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Comparison of Early Maladaptive Schema of Adult Children of Schizophrenic Parent With Adult Children of Healthy Parentalthy parent 2 2 Objective: This project aimed to study early maladaptive schemas in adults with parents afflicted with schizophrenia.  Methods: In a causal-comparative study, a sample of 39 adults with one schizophrenic parent as the experiment group and 40 students without schizophrenic parents as the control group were selected. Both groups completed early maladaptive schema questionnaire. Descriptive statistics as well as multi-and single-variable analysis of variance were applied.  Results: Significant differences were found in early maladaptive schemas of rejection/disconnection, impaired autonomy/performance, and over vigilance/inhibitions as well as in the subscales of emotional deprivation, defectiveness/shame, failure, and unrelenting standards.  Conclusion: Feelings of failure and insecurity leads to formation of early maladaptive schemas in children of schizophrenia. The chronicity of schizophrenia, patients’ behavioral difficulties, and stigmatization lead to feelings of defectiveness and lack of security in children and early maladaptive schemas. 3 10 2016/08/31 1395/6/10 2016/12/1 1395/9/11 Delaram Salehi Delaram Salehi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran delaram.salehi@yahoo.com Alireza Abedin Alireza Abedin Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran zeitgeist40@yahoo.com Mohamad Reza Tavakoli Hassan Abadi Mohamad Reza Tavakoli Hassan Abadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran A parent with schizophrenia children early maladaptive schemas Ahi, Gh. (2007). [Reliability and validity of Young’s schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology & Educational Sciences, 37(3), 5-20.##Akbari, A., Aliloo, M. M., Khanjani, Z., Poorsharifi, H., Fahimi, S., Pichakolaei, A., et al. (2012). [Comparison of students having love failure with and without clinical symptoms in early maladapted schema and parenting patterns (Persian)]. Journal of Iranian Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology, 18(3), 184-194.##Bakhtiari, R. (2008). [Emotional Intelligence of children having parents with Schizophrenia and children having parents with depression and developing and applying emotional intelligence training program in the children having parents with Schizophrenia (Persian)] (MA thesis). Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University.##Balada, M., Calvo, M., Padilla, E., Guerrero, G., Molina, J., Florenzano, V., et al. (2015). Detection, assessment and management of schizophrenia in an Andean population of South America: Parkinsonism testing and transcranial ultrasound as preventive tools. Focous, 13(4), 432-40. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.20150018 ##Bell, M. D. (1995). Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing (BORRTI) Manual. Los Angles: Western Psychological. ##Bell, M. D., Billington, R., & Becker, B. (1986). A scale for the assessment of object relation: Reliability, validity, and factorial invariance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(5), 733-41. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198609)42:5<733::aid-jclp2270420509>3.0.co;2-c ##D’Angelo, E. J. (1986). Security of attachment in infants with schizophrenic, depressed, and unaffected mothers. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 147(3), 421-22. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1986.9914517 ##Goodman, S. H., & Brumley, H. E. (1990). Schizophrenic and depressed mothers: Relational deficits in parenting. Developmental Psychology, 26(1), 31-39. doi: 10.1037//0012-1649.26.1.31 ##Haghighatmanesh, A., Agha Mohammadian Sherbaf, H., Ghanbari Hashemabadi, B. A., & Mahram, B. (2010). [Early Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Domains in Rapists (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 16(2), 145-53. ##Haprich, S. K. & Greenberg, R. P. (2003). Advance in the assessment of object relations in the 1990s. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(5), 665-98. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00072-2##Hashemian, K. (1992). [Influence of depressed mothers on psychological development of their children (Persian)]. Journal of Science (Al-Zahra University), (9-10), 69-81. ##Hasnson, J. W. (2002). Review of empirical research that utilized the bell object relation inventory (PhD thesis). California: Biola University.##Herbert, H. S., Manjula, M., & Philip, M. (2012). Resilience and factors contributing to resilience among the offsprings of parents with schizophrenia. Psychology Studies, 58(1), 80-88. doi: 10.1007/s12646-012-0168-4 ##Jafari, A., Pooyamanesh, J., Ghorbanian, N., & Kabiri, M. (2013). [The effectiveness of schema therapy on moderating early maladaptive schemas and reducing students' anxiety sensitivity (Persian)]. Instruction & Evaluation, 6(24), 79-91.##Klein, M. (1975). The mutual influences in the development of ego and id. In envy and gratitude and another works. New York: Delta Books.##Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. New York: International University Press.##Ljung, T., Linchtenstein, P., Sandina, S., D’onofrio, B. Runeson, B., Lagstrom, N., et al. (2013). Parental schizophrenia and increased offspring suicide risk: Exploring the casual hypothesis using cousin compression. Psychological Medicine, 43(3), 581-90. doi: 10.1017/s0033291712001365##Loshak, R. (2013). Living with a parent with mental health needs, out of mainstream: Helping the children of parents with a mental illness. London: Routledge Publication. ##Lotfi, M. (2007). [Effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral interventions on mental health promotion of families having patients with Schizophrenia (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences. ##Makvand-Hosseini, Sh., Rezaei, A., & Ezzeddin, M. (2014). [Effectiveness of schema-focused cognitive group therapy on early maladaptive schema of homeless and difficult parents adolescents (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6(2), 83-98. ##Manjula, M., & Raguram, A. (2009). Self-concept in adult children of schizophrenic parents: An exploratory study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 55(5), 471-79. doi: 10.1177/0020764008094732 ##Philip, D., & Pinkham, A. (2015). Impaired self-assessment in schizophrenia: why patients misjudge their cognition and functioning observation from caregivers and clinicians seem to have the most validity. Current Psychiatry, 14(4), 53-59.##Preston, G., & Antin, R. (1932). A study of children of psychotic parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2(3), 231-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1932.tb05181.x##Rafiee, S., Hatami, A., & Foroughi, A. (2011). [The relationship between early maladapted schema and attachment style in women having Infidelity (Persian)]. Sociology of Women (Journal of Woman and Society), 2(1), 21-36.##Razavi, A. S., Fatehizadeh, M. S., Etemadi, A., & Abedi, M., R. (2010). [Determining the relationship of early maladapted schema with the dimensions of attitude to select spouse in students of Payam-e-Noor University of Tehran Province (Persian)]. Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 1(2), 45-70. ##Renner, F., Lobbestael, J., Peeters, F., & Arntz, A. (2012). Early maladaptive schema in depressed patients: Stability and relation with depressive symptoms over the course of treatment. Journal of Affective Disorder, 136(3), 581-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.027 ##Riordan, D., Appleby, L., & Faragher, B. (1999). Mother-infant interaction in post-partum women with schizophrenia and affective disorder. Psychological Medicine, 29(4), 991-95. doi: 10.1017/s0033291798007727 ##Rohrbaugh, J. B. (2008). A comprehensive guide to child custody evaluation: Mental health and legal perspective. New York: Springer.##Ross, G., & Compagnon, N. (2001). The diagnosis and treatment of psychotic disorders in children with a schizophrenic parent. Schizophrenia Research, 5(1-2), 121-26. doi: 10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00043-8##Sadeghi, M., Kaviani, H., & Rezaei, R. (2003). [Comparative examination of mental disease stigma in families having patients with depression disorder, bipolar disorder, and Schizophrenia (Persian)]. Advances in Cognitive Science, 5(2), 16-25.##Simard, V., Moss, E., & Pascuzzo, K. (2011). Early maladaptive schema and child and adult attachment: A 15-year longitudinal study. British Psychological Society, 84(4), 349-66. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.2010.02009.x##Sobhani, M., Moradi, A., Alibeygi, N., & Dolatshahi, B. (2010). [Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment in reducing symptoms and performance improvement of patients with Schizophrenia (Persian)]. Clinical Psychology Studies, 1(1), 101-28. ##Tajik Esmaeili, A. (1991). [Family and its role in developing behavioral disorders (Persian)]. Tarbiat, 6(9), 5-9. ##Thimma, J. C. (2010). Mediation of early maladaptive schema between perceptions of parental rearing style and personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(1), 52-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.10.001 ##Trad, P. V. (1986). Infant depression, paradigms and paradoxes. New York: Springer.##Wan, M., & Green, J. (2009). The impact of maternal psychopathology on child-mother attachment. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 12(3), 123-34. doi: 10.1007/s00737-009-0066-5 ##Wan, M., Moulton, S., & Abel, M. (2008). A review of mother-child relational interventions and their usefulness for mothers with schizophrenia.  Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 11(3), 171-79. doi: 10.1007/s00737-008-0010-0 ##Welburn, K., Coristire, M., Daggy, P., Pontefrad, A., & Jordan, S. H. (2002). The schema questionnaire short form: Factor analysis and relationship between schema and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(4), 519-30.##Yang, D. S., Bae, G. Y., & Lee, S. J. (2012). Stability of early maladaptive schema and their relationship with depressive symptoms: A 2-year follows up study. Journal of Korean Neuro Psychiatric Association, 51(4), 156-63. doi: 10.4306/jknpa.2012.51.4.156 ##Young, J. E. (1994). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota: Professional Resource Exchange.## ##

Predicting Self-Control on the Basis of Patience and Its Components Among High School Studentsdents 2 2 Objective: The current study aimed at investigating the role of patience and its components in predicting self-control among high school students in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: The statistical population of the study included all high school students of Shiraz. Three hundred and thirty-two students (161 females and 171 males) were recruited via cluster sampling method. The subjects participated in the study by completing the patience scale for children and adolescents and self-control scale. To analyze the data, mean, standard deviation (SD), and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Moreover, to investigate the role of patience and its components in predicting self-control, simultaneous multiple regression analysis was utilized. Results: The results showed that patience total score and the components of transcendence, contentment, persistence, and hesitation positively and significantly correlated with self-control (P < 0.01). Patience total score also positively and significantly predicted self-control (β = 0.58; P < 0.001). This variable explained 33% of the variance. Moreover, transcendence (β = 0.18; P < 0.001), hesitation (β = 0.27; P < 0.001), and persistence (β = 0.35; P < 0.001) positively and significantly predicted self-control. These variables explained 36% of the variance. Conclusion: According to the role of patience and its components in predicting self-control, it is recommended to utilize educational strategies of patience to enhance self-control among high school students. To emphasize the components of patience in teaching educational strategies of patience is also suggested.  11 16 2016/08/312016/06/18 1395/3/29 2016/12/12016/09/29 1395/7/8 Farhad Khormaei Farhad Khormaei Department of Educational Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran khormaei@shirazu.ac.ir Azam Farmani Azam Farmani Department of Psychology, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Iran azamfarmani3@gmail.com Farzane Yazdani Farzane Yazdani Department of Educational Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran azamfarmani3@gmail.com Patience Transcendence Tolerance Contentment Persistence Hesitationation Achtziger, A., & Bayer, U. C. (2012). Self-control mediates the link between perfectionism and stress. Motivation and Emotion, 37(3), 413–423. doi: 10.1007/s11031-012-9321-6##Farmani, A., Khormaei, F., & Baneshi, F. (2014). [The relationship between patience and global health among university students (Persian)]. Paper presented at The National Conference on Quran, Health and Life Style, Fasa, Iran, 6-7 May 2014.##Farmani, A., Khormaei, F., & Dokoohaki, N. (2014). [Investigating the role of patience and its components in predicting the marital satisfaction of the elementary school students’ parents in Shiraz (Persian)]. Paper presented at the Sixth National Congress of Family Pathology, Tehran, Iran, 6-7 May 2014.##Fujita, K. (2011). On conceptualizing self-control as more than the effortful inhibition of impulses. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(4), 352–366. doi: 10.1177/1088868311411165##Ghobari Bonab, B. (2000). [Patience, as a coping strategy (Persian)]. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Religion and Mental Health. Tehran, Iran, 16-19 April 2001.##Ghobari Bonab, B., Khodayarifard, M., & Shekohi yekta, M. (2001). [Relationship between trust in god with anxiety, patience, and hope in adverse conditions (Persian)]. Paper presented at The Conference of the Role of Religion In Mental Health, Qom, Iran, 16-19 April 2001.##Haghjoo, S. (2013). [Prediction of suicidal ideation based on components of patience and emotion regulation (Persian)] [MA dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz University.##Hamama, L., & Ronen-Shenhav, A. (2012). Self-control, social support, and aggression among adolescents in divorced and two-parent families. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(5), 1042–1049. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.02.009##Hossein Sabet, F. (2008). [Effectiveness of patience training in anxiety, depression and happiness (Persian)] [PhD dissertation]. Tehran: Allame Tabataba'i University.##Hughes, A. E., Berg, C. A., & Wiebe, D. J. (2012). Emotional processing and self-control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(8), 925–934. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jss062##Izadi-Tame, A., Borjali, A., Delavar, A., & Eskandari, H. (2008). [Patience, theoretical foundation, and psychosocial functioning (Persian)]. Mesbah, 78, 103-130. ##Keyhanfard, R. (2013). [Investigating relationship between patience and coping strategies among Shiraz university students (Persian)] [MA dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz University.##Khormaei, F., Farmani, A. (2015). Patience and its components in predicting bullying among primary school students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 10(1), 1-5.##Khormaei, F., & Farmani, A. (2014). Surveying the role of big five personality factors in prediction of patience and its components in students (Persian)]. Journals of Clinical Psychology and Personality, 21(11), 11-24.##Khormaei, F., Farmani, A., & Soltani, E. (2014). [Investigating the prediction role of patience as a moral construct and personality characteristics in the hopelessness of university students (Persian)]. Medical Ethics Journal, 8(28), 167-99. ## Khormaei, F., Farmani, A., & Kalantari, S. (2015). [The comparison of patience components among patients with major depression, generalized anxiety disorder and normal individuals (Persian)]. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9(1), 77-84. ##Khormaei, F., Zareie, F., Mahdiyar, M., & Farmani A. (2014). [Role of patience and its components as moral constructs in predicting hope among university students (Persian)]. Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 7(3), 58-68. ##Lotfabadi, H. (2013). [Developmental psychology 2: Adolescence, youth, and adulthood (Persian)]. Tehran: Samt Publication. ##Neuringer, C., & Michael, J. L. (1970). Behavior modification in clinical psychology. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts Behavior modification in clinical psychology.##Noori, N. (2008). [Investigating the psychological foundation and syndrome of patience in the Holy Quran (Persian)]. Ravanshenasi Va Din, 19(4), 143-168.##Rafiee Honar, H., Janbozorgi, M. (2010). [Relationship between religious orientation and self-control (Persian)]. Journal of Ravanshenasi Va Din, 3(1), 31-42.##Razmzan, Z. (2011). [Investigating the relationship between patience components and resilience with spiritual transcendence among Shiraz University students (Persian)] [MA thesis]. Shiraz: Shiraz University.##Schnitker, S. A. (2012). An examination of patience and well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(4), 263–280. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2012.697185##Schnitker, S. A., & Emmons, R. A. Patience as a virtue: Religious and psychological perspectives. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 177–208. doi: 10.1163/ej.9789004158511.i-301.69##ShokoofehFard, S., & Khormaei, F. (2012). [An inquiry into the predictive role of components of patience in students' aggressive behavior (Persian)]. Ravanshenasi Va Din, 5(2), 99- 112.##Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271–324. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x## ##

Treatment of Children’s Aggression by Behavioral Therapy Techniques 2 2 Objective: The present study aims at investigating the effects of behavioral therapy techniques through operant conditioning and observational learning on children’s aggression aged 4-6 years.  Methods: To this end, a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study with two experimental groups and a control group was designed. We used non-probability purposive sampling method to select 45 mothers of aggressive children out of all mothers in Deylam City, Iran. They were randomly assigned into three groups (each group included 15 participants). Primary data were collected using the questionnaire developed by Vahedi, Fathi-Azar, Hosseini-Nasab, and Moghadam (2008). To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance, 1-way analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni tests were used.  Results: The results indicated that teaching operant conditioning and observational learning techniques to the mothers reduced their children’s overall aggression along with its components, including verbal-offensive, physical-offensive, and relational aggression as well as impulsive anger. Conclusion: These techniques are recommended to be used in clinical interventions to teach the families how to control their children’s aggression.   17 26 2016/08/312016/06/182016/06/22 1395/4/2 2016/12/12016/09/292016/11/10 1395/8/20 Gholamali Aghajari Gholamali Aghajari Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Boushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boushehr, Iran. Iran gh.aghajari@yahoo.com Seyyed Mousa Golestaneh Seyyed Mousa Golestaneh Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, Iran. Iran Mgolestaneh@yahoo.com Ali Pakizeh Ali Pakizeh Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, Iran. Iran alipakizeh@yahoo.com Behavior therapy Reinforcement Punishment Observational learning Aggression Childrenhildren رفتاردرمانی تقویت تنبیه یادگیری مشاهده ای پرخاشگری کودکان Alavinezhad, R., Mousavi, M., & Boojari, S. (2015). Sleep problems and aggressive behavior in children with ADHD. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 3(2), 107-112.##Anderson, C. & Bushman, B. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: meta-analytic review of video-game violence. Psychological Science, 2(5), 354-359.##Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: Prentice Hall.##Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K. A. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 222–245. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.222##Connor, D. F. (2012). Aggression and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: Research and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.##Danforth, J. S., Harvey, E., Ulaszek, W. R., & McKee, T. E. (2006). The outcome of group parent training for families of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and defiant/aggressive behavior. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(3), 188–205. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.05.009##Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440. doi: 10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1##Huesmann, L. R., & Taylor, L. D. (2006). The role of media violence in violent behavior. Annual Review of Public Health, 27(1), 393–415. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144640##Kawabata, Y., Alink, L. R. A., Tseng, W. L., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Crick, N. R. (2011). Maternal and paternal parenting styles associated with relational aggression in children and adolescents: A conceptual analysis and meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 31(4), 240–278. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2011.08.001##Kendall, P. C. (2000). Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures. (2nd Ed.). New York: Guilford Press.##Kim, M. J., Doh, H. S., Hong, J. S., & Choi, M. K. (2011). Social skills training and parent education programs for aggressive preschoolers and their parents in South Korea. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(6), 838–845. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.12.001##laPan, N. (2014). Using functional behavior assessment and differential reinforcement to decrease behavior problems in preschool children (BSc. thesis). Clinton, New York: Hamilton College.##Liu, J. (2004). Concept analysis: Aggression. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 25(7), 693–714. doi: 10.1080/01612840490486755 ##Michie, S., Johnston, M., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., & Eccles, M. (2008). From theory to intervention: Mapping theoretically derived behavioural determinants to behaviour change techniques. Applied Psychology, 57(4), 660–680. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00341.x##Miranda, A. (2000). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of children with ADHD, with and without aggressiveness. Psychology in the Schools, 37(2), 169–182. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(200003)37:2 < 169::aid-pits8>3.0.co;2-8##Özabacı, N. (2011). Cognitive behavioural therapy for violent behaviour in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 1989–1993. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.027##Reebye, P. (2005). Aggression during early years—Infancy and preschool. Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review, 14(1), 16-20. PMCID: PMC2538723##Saini, M. (2009). A meta-analysis of the psychological treatment of anger: Developing guidelines for evidence-based practice. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 37(4), 473-488.##Sarmad, Z., Bazargan, A., & Hejazi, E. (2015). [Methods of research in behavioral science (Persian)]. Tehran: Agah Publications.##Seif-Naraghi, M., & Naderi, E. (2010). [Learning-specific disabilities (Persian)]. Tehran: Arasbaran Publications. ##Shahim, S. (2007). [Relational aggression in preschool children (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 13(3), 264-271.##Skotarczak, L., & Lee, G. K. (2015). Effects of parent management training programs on disruptive behavior for children with a developmental disability: A meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 272–287. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.004##Vahedi Sh, Fathiazar S., Hosseini-Nasab SD., Moghaddam M. (2008). [Validity and reliability of the aggression scale for preschoolers and assessment of aggression in preschool children in Uromia (Persian)]. Journal of Mental Health. 10(37), 15-24. doi: 10.22038/jfmh.2008.1772## ##

The Association Between Islamic Lifestyle and Addiction Potential Among Adolescents 2 2 Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the association between Islamic lifestyle and addiction potential among adolescents residing in Eslamshahr City, Iran. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. The statistical population consisted of all students attending public high schools during 2012-2013 academic year in Eslamshahr City. The sample size was 211, who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method. The Islamic lifestyle and addiction potential questionnaires were used to collect data.  Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient showed significant and inverse associations between the components of Islamic lifestyle and addiction potential, except for ‘timeliness’ (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Those adopting an Islamic lifestyle are less prone to substance abuse. 27 32 2016/08/312016/06/182016/06/222016/08/21 1395/5/31 2016/12/12016/09/292016/11/102016/11/11 1395/8/21 Ardenoush Padarvand Ardenoush Padarvand Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran dostian2438@yahoo.com Seyed Mohammad Kalantarkousheh Seyed Mohammad Kalantarkousheh Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran kalantarcounseling@yahoo.com Younes Doostian Younes Doostian Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran dostian2438@gmail.com Omid Massah Omid Massah Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran omchomch@gmail.com Hamid Reza Varmazyar Hamid Reza Varmazyar National Medical Academy Of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Iran Dr.hamid.v@gmail.com Moslem Arian Moslem Arian University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Islamic lifestyle Addiction potential Adolescents Baghiani Moghadam M. H., Fazel Poor Sh., Rahai Z. (2008). [A comparison of addicts and non-addicts viewpoint on causes of tendency to addiction (Persian)]. Toloo-e Behdasht, 7(3-4), 40-48. ##Bashirian S., Heidarnia A., Allahverdipour H., Hajizadeh E. (2013). [The relationship between self-control and intention to substance abuse in adolescents (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing & Midwifery Faculty, 20(1), 45-53. ##Botvin, G. J. (2000). Preventing drug abuse in schools. Addictive Behaviors, 25(6), 887–897. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4603(00)00119-2##Cazenave, N., & Michel, G. (2008). Risk-taking behaviour and self-esteem regulations among adolescents: The Parkour. Annals Medico Psychologiques, 166(10), 875–881. doi: 10.1016/j.amp.2008.10.026 ##Compton, W. M., Thomas, Y. F., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2007). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 566-76. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.566##Dreikurs, R. (1991). The challenge of parenthood. Greenwich: Plume Pub.##Eisen, M., Zellman, G. L., & Murray, D. M. (2003). Evaluating the Lions–Quest “skills for adolescence” drug education program. Addictive Behaviors, 28(5), 883–897. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00292-1##Farhoudian, A., Sahimi Izadian, E., Rad Goodarzi, R., Sharifi, V., Mohammadi, M. R., Nejatisafa, A. A. et al. (2006). Iran’s contribution to child and adolescent mental health research (1973–2002): A Scientometric Analysis. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 1(3), 93-97. ##Hall, G. S. (1916). Adolescence: Its psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion and education (Vol. 2). New York : D. Appleton and Company##Henderson Jr, R. J. (1991). Addiction as disability: The protection of alcoholics and drug addicts under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University. ##Johnson, T. J., Sheets, V. L., & Kristeller, J. L. (2008). Identifying mediators of the relationship between religiousness/spirituality and alcohol use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(1), 160–170. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2008.69.160##Kaviani, M. (2011). [Quantification and measurement of Islamic life style (Persian)]. Ravanshenasi Va Din, 4(2), 27-44. ##Kaviani, M. (2013). [Islamic life style and it’s measuring tool (1st ed.) (Persian)]. 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Testing the Model of attachment, Facial Emotion Recognition, Emotion Regulation, Emotional PerspectiveTaking, and Depression in Female Adolescents 2 2 Objective: Depression is a growing public health problem, which needs more consideration in primary care settings. By focusing primarily on developmental psychology, attachment style is one of the most influential variables on the risk of internalized disorders. Although attachment styles have strong effects in emotional aspect of human mental life, emotional turbulence and dysfunction are considered as key factors in depression disorder. This study aimed to examine the effect of attachment styles on emotion recognition, emotion regulation, emotional perspective taking, and depression in multivariate space. To this end, attachment styles are considered as input separately; emotion recognition in three categories (neutral, negative, and positive), emotion regulation, and emotional perspective taking set as mediator of equation; and depression as an output.  Methods: Participants were all high-school students, selected based on multistage random sampling method. Finally, 296 students participated in the study and all ethical issues included informed consent were approved by the Ethics Committee of University of Isfahan. Statistical analysis was done by AMOS 22 and SPSS 22. The study instruments were attachment styles questionnaire (ASQ) by Hazen and Shaver (1987), facial emotion recognition pictures by Ekman and Frizen (1978), emotion regulation skills questionnaire (ERSQ) by Berking and Znoj (2008), emotional perspective taking dilemmas, and Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) (1996). The data analysis was done using Structural Equation Modeling.  Results: According to model fit indices of χ2 = 2703.41, df = 1804, CFI = 0.86, and RMSEA = 0.04, this model relatively appropriate fit the adolescents girls sample, thus the main hypothesis of the study was confirmed. In addition, attachment styles have direct and indirect effects on depression. The indirect effect of attachment styles were mediated through emotion recognition, emotion regulation, and emotional perspective taking.  Conclusion: Attachment styles have a strong and significant effect on emotional state and also probability of depression of adolescent girls. Children in secure relationship learn to recognize and regulate their emotions in addition to taking others’ perspective about emotional filed. Thus, in facing high pressure situations of adolescence, they would experience lower levels of depression.  33 44 2016/08/312016/06/182016/06/222016/08/212016/08/13 1395/5/23 2016/12/12016/09/292016/11/102016/11/112016/11/25 1395/9/5 Mahboobe Moradi Siah Afshadi Mahboobe Moradi Siah Afshadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran roshaazari@gmail.com Sho'le Amiri Sho'le Amiri Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran s.amiri@edu.ui.ac.ir Hossein Molavi Hossein Molavi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran h.molavi@edu.ui.ac.ir Depression Attachment styles Facial emotion recognition Emotion regulation Emotional perspective taking Ainsworth, M., S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). 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The Relationships Between Anxiety Sensitivity, Irritability, Intrusive Thoughts and Sleep Problems in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between anxiety sensitivity (AS), irritability and intrusive thoughts (IT) and sleep problems in patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods: The study population consisted of all patients with GAD who referred to counseling and psychological centers in Isfahan, Iran, in 2015. A total of 49 patients were selected out of the whole population as the study samples using convenience sampling method. To collect data, a questionnaire covering demographic and clinical information, the anxiety sensitivity index-revised, the thought control questionnaire, the irritability scale, and the sleep problems questionnaire were used. Using the SPSS22 software, the collected data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis and Pearson correlation test. Results: Results of multiple regression analysis showed  that problems of sleep onset, sleep continuity, and waking up could be anticipated by anxiety sensitivity, irritability and intrusive thoughts in patients with GAD. Results of Pearson correlation test indicated significant relationships between AS and sleep problems related to sleep onset, sleep continuity and waking up; also between irritability and sleep onset problems; and finally between IT and sleep waking up problems (P < 0.05). However, no significant relationship was observed between irritability and sleep continuity and waking up problems or between IT and sleep onset and sleep continuity problems (P > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, the anxiety sensitivity has more relationship to sleep onset, sleep continuity, and waking up problems in patients with GAD. 45 54 2016/08/312016/06/182016/06/222016/08/212016/08/132016/06/16 1395/3/27 2016/12/12016/09/292016/11/102016/11/112016/11/252016/09/30 1395/7/9 Afsane Badrian Afsane Badrian Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Sayed Abbas Haghayegh Sayed Abbas Haghayegh Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran. Iran abbas_haghayegh@yahoo.com Hamid Reza Nikyar Hamid Reza Nikyar Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Anxiety sensitivity Irritability Intrusive thoughts Sleep problems Generalized anxiety disorder. 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The Effectiveness of Education Based on Cognitive, Metacognitive, and Behavioral Model on Reducing Meta-worry Belief in Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder 2 2 Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of education based of the cognitive, metacognitive, and behavioral model on the reduction of meta-worry beliefs in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Methods: The research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population comprised all patients with SAD referring to public and private centers for consulting and psychotherapy in Kermanshah, Iran, in 2016. The study sample were selected using purposeful sampling method. A total of 30 patients were chosen through structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID-1) and administering meta-worry subscale of Well’s questionnaire of anxious thoughts (1994). Then, they were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. The study instrument was the meta-worry subscale of Well’s questionnaire of anxious thoughts (1994). Twelve cognitive, metacognitive, and behavioral treatment sessions (for the developed model) on the basis of relevant theoretical insights were held for the experimental group twice a week while the control group received no intervention. After the treatment, both groups were evaluated with the questionnaire of anxious thoughts. For data analysis, ANCOVA test was administered using SPSS19.  Results: The results showed that education based on cognitive, metacognitive, and behavioral model was effective on the reduction of meta-worry belief among patients with SAD in the experimental group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of the model, it seems that therapists and counselors can use this developed model to reduce meta-worry belief among patients with SAD. 55 62 2016/08/312016/06/182016/06/222016/08/212016/08/132016/06/162016/06/25 1395/4/5 2016/12/12016/09/292016/11/102016/11/112016/11/252016/09/302016/10/14 1395/7/23 Afsaneh Shahbazirad Afsaneh Shahbazirad Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoram Abad, Iran. Iran Ashahbazirad2020@gmail.com Ezatollah Ghadampour Ezatollah Ghadampour Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoram Abad, Iran. Iran Firoozeh Ghazanfari Firoozeh Ghazanfari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoram Abad, Iran. Iran Khodamorad Momeni Khodamorad Momeni Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 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Prediction of Test Anxiety Based on Metacognitive Beliefs and Perfectionism 2 2 Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association of metacognitive beliefs and perfectionism with test anxiety among students.  Methods: The present study was a cross sectional research. Study population comprised all male and female students of Kermanshah City. A total of 440 students (200 males and 240 females, aged 17-18 years) in the third or fourth grade of Kermanshah high schools (academic year 2015-2016) were selected by random cluster sampling method. The data were collected using test anxiety inventory, metacognitions questionnaire, and multidimensional perfectionism scale. For analyzing the data, we used analysis of regression method.  Results: There were significant positive correlations between the test anxiety with cognitive confidence (r = 0.29, P < 0.01), positive beliefs (r = 0.10, P < 0.05), cognitive self-consciousness (r = 0.35, P < 0.01), uncontrollability and danger of thoughts (r = 0.45, P < 0.01), and need to control thoughts (r = 0.16, P < 0.05). Also, there was significant positive correlations between test anxiety with concern over mistakes (r = 0.36, P < 0.01), doubts about actions (r = 0.41, P < 0.01), parental expectations (r = 0.23, P < 0.01), parental criticism (r = 0.33, P < 0.01), personal standards (r = 0.40, P < 0.01) and organization (r = 0.16, P < 0.05). Moreover, analysis of regression indicated metacognitive beliefs and perfectionism are predictors of test anxiety.  Conclusion: Results of this study support the metacognitive model of test anxiety and showed that people’s metacognitive beliefs have important role in test anxiety. Also, results indicated perfectionist individuals are vulnerable for test anxiety. 63 71 2016/08/312016/06/182016/06/222016/08/212016/08/132016/06/162016/06/252016/06/16 1395/3/27 2016/12/12016/09/292016/11/102016/11/112016/11/252016/09/302016/10/142016/10/27 1395/8/6 Mohammadreza Tamannaeifar Mohammadreza Tamannaeifar Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. Iran tamannai@kashanu.ac.ir Saeedeh Abdolmaleki Saeedeh Abdolmaleki Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. Iran Test anxiety Metacognitive beliefs Perfectionism Alsina-Jurnet, I., Carvallo-Beciu, C., & Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J. (2007). 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