relations between the Big 5 personality traits and aggressive and violent behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(8), 870-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.029]##Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45(4), 494-503. [DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.494] [PMID]##Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452-9. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452] [PMID]##Calkins, S. D. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2‐3), 53-72. [DOI:10.2307/1166138]##Colakoglu, F. F., & Solak, N. (2014). Examination of aggression levels and empathic tendency levels of secondary school students who involve or not involve in sports. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 415-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.223]##Donahue, J. J., Goranson, A. C., McClure, K. S., & Van Male, L. M. (2014). Emotion dysregulation, negative affect, and aggression: A moderated, multiple mediator analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 23-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.009]##Eckhardt, C. I., & Cohen, D. J. (1997). Attention to anger-relevant and irrelevant stimuli following naturalistic insult. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(4), 619-29. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00074-3]##Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1659-69. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.009]##Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 141-9. [DOI:10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141]##Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., Abramson, L., & Peterson, C. K. (2009). PANAS positive activation is associated with anger. Emotion, 9(2), 183-96. [DOI:10.1037/a0014959] [PMID]##Hasani, J. (2011). [The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 9(4), 229-40.##Kim‐Spoon, J., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2013). A longitudinal study of emotion regulation, emotion lability‐negativity, and internalizing symptomatology in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Child Development, 84(2), 512-27. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01857.x] [PMID] [PMCID]##Krueger, R. F. (1999). Personality traits in late adolescence predict mental disorders in early adulthood: A perspective‐epidemiological study. Journal of Personality, 67(1), 39-65. [DOI:10.1111/1467-6494.00047] [PMID]##Megargee, E. I. (1966). Undercontrolled and overcontrolled personality types in extreme antisocial aggression. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(3), 1-29. [DOI:10.1037/h0093894] [PMID]##Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 1281-310. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008] [PMID]##Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 284-302. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001] [PMID]##Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2006). Reactive and proactive aggression: Similarities and differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(8), 1469-80. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.004]##Miller, J. D., Zeichner, A., & Wilson, L. F. (2012). Personality correlates of aggression: Evidence from measures of the five-factor model, UPPS model of impulsivity, and BIS/BAS. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(14), 2903-19. [DOI:10.1177/0886260512438279] [PMID]##Norström, T., & Pape, H. (2010). Alcohol, suppressed anger and violence. Addiction, 105(9), 1580-6. [DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02997.x] [PMID]##Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2012). Emotion regulation and aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(1), 72-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.006]##Rydell, R. J., Mackie, D. M., Maitner, A. T., Claypool, H. M., Ryan, M. J., & Smith, E. R. (2008). Arousal, processing, and risk taking: Consequences of intergroup anger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1141-52. [DOI:10.1177/0146167208319694] [PMID]##Tull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., McMillan, E. S., & Roemer, L. (2007). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 303-13. [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.001] [PMID]##Waldman, I. D., Singh, A. L., & Lahey, B. B. (2006). Dispositional Dimensions and the Causal Structure of Child and Adolescent Conduct Problems. In R. F. Krueger & J. L. Tackett (Eds.), Personality and Psychopathology (pp. 112-152). New York: Guilford Press. ##Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(4), 465-90. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465] [PMID]##Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-70. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063] [PMID]##Werner, K., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual framework. In A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Etiology and Treatment (pp. 13-37). New York: Guilford Press.##White, B. A., & Turner, K. A. (2014). Anger rumination and effortful control: Mediation effects on reactive but not proactive aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 186-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.012]##Wyckoff, J. P. (2016). Aggression and emotion: Anger, not general negative affect, predicts desire to aggress. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 220-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.001]## ##

Temperament and Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Prosocial Reasoning, Emotion Regulation, and Emotion Lability 2 2 Objective: Our study aims to examine the mediating role of prosocial moral reasoning, emotion regulation, and emotion lability in the relation between temperamental characteristics and prosocial behaviour. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a sample of 202 students were recruited through random multistage sampling method. The participants were interviewed about their prosocial moral reasoning. Their mothers also completed questionnaires on temperament, emotion regulation, and prosocial tendencies.  Results: Path analysis indicates that model is fit to data (χ2(9)=13.97, CFI=0.92, RMSEA=0.06, SRMR=0.05). Emotion regulation partially mediates the relation between effortful control and altruistic behaviour. In addition, emotion lability mediates the relation between negative affectivity and altruistic behaviour.  Conclusion: Our findings show that emotion regulation and emotion lability have stronger determinant role in mediating the relation between temperamental characteristics and prosocial behaviours than prosocial moral reasoning. Our results have implications on the heterogeneity of prosocial behaviours. 257 264 2018/01/202018/02/22018/04/292018/03/122018/04/22018/02/262018/01/10 1396/10/20 2018/05/272018/05/182018/07/252018/07/52018/08/292018/06/102018/06/25 1397/4/4 Azadeh Attari Azadeh Attari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran aziattari@gmail.com Bahram Ali Ghanbary Hashemabady Bahram Ali Ghanbary Hashemabady Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran ghanbarih@um.ac.ir Ali Mashhadi Ali Mashhadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran mashhadi@um.ac.ir Hossein Kareshki Hossein Kareshki Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran kareshki@um.ac.ir Prosocial behavior Moral reasoning Emotion regulation Temperament Arsenio, W. F., & Lemerise, E. A. (2004). Aggression and moral development: Integrating social information processing and moral domain models. Child Development, 75(4), 987-1002. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00720.x] [PMID]##Barger, B., & Derryberry, W. P. (2013). Do negative mood states impact moral reasoning. Journal of Moral Education, 42(4), 443-59. [DOI:10.1080/03057240.2013.809517]##Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equation modeling with latent variables. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [PMCID]##Calkins, S. D. (2004). Temperament and emotional regulation: Multiple models of early development. In M. Beauregard (Ed.), Consciousness, Emotional Self-Regulation and The Brain. (pp. 35-59). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. [DOI:10.1075/aicr.54.04cal]##Caprara, G. V., Luengo Kanacri, B. P., Gerbino, M., Zuffiano, A., Alessandri, G., Vecchio, G. M., et al. (2014). Positive effects of promoting prosocial behavior in early adolescence evidence from a school-based intervention. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(4), 386-96. [DOI:10.1177/0165025414531464]##Carlo, G., Eisenberg, N., & Knight, G. P. (1992). An objective measure of adolescents’ prosocial moral reasoning. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2(4), 331-49. [DOI:10.1207/s15327795jra0204_3]##Carlo, G., Hausmann, A., Christiansen, S., & Randall, B. A. (2003). Sociocognitive and behavioral correlates of a measure of prosocial tendencies for adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 23(1), 107-34. [DOI:10.1177/0272431602239132]##Carlo, G., Koller, S. H., Eisenberg, N., Da Silva, M., & Frohlich, C. (1996). A cross-national study on the relations among prosocial moral reasoning, gender role orientations, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32(2), 231-40. [DOI:10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.231]##Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M., Tur-Porcar, A., Samper, P., & Streit, C. (2013). The structure and correlates of a measure of prosocial moral reasoning in adolescents from Spain. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(2), 174-89. [DOI:10.1080/17405629.2012.762909]##Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 31-44. [DOI:10.1023/A:1014033032440]##Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. (2006). Emotion regulation and children’s socioemotional competence. In L. Balter & C. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues (pp. 357–381). New York: Psychology Press.##Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Karbon, M., Murphy, B. C., Carlo, G., & Wosinski, M. (1996). Relations of school children’s comforting behavior to empathy-related reactions and shyness. Social Development, 5(3), 330–51. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1996.tb00089.x]##Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Murphy, B. C., Guthrie, I. K., Jones, S., et al. (1997). Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of Children’s social functioning from regulation and emotionality. Child Development, 68(4), 642-64. [DOI:10.2307/1132116] [PMID]##Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial Development. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, And Personality Development (pp. 646-718). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.##Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Sulik, M. J., & Spinrad, T. L. (2014). Self-regulation, effortful control, and their socioemotional correlates. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 157-172). New York: Guilford Press.##Eisenberg, N., & Murphy, B. (1995). Parenting and children’s moral development. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting (vol. 4, pp. 227–57). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.##Eisenberg, N., Smith, C. L., Sadovsky, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004). Effortful control: Relations with emotion regulation, adjustment, and socialization in childhood. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (pp. 259-82). New York: Guilford Press.##Ellis, B., J., & Rothbart, M. (2001). Revision of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. Paper Presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, Minneapolis, USA, 19-22 April 2001.##French, D. C., Eisenberg, N., Vaughan, J., Purwono, U., & Suryanti, T. A. (2008). Religious involvement and the social competence and adjustment of Indonesian Muslim adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 597-611. [DOI:10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.597] [PMID]##Hair, J. F, Celsi, M. W., Ortinau, D. J ., & Bush, R. P. (2013) . Essentials of marketing research. New York: McGraw-Hill.##Hinnant, J. B., Nelson, J. A., O’Brien, M., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2013). the interactive roles of parenting, emotion regulation and executive functioning in moral reasoning during middle childhood. Cognition and Emotion, 27(8), 1460-8. [DOI:10.1080/02699931.2013.789792] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.##Kumru, A., Carlo, G., Mestre, V., & Samper, P. (2012). Prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behavior among Turkish and Spanish adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(2), 205-14. [DOI:10.2224/sbp.2012.40.2.205]##Laible, D., Carlo G., Murphy T., Augustine M., & Roesch S. (2014). Predicting Children’s Prosocial and Co-operative Behavior from Their Temperamental Profiles: A Person-centered Approach. Social Development, 23(4), 734-52. [DOI:10.1111/sode.12072]##Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathwaysto self-esteem in late adolescence: The role of parentand peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 27(6), 703-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.05.005] [PMID]##Lotfi, M., Amini. M., Fathi. A., Karami, A., & Ghiasi, S. (2014). Personality traits, emotion regulation and impulsive behaviors in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Practice Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 27-33.##Malti, T., Gummerum, M., & Keller, M. (2008). Moral emotions and moral cognitions. European Journal of Developmental Science, 2(3), 203–5.##McGinley, M. & Carlo, G. (2007). Two sides of the same coin? The relations between prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 337-49. 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Paper Presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, Minneapolis, USA, 19-22 April 2001.##French, D. C., Eisenberg, N., Vaughan, J., Purwono, U., & Suryanti, T. A. (2008). Religious involvement and the social competence and adjustment of Indonesian Muslim adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 597-611. [DOI:10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.597] [PMID]##Hair, J. F, Celsi, M. W., Ortinau, D. J ., & Bush, R. P. (2013) . Essentials of marketing research. New York: McGraw-Hill.##Hinnant, J. B., Nelson, J. A., O’Brien, M., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2013). the interactive roles of parenting, emotion regulation and executive functioning in moral reasoning during middle childhood. Cognition and Emotion, 27(8), 1460-8. [DOI:10.1080/02699931.2013.789792] [PMID] [PMCID]##Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.##Kumru, A., Carlo, G., Mestre, V., & Samper, P. (2012). Prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behavior among Turkish and Spanish adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(2), 205-14. [DOI:10.2224/sbp.2012.40.2.205]##Laible, D., Carlo G., Murphy T., Augustine M., & Roesch S. (2014). Predicting Children’s Prosocial and Co-operative Behavior from Their Temperamental Profiles: A Person-centered Approach. Social Development, 23(4), 734-52. [DOI:10.1111/sode.12072]##Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathwaysto self-esteem in late adolescence: The role of parentand peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 27(6), 703-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.05.005] [PMID]##Lotfi, M., Amini. M., Fathi. A., Karami, A., & Ghiasi, S. (2014). Personality traits, emotion regulation and impulsive behaviors in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Practice Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 27-33.##Malti, T., Gummerum, M., & Keller, M. (2008). Moral emotions and moral cognitions. European Journal of Developmental Science, 2(3), 203–5.##McGinley, M. & Carlo, G. (2007). Two sides of the same coin? The relations between prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 337-49. [DOI:10.1007/s10964-006-9095-9] [PMID]##McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(9), 544-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003] [PMID] [PMCID]##Mestre, M. V., Carlo, G., Samper, P., Tur-Purcar, A. M., & Mestre, A. L (2015). Psychometric Evidence of a Multidimensional Measure of Prosocial Behaviors for Spanish Adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 176(4), 260-71.##Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (1998-2012). Mplususer’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.##Nigg, J. T. (2006). Temperament and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3-4), 395-422. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01612.x] [PMID]##Padilla-walker, L. M., Fraser, A. M., Black, B. B., & Bean, R. A. (2014). Associations between friendship, sympathy, and prosocial behavior toward friends. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(1), 28-35. [DOI:10.1111/jora.12108]##Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., & Jarvis, L. (2007). Ethnic identity and acculturation in Hispanic early adolescents: Mediated relationships to academic grades, prosocial behaviors, and externalizing symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(4), 364-73. [DOI:10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.364] [PMID]##Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 906-16. [DOI:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.906] [PMID]##Spinrad, T. L. & Stifter, C. A. (2006). Toddlers’ empathy-related responding to distress: Predictions from negative emotionality and maternal behavior in infancy. Infancy, 10(2), 97-121. [DOI:10.1207/s15327078in1002_1]##Tanaka, M., Afifi, T. O., Wathen, C. N., & Boyle, M. H., Macmillan, H. L. (2015). Evaluation of sex differences inhealth-related quality of life outcomesassociated with child abuse: Results from the Ontario Child Health Study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 24(4):353-63. [DOI:10.1017/S2045796014000274] [PMID]##Taylor, Z. E., Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, effortful control, and parenting as predictors of children’s sympathy across early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 51(1), 17-25. [DOI:10.1037/a0038189] [PMID] [PMCID]##Van Beveren, M. L., McIntosh, K., Vandevivere, E., Wante, L., Vandeweghe, L., Van Durme, K et al. (2016). Associations between temperament, emotion regulation, and depression in youth: the role of positive temperament. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 25(6), 1954-68. [DOI:10.1007/s10826-016-0368-y] ##

The Role of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms and Social Isolation in Teenage Girls Towards the Use of Internet and Cyberspace 2 2 Objective: The current study was conducted to investigate the role of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and social isolation due to Internet addiction and cyberspace use among teenage girls in 2016-2017 year.  Methods: The research method used in this study was cross-sectional. The study population included all girl students of the second grade public high schools of Tehran city during the academic year 2016-2017. Based on multi-stage cluster sampling, 300 girls were selected randomly. The tools used for data collection were Russell’s loneliness scale, Young’s Internet addiction test, and Achenbach’s self-report questionnaire. Finally, the collected data was analyzed using SPSS v.20 software using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship of internalized syndrome (r=0.53), extraversion syndrome (r=0.57), and social isolation (r=0.54), with internet addiction. Regression test showed that seizure syndrome, thinking syndrome among internalized syndromes, obsessive compulsive syndrome, other problems, favorable conditions, outbreak law, problems of disorder among extraversion syndromes and social isolation had the most impact on the variability of Internet addiction. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that individuals with internalized and externalized symptoms and girls who are socially isolated tend to have more Internet and virtual space addiction. 265 271 2018/01/202018/02/22018/04/292018/03/122018/04/22018/02/262018/01/102018/03/15 1396/12/24 2018/05/272018/05/182018/07/252018/07/52018/08/292018/06/102018/06/252018/08/23 1397/6/1 Mahtab Esmaeilzadeh Azad Mahtab Esmaeilzadeh Azad Department of Counseling, Faculty of Literature Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran m_esmaiel@yahoo.com Mahdi Amini Mahdi Amini Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran amini.mh@iums.ac.ir Mozhgan Lotfi Mozhgan Lotfi Department of Mental Health, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Internet addiction Externalizing symptoms Internalizing symptoms Social isolation Alavi, S., Eslami, M., Maracy, M., Najafi, M., Jannatifard, F., & Vezapour, H. (2010) . [Psychometric properties of young internet addiction test (Persian)]. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 4(3):183-9.##Anari, M., Mazaheri Tehrani, M., & Tahmasebian, K. (2015). [life satisfaction, internalizing and externalizing disorders in social networks users and non-users (Persian)]. Strategy for Culture, 7(27), 120-137.##Balakrishnan, V. (2015). Cyberbullying among young adults in Malaysia: The roles of gender, age and Internet frequency. Computers in Human Behavior, 46, 149-57. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.021]##Cheng, P. F., & Cheng, C. H. (2015). Effects of Moral Self, Self Esteem and Parental Bonding on Delinquency among Young People in Hong Kong. International Journal of Criminology and sociology, 4, 119-27. [DOI:10.6000/1929-4409.2015.04.12]##Choupani, M., Karimnejhad, K., & Farahbakhsh, K. (2017). [The study of personality characteristics of male infidelity: A qualitative study (Persian)]. Personality Quarterly and Individual Differences, 5(13), 87-105.##Dalbudak, E., & Evren, C. (2014). The relationship of Internet addiction severity with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms in Turkish University students; impact of personality traits, depression and anxiety. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(3), 497-503. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.11.018] [PMID]##Dillon, K. P., & Bushman, B. J. (2015). Unresponsive or un-noticed? Cyberbystander intervention in an experimental cyberbullying context. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 144-150. [DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.009]##Ferris, J. R. (2002). 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