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Psychological Treatment of Major Depression: An Analysis of the Sexual Desire 2 2 Objective: Sexual dysfunction is frequently reported as a side effect of many antidepressant medications. As a result, for those depressed patients to whom sexual desire is important, psychological treatment may be a better intervention. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the possible changes in sexual desire following psychological treatments in depression, when focus of therapy is not on sexual function. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study, which was conducted in Tehran, Iran. A total of 281 depressed patients in the remission phase underwent psychological treatments, either cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT, n=131) or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT, n=150). The therapy did not focus on any aspect of sexual function. Using a single item measure before and after treatment, sexual desire of the patients was categorized into intact, mild, moderate, or severe decline. A total of 255 participants completed the study questionnaires and were randomly assigned to CBT (122) and MBCT groups (133). Before therapy, 128(50.2%) participants were categorized in intact sexual desire group, 73(28.6%) in mild sexual desire dysfunction group, 40(15.7%) in moderate sexual desire dysfunction group, and 14(5.5%) in severe sexual desire dysfunction group. Logistic regression was used for analyzing the data by SPSS-16. Results: Low sexual desire in depression remission was predicted by age (P<0.001, OR=0.21, CI=0.01–0.03), presence of comorbid anxiety disorder (P<0.04, OR=-0.13, CI=-0.46–0.02), and global assessment of functioning (GAF) (P<0.001, OR=-0.23, CI=-0.03–0.01). Clinical improvement in sexual desire was predicted by the type of intervention (P=0.023, OR=0.351, CI=0.142–0.869) and GAF (P=0.003, OR=0.927, CI=0.881–0.975). Conclusion: CBT might be superior to MBCT in improving sexual desire in patients with depression. Further studies using validated sexual function questionnaires are necessary. 211 220 2016/03/18 1394/12/28 2016/06/23 1395/4/3 Parvaneh Mohammadkhani Parvaneh Mohammadkhani Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Keith S. Dobson Keith S. Dobson University of Calgery, Alberta, Canada. Iran Mohammad Reza Tamannaeifar Mohammad Reza Tamannaeifar Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. Iran Imaneh Abasi Imaneh Abasi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran emaneabassi@yahoo.com Hedieh Azadmehr Hedieh Azadmehr Community Research Foundation, San Diego, California. Iran Depression Sexual desire Cognitive behavioral therapy Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy Ackerman, M. D. (1995). Introduction to the special section on contemporary issues in human sexuality: research and practice. 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Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 31-40. ##Markowitz, J. C. (2003). Depression in context: Strategies for guided action. Depression, 160(7), 1366. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1366##McCabe, M., Althof, S. E., Assalian, P., Chevret‐Measson, M., Leiblum, S. R., Simonelli, C., et al. (2010). Psychological and interpersonal dimensions of sexual function and dysfunction. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(1-2), 327-36. ##Moon, D. G., Kim, J. S., & Kim, J. J. (1999). Psychological factors in male sexual dysfunction: anxiety, depression and gender role. Korean Journal of Andrology, 17(3), 171-75. ##Penedo, F. J., Traeger, L., Dahn, J., Molton, I., Gonzalez, J. S., Schneiderman, N., et al. (2007). 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Study of Vulnerability to Addiction With Regard to Self-Efficacy and Alexithymia in High School Students 2 2 Objective: We aimed to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and alexithymia with vulnerability to drug abuse among students. Methods: The study method was descriptive and correlational. In this study, 483 male high-school students from Salmas City, Iran were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. All participants completed the Toronto alexithymia scale, general self-efficacy scale, a questionnaire to identify people at risk of addiction. The obtained data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20. Results: Based on the study findings, self-efficacy has the greatest ability to predict vulnerability to addiction. Next comes alexithymia which positively predicts vulnerability to addiction. Conclusion: The present study showed that low self-efficacy and failure to understand and express emotions can play important roles in the tendency of young people to drug addiction. Accordingly, clinicians can prevent the tendency of young people to addiction with improving the self-efficacy and enhancing the ability of individuals to control the emotions. 221 228 2016/03/182016/04/30 1395/2/11 2016/06/232016/07/28 1395/5/7 Farhad Ghadiri Sourman Abadi Farhad Ghadiri Sourman Abadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Iran farhadghadiri17@yahoo.com Karim Abdolmohamadi Karim Abdolmohamadi Department of Exceptional Children Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University,Tehran, Iran. Iran Jalil Babapur Kheiradin Jalil Babapur Kheiradin Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Iran Ezatolah Ahmadi Ezatolah Ahmadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran Addiction Self-efficacy Alexithymia Vulnerability to addiction Amani, F., Sadeghiyeh Ahari, S., Mohammadi, S., & Azami, A. (2005). [Pattern of changes in drug addicts referring to addiction centers, 1998-2003 (Persian)]. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 5(3), 220-4.##Ameri, F., Bayat, B., & Khosravi, Z. (2014). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas and defense styles in asthmatic, alexithymic and normal subjects. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 51-57.##Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(1), 23-32. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1##Bagheri, M., Nabavi, A., Moltafet, H., & Nagipour, F., (2010). [The study of effective factors on addiction phenomenon in the City of Ahwaz (Persian)]. Journal of Applied Sociology. 21(2), 119-136.##Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3##Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143-164. doi: 10.1177/1090198104263660##Besharat, M. A. (2007). Reliability and factorial validity of a Farsi version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale with a sample of Iranian students. Psychological reports, 101(5), 209-220. doi: 10.2466/pr0.101.5.209-220##Bahadori, Kh. J., & Khanjani, Z. (2014). [Relationship of coping strategies and self-efficacy with substance abuse tendency among students (Persian)]. Journal of Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 14(3), 80-90.##Berenbaum, H. & Prince, J. D. (1994). Alexithymia and the interpretation of emo-tion-relevant information. Cognitive Emotion, 8(4), 231–244. doi: 10.1080/02699939408408939##Besharat, M. A., Noorbakhsh, S. N., & Rostami, R. (2014). [Moderating Role of alexithymia in the relationship between attachment style and the severity of substance use disorders (Persian)]. Journal of Modern Psychological Research, 33, 25-50.##Birt, M. A., Sandor, V., Vaida, A., & Birt, M. E. (2008). Alexithymia, a risk factor in alcohol addiction? A brief research report on Romanian population. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 8(2), 217-225.##Cecero, J. J., & Holmstrom, R. W. (1997). Alexithymia and affect pathology among adult male alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(3), 201-208. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199704)53:3<201::aid-jclp2>3.0.co;2-u##Cleland, C., Magura, S., Foote, J., Rosenblum, A., & Kosanke, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) for substance users. Journal of psychosomatic research, 58(3), 299-306. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.11.002##Dehkordian, P., Delavar, A., Jali, H, R., (2011). [Construction and standardization of diagnostic tests among students at risk of drug use in public universities in Tehran (Persian)]. Journal of Educational Measurement, 2(6):89-110.##De Rick, A. &Vanheule, S. (2006). The relationship between perceived parenting, adult attachment style and alexithymia in alcoholic inpatients. Addictive Behaviors, 31(7):1265-70. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.08.010##Dolan, S. L., Martin, R. A., & Rohsenow, D. J. (2008). Self-efficacy for cocaine abstinence: Pretreatment correlates and relationship to outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 33(5), 675-688. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.12.001##Dolatshahi, B., Abasi, I., & Pahlavani, H. (2016). Prevalence of high risk behaviors among women in Tehran. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 4(2), 105-112. doi: 10.15412/j.jpcp.06040205##El Rasheed, A. H. (2001). Alexithymia in Egyptian substance abusers. Substance Abuse, 22(1), 11-21. doi: 10.1080/08897070109511442##Evren, C., Sar, V., Evren, B., Semiz, U., Dalbudak, E., & Cakmak, D. (2008). Dissociation and alexithymia among men with alcoholism. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(1), 40-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01775.x##Hashemi, T., Khalilzade, S., Mashinchi, N, (2013). [Gender, comparison of alexithymia and theory of mind in university students (Persian)]. Journal of Social Cognition, 1(2), 6-13.##Hatami, F., Ghahremani, L., Kaveh, M. H., & Keshavarzi, S. (2016). The effect of self-awareness training with painting on self-efficacy among orphaned adolescents. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 4(2), 89-96. doi: 10.15412/j.jpcp.06040203##Haviland, M. G., Shaw, D. G., Cummings, M. A., & MacMurray, J. P. (1988). Alexithymia: subscales and relationship to depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 50(3), 164-170. doi: 10.1159/000288115##Ghadiri Sourman Abadi, F., Abdolmohamadi, K., Babapour Kheiradin, J., & Roodsari, A. B. (2015). Prediction of alexithymia on the basis of attachment style and early maladaptive Schemas in University Students. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 39-46.##Ghadiri Sourman Abadi, F., Sabouri, M. H., Babapour, Kh. J. (2014). Prediction of vulnerability to addiction on the basis of psychosocial stressors. Journal of Practice in clinical psychology. 2(4).239-298.##Gunzelmann, T., Kopfer, J., & Brahler, E. (2002). Alexithymia in the elderly general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(1), 74–80. doi: 10.1053/comp.2002.29855##Karkhi M.(2012). [Wrong beliefs in addiction (Persian)] (1st ed.). Qom: Qom University of Medical Sciences.##Kiamarsi,A., & Abolghasemi,A. (2012). [The relationship of self-efficacy, sensation seeking and coping strategies with aptitude of substance use in university students (Persian)]. Journal of Research on Addiction, 5(20), 7-24##Loas, G., Fremaux, D., Otmani, O., Lecercle, C., & Delahousse, J. (1997). Is alexithymia a negative factor for maintaining abstinence? A follow-up study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38(5), 296-9. doi: 10.1016/s0010-440x(97)90063-8##McKellar, J., Ilgen, M., Moos, B. S., Moos, R. (2008). Predictors of changes in alcohol-related self-efficacy over 16 years. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 35(2), 148-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.09.003##Mohamadkhani, Sh., Jazayeri, A., Mohamadkhani, P., Rafiee, H., & Ghazi Tabatabaee, M. (2007). [Direct and indirect impact of attitude, locus of control, self-management skills and social commences on drug use among at risk adolescents (Persian)]. Journal of Contemporary Psychology, 2(1), 3-12.##Nezami, E., Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1996). Persian Adaptation (Farsi) of the Gene Self-Efficacy Scale. Retrieved from http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/persean.htm.##Pinard, L., Negrete, J. C., Annable, L., & Audet, N. (1996). Alexithymia in substance abusers. The American Journal on Addictions, 5(1), 32-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.1996.tb00281.x##Rajabi, GH.R. (2006).[Evaluate the reliability and validity of self-efficacy scale in students (Persian)]. Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 2(1, 2), 111-21.##Rybakowski, J., Ziółkowski, M., Zasadzka, T., & Brzeziński, R. (1988). High prevalence of alexithymia in male patients with alcohol dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 21(2), 133-136. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(88)90058-0##Sabouri Moghadam, H., & Babapur Kheiradin, J. (2014). Prediction of vulnerability to addiction on the basis of psychosocial stressors. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2(4), 271-6.##Schultz, D., & Schultz, S. (2000). [Theories of personality (Persian trans.)]. (6th ed.). Tehran: Virayesh Publication.##Sterling, K. L., Diamond, P. M., Mullen, P. D., Pallonen, U., Ford, K. H., & McAlister, A. L. (2007). Smoking-related self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention: Assessing factorial validity and structural relationships in 9th–12th grade current smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32(9), 1863-76. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.018##Tate, S. R., Wu, J., McQuaid, J. R., Cummins, K., Shriver, C., & Krenek, M., et al. (2008). Comorbidity of substance dependence and depression: role of life stress and self-efficacy in sustaining abstinence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(1), 47-57. doi: 10.1037/0893-164x.22.1.47##Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (1997). The development and regulation of affects: Disorders of affect regulation. 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The Relationship Between Mate Selection Styles and Marital Satisfaction of Married Nurses 2 2 Objective: This study was conducted to compare marital satisfaction among married nurses with three different mate selection styles. Methods: This study is descriptive ex post facto. A total of 222 married nurses were selected using random sampling method from two educational hospitals affiliated to Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences and four private hospitals of Ahvaz, Iran. They completed mate selection styles questionnaire and the short form of marital satisfaction scale. The data were analyzed through ANOVA by using SPSS16. Results: The findings indicated significant differences in marital satisfaction between married nurses with free choice and arranged styles and between married nurses with free choice and mixed styles. But there was no significant difference between married nurses with arranged and mixed styles with regard to their marital satisfaction. Conclusion: The study nurses who belonged to recent generation of the community made their choices based on personal styles and criteria, and their families had no role in their marriage. Also, compared with last generations, they have higher marital satisfaction. 229 236 2016/03/182016/04/302016/04/21 1395/2/2 2016/06/232016/07/282016/08/17 1395/5/27 Gholamreza Rajabi Gholamreza Rajabi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran rajabireza@scu.ac.ir Ghodrat Allah Abbasi Ghodrat Allah Abbasi Department of Psychology , Faculty Psychology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran. Iran Arash Jelodari Arash Jelodari Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran Mate-selection styles Marital satisfaction Nurses Aghajanian. A., Tashakori, A., & Mehryar, H. A. (1996). Attitudes toward marriage, fertility, and labor market participation among adolescents in Iran. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New Orleans, USA, March 29- April 2 1996. ##Anbari, F., Mohammadkhani, P., & Rezaei Dogaheh, E. (2014). Thought Control Strategies in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder and Their Relationships with Trait Anxiety. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2(4), 229-36.##Blood, R. (1967). Love match and arranged marriage. New York: Free Press.##Bradbury, T., Fincham, F., & Beach, S. (2000). Research on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), 964-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00964.x ##Burpee, L. C., & Langer, E. J. (2005). Mindfulness and marital satisfaction. Journal of Adult Development, 12(1), 43–51. doi: 10.1007/s10804-005-1281-6 ##Delavar, B., Dolatshahi, B., Nouri, M., & Aryanfar, K. (2014). 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Attachment Styles and Self-Efficacy in Blind and Non-blind Female High School Students 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between attachment styles and self-efficacy in blind and non-blind female high school students in Tehran. Methods: The statistical population consisted of all female students studying in grades one or two in Tehran girl’s high schools, in the academic year 2014. The study design was causal-comparative, conducted on 120 subjects consisting of 60 blind girls selected through convenient sampling method and 60 non-blind girls selected through randomized clustering sampling method. Data were collected through two questionnaires of attachment styles of Collins and Read (1990) (RAAS) and self-efficacy scale (SEQ-C) of Muris. To analyze the data, descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of variance) were used. Results: The study results indicated a significant difference between blind and non-blind students’ efficacy and attachment styles. Avoidance attachment style as well as emotional, social, and public efficacy of these two groups revealed no significant difference. Moreover, the results indicated a significant difference between anxiety attachment style and emotional, social, and public efficacy of these two groups (P>0.05). Finally, a significant difference was observed between secure attachment style and emotional, social, and general efficacy of blind and non-blind students. Conclusion: The blind and non-blind students are significantly different with regard to anxiety and secure attachment styles. However, their emotional, social, and academic self- efficacy seems to be the same. Although there was a significant difference between blind and non-blind students with regard to attachment styles, a significant association was seen between different dimensions of self-efficacy of blind and non-blind students (P<0.05). 237 248 2016/03/182016/04/302016/04/212016/02/2 1394/11/13 2016/06/232016/07/282016/08/172016/07/16 1395/4/26 Raziyeh Alsadat Makkiyan Raziyeh Alsadat Makkiyan Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mahmoud Malekitabar Mahmoud Malekitabar Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran mahmood3659@yahoo.com Kumars Farahbakhsh Kumars Farahbakhsh Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Attachment styles Self-efficacy Blind Non-blind High school students Abubakar, A., Alonso-Arbiol, I., Van de Vijver, F. J., Murugami, M., Mazrui, L., & Arasa, J. 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Protective Role of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia 2 2 Objective: The relationship between obsessive compulsive disorder and schizophrenia has been a matter of dispute for ages. This study aimed to investigate the differences between schizophrenia with obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) and schizophrenia without OCS in affecting positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.  Methods: Study participants comprised 30 patients with schizophrenia with OCS and 30 patients with schizophrenia without OCS which were enrolled through convenience sampling method from Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Diagnosis was made by a psychiatrist using SCID-I and the data were gathered using positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOC). MANCOVA test was used for analyzing data.  Results: Results indicated that there was not any difference between schizophrenia with OCS group and schizophrenia without OCS group with regard to positive symptoms, but the difference in negative symptoms between two groups was significant.  Conclusion: The present study reveals that OCS may be a protective factor for schizophrenia. Further studies are needed to investigate other factors and mediators involved in this association 249 254 2016/03/182016/04/302016/04/212016/02/22016/03/22 1395/1/3 2016/06/232016/07/282016/08/172016/07/162016/06/18 1395/3/29 Neda Nasrollahi Neda Nasrollahi Department of Psychology, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran nedanasrolahi@gmail.com Imaneh Abasi Imaneh Abasi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Ali Pourramezani Ali Pourramezani Department of ??, Faculty of ??, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Schizophrenia Obsessive-compulsive symptoms Positive symptoms Negative symptoms Andreasen, N. C. (1982). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(7), 784-88. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070020005 ##Bottas, A., Cooke, R. G., & Richter, M. A. (2005). Comorbidity and pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia: is there evidence for a schizo-obsessive subtype of schizophrenia? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 30(3), 187. PMID: 15944743##Buckley, P. F., Miller, B. J., Lehrer, D. S., & Castle, D. J. (2009). Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(2), 383-402. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn135 ##Byerly, M., Goodman, W., Acholonu, W., Bugno, R., & Rush, A. J. (2005). Obsessive compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: frequency and clinical features. Schizophrenia Research, 76(2), 309-16. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.004 ##Cunill, R., Castells, X., & Simeon, D. (2009). Relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and severity of psychosis in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(1), 70-82. doi: 10.4088/jcp.07r03618 ##Docherty, A. R., Coleman, M. J., Tu, X., Deutsch, C. K., Mendell, N. R., & Levy, D. L. (2012). Comparison of putative intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia patients with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder: Examining evidence for the schizo-obsessive subtype. Schizophrenia Research, 140(1), 83-86. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.033 ##Faragian, S., Pashinian, A., Fuchs, C., & Poyurovsky, M. (2009). Obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions in schizophrenia patients with comorbid obsessive–compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 33(6), 1009-12. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.05.008 ##Foruzandeh, N., Foruzandeh, M., Delaram, M., Darakhshandeh, S., Deris, F., Hasanpour Dehkordi A., et al. [The effect of occupational therapy on some aspects of quality of life in schizophrenic patients (Persian)]. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 10(4), 51-57.##Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R. L., Hill, C. L., et al. (1989). The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1006-11. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 ##Guillem, F., Satterthwaite, J., Pampoulova, T., & Stip, E. (2009). Relationship between psychotic and obsessive compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 115(2), 358-62. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.004 ##de Haan, L., Sterk, B., & Valk, R. (2013). Presence of obsessive compulsive symptoms in first‐episode schizophrenia or related disorders is associated with subjective well‐being and quality of life. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7(3), 285-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00377.x ##Harrison, B. J., Soriano-Mas, C., Pujol, J., Ortiz, H., López-Solà, M., Hernández-Ribas, R., et al. (2009). Altered corticostriatal functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(11), 1189-200. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.152 ##Hwang, M. Y., Morgan, J. E., & Losconzcy, M. F. (2000). Clinical and neuropsychological profiles of obsessive-compulsive schizophrenia: A pilot study. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12(1), 91-94. doi: 10.1176/jnp.12.1.91 ##Kaplan, H., & Kaplan, S. B. (2007). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry [N. Pour Afkari (Persian trans.)]. Tehran: Shahr-e Ab.##Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J. P. (1988). Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics. Psychiatry Research, 23(1), 99-110. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(88)90038-8 ##Kim, S. W., Dysken, M. W., & Katz, R. (1989). Rating scales for obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 19(2), 74-79. doi: 10.3928/0048-5713-19890201-07 ##Koo, M. S., Koo, M. S., Kim, C. H., Suh, H. S., & Lee, H. S. (2008). Clinical characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorder with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 102(1), 227-28. doi: 10.1016/s0920-9964(08)70686-8 ##Lysaker, P. H., Bryson, G. J., Marks, K. A., Greig, T. C., & Bell, M. D. (2002). Association of obsessions and compulsions in schizophrenia with neurocognition and negative symptoms. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 14(4), 449-53. doi: 10.1176/jnp.14.4.449 ##Lysaker, P. H., Lancaster, R. S., Nees, M. A., & Davis, L. W. (2004). Patterns of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and social function in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 125(2), 139-46. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.007 ##Lysaker, P. H., Marks, K. A., Picone, J. B., Rollins, A. L., Fastenau, P. S., & Bond, G. R. (2000). Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: clinical and neurocognitive correlates. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 188(2), 78-83. doi: 10.1097/00005053-200002000-00003 ##Lysaker, P. H., Whitney, K. A., & Davis, L. W. (2006). Obsessive–compulsive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Associations with coping preference and hope. Psychiatry Research, 141(3), 253-59. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.09.016 ##Mohammadi, M. R., Ghanizadeh, A., & Moini, R. (2007). Lifetime comorbidity of obsessive–compulsive disorder with psychiatric disorders in a community sample. Depression & Anxiety, 24(8), 602-07. doi: 10.1002/da.20259 ##Nasrollahi, N., Bigdelli, I., Mohammadi, M. R., & Makvand Hosseini, Sh. (2012). The relationship between obsessions and compulsions and negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 7(3), 140-45. PMCID: PMC3488870##Nechmad, A., Ratzoni, G., Poyurovsky, M., Meged, S., Avidan, G., Fuchs, C., et al. (2003). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in adolescent schizophrenia patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(5), 1002-004. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.1002 ##Owashi, T., Ota, A., Otsubo, T., Susa, Y., & Kamijima, K. (2010). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Japanese in patients with chronic schizophrenia–a possible schizophrenic subtype. Psychiatry Research, 179(3), 241-46. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.08.003 ##Ozdemir, O., Tukel, R., Turksoy, N., & Ucok, A. (2003). Clinical characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizophrenia. 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Nonadherence Effective Factors in Bipolar Disorder With Previous Rehospitalization 2 2 Objective: Bipolar disorder is a severe mental disorder, and its prevalence is around 1% to 2%. Despite a vast literature around bipolar disorder, the reasons of its nonadherence and rehospitalization is still obscure. Several symptoms of bipolar disorder include changes in activity level, cognitive abilities, speech, and vegetative functions, such as sleep, sexual activity, as well as aggression, irritability, impulsive behaviors, and suicide. Owning to severity of symptoms, the first line of treatment is pharmacotherapy. After treating the acute phase of the disorder and controlling the symptoms, the patient is discharged from hospital with a relatively stable condition. Therefore, it is necessary and important for a patient to follow and adhere to the treatment. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional and prospective study. The study population includes all patients with bipolar disorder in Razi Psychiatric Hospital with a history of admission to psychiatric hospitals. A total of 73 patients with bipolar type I disorder with psychotic symptoms who had a history of admission to psychiatric hospitals with the same diagnosis, were recruited using a purposive, nonrandom sampling method. The study data were collected using medical records, semi-structured questionnaire (SCID), and a checklist. Results: The mean age of participants was 34.25 years, ranging from 20 to 51. It was found that only a few participants had a good treatment adherence (only 3.4%). The ANOVA and Chi-square tests showed demographic variables, such as gender, education, and age had effects on treatment nonadherence of patients with bipolar disorder. The results of linear regression analysis indicated that the t value for treatment adherence was significant (P<0.001). According to the regression model, patient’s treatment adherence in the past predicts the nonadherence in the future. Furthermore, the results showed a correlation of 0.42 between behavioral and medication treatment adherence in participants (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the present study highlight the importance of considering the demographic variables in bipolar disorders and further investigations. 255 262 2016/03/182016/04/302016/04/212016/02/22016/03/222016/05/7 1395/2/18 2016/06/232016/07/282016/08/172016/07/162016/06/182016/08/28 1395/6/7 Mohammad Ebrahim Zadeh Mousavi Mohammad Ebrahim Zadeh Mousavi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Parvaneh MohammadKhani Parvaneh MohammadKhani Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Abbas Pourshahbaz Abbas Pourshahbaz Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mercedeh Samiei Mercedeh Samiei Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Behzad Rigi Kooteh Behzad Rigi Kooteh Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Bipolar disorder Adherence Nonadherence Anderson, I. M., Haddad, P. M., & Scott, J. (2012). Bipolar disorder. BMJ, 345(3), 8508. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8508 ##American Psychiatric Association. (2003). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Association.##Amiri, Sh., & Ghoreishizadeh, S. M. A. (2006). [The relationship of clinical features with demographic characteristics in patients with bipolar I disorder in the manic phase (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 11(4), 407-12.##Atri, A., & Sharma, M. (2007). Psychoeducation: Implications for the profession of health education. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 5(4), 32-39. ##Berk, L., Hallam, K. T., Colom, F., Vieta, E., Hasty, M., Macneil, C., et al. (2010). Enhancing medication adherence in patients with bipolar disorder. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 25(1), 1-16. doi: 10.1002/hup.1081 ##Colom, F., Vieta, E., Tacchi, M. J., Sánchez-Moreno, J., & Scott, J. (2005). Identifying and improving non-adherence in bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 7(5), 24-31. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00248.x##Copeland, L. A., Zeber, J. E., Salloum, I. M., Pincus, H. A., Fine, M. J., & Kilbourne, A. M. (2008). Treatment adherence and illness insight in veterans with bipolar disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(1), 16-21. doi: 10.1097/nmd.0b013e318160ea00 ##Dell’Osso, L., Pini, S., Cassano, G. B., Mastrocinque, C., Seckinger, R. A., Saettoni, M., et al. (2002). Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disorders, 4(5), 315-22. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.01192.x ##García, R. R., Alvarado, V. S., Agraz, F. P., & Barreto, F. R. (2004). Assessment of drug attitudes in patients with schizophrenia: psychometric properties of the DAI Spanish version. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 32(3), 138-42. ##Ghaffari-Nejad, A., Mashayekhi, A., Mazhari, S., & Ghayoumi, A. (2015). Factors associated with drug non-adherence after discharge among patients with mood disorders hospitalized in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kerman: A prospective study. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 17(4), 968. doi: 10.5812/zjrms.17(4)2015.968 ##Guscott, R., & Taylor, L. (1994). Lithium prophylaxis in recurrent affective illness. Efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency. 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Executive function in patients with remitted bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and its relationship with functional outcome. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71(1), 39-46. doi: 10.1159/000049342 ##Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Colom, F., Torrent, C., Reinares, M., Goikolea, J., et al. (2005). Do cognitive complaints in euthymic bipolar patients reflect objective cognitive impairment? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 74(5), 295-302. doi: 10.1159/000086320 ##Nadi Sakhvidi, M., Shahrokhi, H., Purafkari, N., Malek, A., Mokhtarzadeh, A., Ghoreishizadeh, S. M. A., et al. (2010). [Reliability and validity of abridged version of the Farsi version of Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorders (SUMD) in psychotic mania (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 16(3), 181-86.##Mohammad-Khani, P., Jahani Tabesh, A., & Tamanaie-far, S. (2005). [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Clinician Version (Persian)]. Tehran: Faradid Publication. ##Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., Felber, W., Berghöfer, A., Lauterbach, E., & Ahrens, B. (2005). The impact of lithium long-term medication on suicidal behavior and mortality of bipolar patients. Archives of Suicide Research, 9(3), 307-19. doi: 10.1080/13811110590929550 ##Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., Müser-Causemann, B., & Volk, J. (1992). Suicides and parasuicides in a high-risk patient group on and off lithium long-term medication. Journal of Affective Disorders, 25(4), 261-69. doi: 10.1016/0165-0327(92)90084-j ##Nosé, M., Barbui, C., Gray, R., & Tansella, M. (2003). Clinical interventions for treatment non-adherence in psychosis: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183(3), 197-206. doi: 10.1192/bjp.183.3.197 ##Olivares, J. M., Alptekin, K., Azorin, J. M., Cañas, F., Dubois, V., Emsley, R., et al. (2013). Psychiatrists’ awareness of adherence to antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia: results from a survey conducted across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Patient Preference and Adherence, 7, 121-32. doi: 10.2147/ppa.s37534##Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2000). Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. 1st ed. Philadelphia, P. A.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ##Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2011). Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. 2nd ed.Philadelphia, P. A.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.##Savaş, H. A., Unal, A., & Virit, O. (2011). Treatment adherence in bipolar disorder. Journal of Mood Disorders, 1(3), 95-102. doi: 10.5455/jmood.20110827015615 ##Scott, J., & Pope, M. (2002). Self-reported adherence to treatment with mood stabilizers, plasma levels, and psychiatric hospitalization. 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The Efficacy of Psychoneurotherapy on Reducing Symptoms Severity in Treatment Naïve Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Washing 2 2 Objective: The present study was carried out to examine the efficacy of psychoneurotherapy (PNT) on reducing symptoms severity in treatment-naïve patients with obsessive-compulsive washing. This study evaluated a new form of psychotherapy based on neurobiological model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).  Methods: The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental research. The statistical population of this study included 130 obsessive-compulsive washers. A total of 40 patients were selected using inconvenience sampling method and then were randomly divided into two groups: PNT group (n=20) and sham feedback control group (n=20). Both groups received drug treatment, in addition, the experimental group received 20 sessions (twice per week) of PNT. The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS), Maudsley obsessional-compulsive inventory (MOCI), depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21), subjective united distress scale (SUDS) were administered before and after treatment. Eelectroencephography (EEG) was recorded in eyes open provocation stimuli condition. All EEGs were recorded drug free. Participants were prescribed PNT protocol based on the results of their quantitative EEG (QEEG) and low-resolution electromagnetic tomography analyses. The effects of PNT were analyzed using 1-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling pretest scores. The effect size (Cohen’s d), paired t test, and clinically significant change were calculated and assessed for all the clinical instruments.  Results: Thirty patients completed this study. Despite some methodological limitations, our results indicated that psychoneurotherapy is significantly efficient on treatment’s target. ANCOVA results supported that PNT could significantly improve the severity of OCD symptoms, depression, stress, anxiety symptoms, and subjective united distress scale compared to what was seen sham feedback control group (All P<0.001).  Conclusion: Psychoneurotherapy showed preliminarily evidence for the efficacy in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive washing. The study is an attempt to provide a new non-invasive treatment of OCD washing. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings. 263 274 2016/03/182016/04/302016/04/212016/02/22016/03/222016/05/72016/05/7 1395/2/18 2016/06/232016/07/282016/08/172016/07/162016/06/182016/08/282016/09/1 1395/6/11 Ali Akbar Saremi Ali Akbar Saremi Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mohammad Ali Nazari Mohammad Ali Nazari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Iran nazaripsycho@yahoo.com Seyed Vahid Shariat Seyed Vahid Shariat Department of Psychiatry, School of Behavioral Sciences & Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Behrooz Dolatshahi Behrooz Dolatshahi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Psychoneurotherapy Obsessive–compulsive Disorder Washers Quantitative EEG Apostolova, I., Block, S., Buchert, R., Osen, B., Conradi, M., Tabrizian, S., et al. (2010). Effects of behavioral therapy or pharmacotherapy on brain glucose metabolism in subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder as assessed by brain FDG PET. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 184(2), 105–116. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.012##American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, V. A.: American Psychiatric Association.##Anand, N., Sudhir, P. M., Math, S. B., Thennarasu, K., & Reddy, Y. C. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy in medication non-responders with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7), 939–45. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.007##Baioui, A., Pilgramm, J., Kagerer, S., Walter, B., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2013). Neural correlates of symptom reduction after CBT in obsessive-compulsive washers: An fMRI symptom provocation study. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders, 2(3), 322–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.04.006##Baioui, A., Pilgramm, J., Merz, C. J., Walter, B., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2013). Neural response in obsessive-compulsive washers depends on individual fit of triggers. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 143. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00143##Baxter Jr., L. R., Schwartz, J. M., Bergman, K. S., Szuba, M. P., Guze, B. H., Mazziotta, J. C., et al. (1992). Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. 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Effects of Infertility Stress, Psychological Symptoms, and Quality of Life on Predicting Success Rate of IVF/ICSI Treatment in Infertile Women 2 2 Objective: In any society, attention to physical, mental, social, and cultural health status as well as spiritual interests and providing opportunities for realization of a dynamic and healthy life is considered as the guarantee for the community health in the coming years. One of the issues that troubles the mental health of some people is infertility. In this regard, this study aims to determine the effects of infertility stress, mental symptoms, and quality of life of infertile women on predicting success rate of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment.  Methods: The present study employs correlational methodology. The study population comprised all women referred to Royan Infertility Institute, Tehran, Iran. The study sampling was purposeful and included 79 infertile women. Assessment tools used in this study were as follows: depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-s), brief symptom inventory (BSI), fertility quality of life questionnaire (FertiQol), Newton infertility stress questionnaire, and demographic questionnaire. For statistical analysis, we used test correlation coefficients of data, multiple regression analysis, and logistic regression. Results: Nagelkerke squared correlation coefficient was equal to 0.253, i.e., the predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress, brief symptom, quality of life, infertility and infertility stress, all together can explain 25% of the variance of the dependent variable – success of ICSI / IVF treatment. Conclusion: When couples are waiting for the result of their treatments, infertile women start mental rumination and experience a variety of negative emotional experiences. These negative responses which entail cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of individual’s psychological world, suppress the healing process and are underlying factors for physical vulnerability of infertile person against psychological pressures. Subsequently, this physical vulnerability influences outcomes of assisted reproductive technology. 275 281 2016/03/182016/04/302016/04/212016/02/22016/03/222016/05/72016/05/72016/12/12 1395/9/22 2016/06/232016/07/282016/08/172016/07/162016/06/182016/08/282016/09/12016/12/12 1395/9/22 Maryam Aslzaker Maryam Aslzaker Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran m_aslezaker@yahoo.com Abbas Pourshahbaz Abbas Pourshahbaz Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Narges Bagheri Lankarani Narges Bagheri Lankarani Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran. Iran Parvaneh Mohammadkhani Parvaneh Mohammadkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Shiva Geranmayepour Shiva Geranmayepour Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mindfulness Stress Infertility Mental symptoms Quality of life Anderheim, L., Holter, H., Bergh, C., & Möller, A. (2005). Does psychological stress affect the outcome of in vitro fertilization? Human Reproduction, 20(10), 2969-75. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dei219##Apfel, R. J., & Keylor, R. G. (2002). Psychoanalysis and infertility myths and realities. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 83(1), 85-104. doi: 10.1516/4089-jbcw-ynt8-qtcm##Boivin, J., & Schmidt, L. (2005). Infertility-related stress in men and women predicts treatment outcome 1 year later. Fertility and Sterility, 83(6), 1745-52. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.12.039##Breslow, L. (2006). Health measurement in the third era of health. American Journal of Public Health, 96(1), 17-19. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2004.055970##Campagne, D. M. (2006). Should fertilization treatment start with reducing stress?. Human Reproduction, 21(7), 1651-8. doi: 10.1093/humrep/del078##Cousineau, T. M., & Domar, A. D. (2007). Psychological impact of infertility. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 21(2), 293-308. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.003##Chehreh, H., Seyedfatemi, N., & Hosseini, A. F. (2012). [Anxiety and its relationship with infertility and obstetrics factors in art pregnant women (Persian)]. Iran Journal of Nursing, 25(77), 77-84.##Damant, B. (2003). The body speaks: psychogenic infertility, femininity and life scripts (PhD dissertation). Johannesburg, South Africa: Rand Africans’ University.##De Klerk, C., Hunfeld, J. A. M., Heijnen, E. M. E. W., Eijkemans, M. J. C., Fauser, B. C. J. M., & Passchier, J., et al. (2008). 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