2016 4 3 15 207

The Relationship of Identity Styles and Attitude toward Delinquency with Delinquent Behavior of Adolescents 2 2 Objective: The present research aimed to study the relationship of identity styles and attitude toward delinquency with delinquent behavior of adolescents. Methods: The present research is a cross sectional study. Data collection tools were Berzonsky’s identity style inventory, attitude toward delinquent behaviors questionnaire, and interviews, which were analyzed through simultaneous regression analysis using SPSS software. Study sample consisted of all 150 male adolescents who were detained in Tehran’s Center for Correction and Rehabilitation for committing delinquency/crime. Results: Based on the obtained results, informational, normative, diffuse/avoidant, and commitment identity styles had significant associations with delinquency and positive and negative attitude toward delinquent behavior. In other words, identity styles and attitude toward delinquent behavior explained 57% of the changes in adolescents’ delinquent behavior (P<0.001). Conclusion: Given the importance of family and social models in the formation of identity styles as well as positive and negative attitudes toward delinquency, it is necessary to offer individual and group courses of educating families and adolescents to control and prevent delinquent behavior as well as providing suitable models for adolescents to gain proper identities. 145 150 2016/01/11 1394/10/21 2016/05/14 1395/2/25 Abbas Habibzadeh Abbas Habibzadeh Department of Education, Faculty of Humanities and Letters, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. Iran habibzade2008@yahoo.com Mahnaz Khazaili Mahnaz Khazaili Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. Iran Aliakbar Assarnia Aliakbar Assarnia Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. Iran Identity style Attitude toward delinquency Delinquent behavior Adams, G. R., Munro, B., Munro, G., Doherty-Poirer, M., & Edwards, J. (2005). Identity processing styles and Canadian adolescents self-reported delinquency. Identity, 5(1), 57-65.##Almasi, M. (2007). [Comparative study of the social factors related to tendency toward delinquent behavior among suburban and non-suburban citizens of Ilam city (Persian)] (MA thesis). Shiraz: University of Shiraz.##American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed, Text Revision) (DSM–IV–TR). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.##Bayat, B., Sherafati, J., & Abdi, N. (2008). [Preventing Crime by Adapting a Society-based Approach (Persian)]. Tehran: Social deputy of Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran.##Berzonsky, M. D., & Kuk, L. S. (2005). Identity style, psychosocial maturity, and academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(1), 235-47.##Berzonsky, M. D. (1989). Identity style: conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4(3), 268-82.##Cassidy, T (2011). Family background and environment, psychological distress, juvenile delinquency. Psychology, 2(9), 941-47.##Cohen, M. A., & Piquero, A. R. (2009). New evidence on the monetary value of saving a high risk youth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(1), 25-49.##Ekpo, T. E., & Ajake, U. E. (2013). Family socio-economic status and delinquency among senior secondary school students in calabar south, cross river state, Nigeria. American Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(4), 83-88.##Gao, Y., Yu, Y., & Kin, N. T. (2013). A study of the moderating effect of family functioning on the relationship between deviant peer affiliation and delinquency among Chinese adolescents. Advances in Applied Sociology, 3(3), 178-85.##Ghazanfari, A. (2004). Validation and standardization of Identity Style Inventory (ISI-6G). Studies in Education and Psychology, 5(1), 1-8.##Giddens, A. (2006). Sociology [H. Chavoshian (Persian trans.)]. Tehran: Ney Publication.##Green, M. F., Oliver, B., Crawley, J. N., Penn, D. L., & Silverstein, S. (2005). Social cognition in schizophrenia: recommendations from the measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in Schizophrenia new approaches conference. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(4), 882-87.##Hyun Lee, B. (2009). The impact of parental monitoring on delinquent behaviors. Michigan: Michigan State University.##Khademi, A. (2010). [Modern Approaches to Psychology of Criminal Behavior (Persian)]. Tehran: Alam Publication.##Mikaeili, F. (2008). [The Relationship between identity styles, identity commitment and gender and compatibility of students at University (Persian)]. Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(2), 23-31.##Navah, A. R., & Kouhpaie, M. B. (2012). [Social and personality factors affecting the tendency toward vandalism among high school students in Ahvaz (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Social Development Studies, 4(2), 131-43.##Pouryousefi, H., Tayefeh, A., & Aghapour, M. (2009). [A sociological study of the factors affecting social behavior modelling in girls (Persian)]. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 3(1), 159-92.##Sa’adat, S., & Khodayari Saghavaz, H. (2012). A Study of the Relationship between Coping Strategies and Tendency to Delinquency. Paper presented at National Conference on Crime and Social Problems, Mazandaran, Iran, 27 February 2012.##Schug, R. A., Andrea, L., Glenn, M, P., Yaling, Y., & Adrian, R. (2010). The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic applications. In G. J. Towl & D. A. Crighton (Eds.), A Textbook of Forensic Psychology (pp. 73-87). Oxford: Blackwell.##Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2005). Theories of Personality [Y. Seyed Mohammadi (Persian trans.)]. Tehran: Virayesh Publication.##Zare Shirinkand, D. (2013). [A Study of the Relationship between Social Disorganization and Social Learning of Delinquency among Adolescents in Tehran (Persian)] (MA thesis). Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.##Adams, G. R., Munro, B., Munro, G., Doherty-Poirer, M., & Edwards, J. (2005). Identity processing styles and Canadian adolescents self-reported delinquency. Identity, 5(1), 57-65.##Almasi, M. (2007). [Comparative study of the social factors related to tendency toward delinquent behavior among suburban and non-suburban citizens of Ilam city (Persian)] (MA thesis). Shiraz: University of Shiraz.##American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed, Text Revision) (DSM–IV–TR). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.##Bayat, B., Sherafati, J., & Abdi, N. (2008). [Preventing Crime by Adapting a Society-based Approach (Persian)]. Tehran: Social deputy of Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran.##Berzonsky, M. D., & Kuk, L. S. (2005). Identity style, psychosocial maturity, and academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(1), 235-47.##Berzonsky, M. D. (1989). Identity style: conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4(3), 268-82.##Cassidy, T (2011). Family background and environment, psychological distress, juvenile delinquency. Psychology, 2(9), 941-47.##Cohen, M. A., & Piquero, A. R. (2009). New evidence on the monetary value of saving a high risk youth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(1), 25-49.##Ekpo, T. E., & Ajake, U. E. (2013). Family socio-economic status and delinquency among senior secondary school students in calabar south, cross river state, Nigeria. American Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(4), 83-88.##Gao, Y., Yu, Y., & Kin, N. T. (2013). A study of the moderating effect of family functioning on the relationship between deviant peer affiliation and delinquency among Chinese adolescents. Advances in Applied Sociology, 3(3), 178-85.##Ghazanfari, A. (2004). Validation and standardization of Identity Style Inventory (ISI-6G). Studies in Education and Psychology, 5(1), 1-8.##Giddens, A. (2006). Sociology [H. Chavoshian (Persian trans.)]. Tehran: Ney Publication.##Green, M. F., Oliver, B., Crawley, J. N., Penn, D. L., & Silverstein, S. (2005). Social cognition in schizophrenia: recommendations from the measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in Schizophrenia new approaches conference. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(4), 882-87.##Hyun Lee, B. (2009). The impact of parental monitoring on delinquent behaviors. Michigan: Michigan State University.##Khademi, A. (2010). [Modern Approaches to Psychology of Criminal Behavior (Persian)]. Tehran: Alam Publication.##Mikaeili, F. (2008). [The Relationship between identity styles, identity commitment and gender and compatibility of students at University (Persian)]. Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(2), 23-31.##Navah, A. R., & Kouhpaie, M. B. (2012). [Social and personality factors affecting the tendency toward vandalism among high school students in Ahvaz (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Social Development Studies, 4(2), 131-43.##Pouryousefi, H., Tayefeh, A., & Aghapour, M. (2009). [A sociological study of the factors affecting social behavior modelling in girls (Persian)]. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 3(1), 159-92.##Sa’adat, S., & Khodayari Saghavaz, H. (2012). A Study of the Relationship between Coping Strategies and Tendency to Delinquency. Paper presented at National Conference on Crime and Social Problems, Mazandaran, Iran, 27 February 2012.##Schug, R. A., Andrea, L., Glenn, M, P., Yaling, Y., & Adrian, R. (2010). The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic applications. In G. J. Towl & D. A. Crighton (Eds.), A Textbook of Forensic Psychology (pp. 73-87). Oxford: Blackwell.##Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2005). Theories of Personality [Y. Seyed Mohammadi (Persian trans.)]. Tehran: Virayesh Publication.##Zare Shirinkand, D. (2013). [A Study of the Relationship between Social Disorganization and Social Learning of Delinquency among Adolescents in Tehran (Persian)] (MA thesis). Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.## ##

Comparing the Relationship between Focus of Attention and Attention Bias in Suicide and Non-suicide Attempters 2 2 Objective: Suicide rate is unfortunately increasing in recent years and its assessment is a must. Most studies have evaluated different factors like personality, depression, or environment in suicide attempters but cognitive functions have been overlooked in suicide attempters. The current research aimed to evaluate a kind of cognitive function, namely attention in survivors of suicide.  Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Tehran, Iran in 2015. Two groups of patients one with recent suicide attempts and the other one with no suicide attempt were compared in domains of focus of attention and attention bias. A total of 18 patients participated in each group. Instruments used for this research included questionnaire of focus of attention and simple stroop test software. Correlation of these 2 instruments was compared between groups. Data were analyzed by the independent t-test, ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation.  Results: Mean age of suicide attempters was 29.5 years which was significantly lower than that in the control group and most of them were women. They spent more time in recognizing incongruent stimulus, congruent, and incongruent response. The time that was spent on experiment of incongruent stimulus, congruent, and incongruent response was significantly higher in suicide attempters. In suicide attempters, there was a significant correlation between number of congruent and incongruent errors with focus of attention. Conclusion: Our results showed that attention as a cognitive function may be impaired in suicide attempters. Thus, it is necessary to recognize cognitive functions of suicide attempters along with other comorbid psychological factors for preventing future suicide attempts and eventually losing precious lives.  151 158 2016/01/112016/03/1 1394/12/11 2016/05/142016/06/2 1395/3/13 Imanollah Bigdeli Imanollah Bigdeli Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran ibigdeli@um.ac.ir Fatemeh Ghassem Boroujerdi Fatemeh Ghassem Boroujerdi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran Farzaneh Haji Zadeh Farzaneh Haji Zadeh Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Zeinab Golchehreh Rahimi Zeinab Golchehreh Rahimi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Iran Masoomeh Mihan Dust Masoomeh Mihan Dust Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Shahre Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Attention Cognitive function Suicide Ajdacic-Gross, V., Weiss, M. G., Ring, M., Hepp, U., Bopp, M., Gutzwiller, F., et al. (2008). Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database. Bulletin of World Health Organization, 86(9), 726–32. ##Alonzo, D., Conway, A., & Modrek, A. S. (2016). Latino suicidal adolescent psychosocial service utilization: the role of mood fluctuations and inattention. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 616-22. ##Anderson, J. R. (2004). Cognitive psychology and its implications. New York: Worth Publishers.##Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-relatade attentional bias in anxious and non-anxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1-24.##Barraclough, B. M., & Pallis, D. J. (1975). Depression followed by suicide: a comparison of depressed suicides with living depressives. Psychological Medicine, 5(1), 55–61.##Bertolote, J. M., & Fleischmann, A. (2002). Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a world wide perspective. World Psychiatry, 1(3), 181–85. ##Chang, B., Gitlin, D., & Patel, R. (2011). The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies. Emergency Medicine Practice, 13(9), 1–23. ##Chehil, S., & Kutcher, S. P. (2012). Suicide risk management: a manual for health professionals. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons. ##Chen, Y., & Dilsaver, S. (1996). Lifetime rates of suicide attempts among subjects with bipolar and unipolar disorders relative to subjects with other Axis I disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 39(10), 896–99.##Global Burden of Diseases. (2013). Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet, 385(9963), 117–71. ##Gujral, S., Dombrovski, A. Y., Butters, M., Clark, L., Reynolds, C. F., & Szanto, K. (2014). Impaired executive function in contemplated and attempted suicide in late life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(8), 811-19. ##Hawton, K., Comabella, C. C., Haw, C., & Saunders, K. (2013). Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 17–28.##Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009). Suicide. Lancet, 373(9672), 1372–381. ##Impey, M., & Heun, R. (2012). Completed suicide, ideation and attempt in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(2), 93–102.##Joiner, T. E., Brown., J. S., & Wingate, L. R. (2005). The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 287–314. ##Keilp, J. G., Gorlyn, M., Oquendo, M. A., Burke, A. K., & Mann, J. J. (2008). Attention deficit in depressed suicide attempters. Psychiatry Research, 159(1), 7-17.##Khayyer, M., Ostovar, S., Latifian, M., Taghavi, M. R., & Samani, S. (2008). [The study of mediating effects of self-focused attention and social self-efficacy on links between social anxiety and judgment biases (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14(1), 24-32.##Khodadadi, M., Mashhadi, A., & Amani, H. (2014). [Simple Stroop Sofware (Persian)]. Tehran: Institute for Behavioral & Cognitive Sciences.##Krug, E. G. (2002). World report on violence and health (Vol. 1). Genève: World Health Organization. ##Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press. ##MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163-203. ##Meier, M. B., & Clinard, R. F. (2008). Sociology of deviant behavior. Belmont, C.A.: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. ##Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns predict suicide risk. Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 252-56.##Paris, J. (2002). Chronic suicidality among patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Services, 53(6),738–42.##Richard-Devantoy, S., Olié, E., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2016). Decision-making in unipolar or bipolar suicide attempters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 128–36. ##Roscoät, E. D., Legleye, S., Guignard, R., Husky, M., & Beck, F. (2016). Risk factors for suicide attempts and hospitalizations in a sample of 39,542 French adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 517–21.##Sohlberg, M. M., & Mateer, C. A. (1989). Introduction to cognitive rehabilitation: therapy and practice. New York: Guilford Press. ##Sommerfeldt, S. L., Cullen, K. R., Han., G., Fryza, B. J., Houri, A. K., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2016). Executive attention impairment in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(1), 69-83. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1072823##Värnik, P. (2012). Suicide in the world. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(3), 760–71.##World Health Organization. (2012). Suicide Prevention [Internet]. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en##Woody, S. R., Chambless, D. L., & Glass, C. R. (1997). Self-focused attention in the treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(2), 117-29.##Yang, K. C., Wang, S. J., Hsieh, W. C., Lirng, J. F., Yang, C. C., Deng, J. F., et al. (2015). Longitudinal changes in the dopamine transporter and cognition in suicide attempters with charcoal burning. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 231(2), 160-67.##Ajdacic-Gross, V., Weiss, M. G., Ring, M., Hepp, U., Bopp, M., Gutzwiller, F., et al. (2008). Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database. Bulletin of World Health Organization, 86(9), 726–32. ##Alonzo, D., Conway, A., & Modrek, A. S. (2016). Latino suicidal adolescent psychosocial service utilization: the role of mood fluctuations and inattention. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 616-22. ##Anderson, J. R. (2004). Cognitive psychology and its implications. New York: Worth Publishers.##Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-relatade attentional bias in anxious and non-anxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1-24.##Barraclough, B. M., & Pallis, D. J. (1975). Depression followed by suicide: a comparison of depressed suicides with living depressives. Psychological Medicine, 5(1), 55–61.##Bertolote, J. M., & Fleischmann, A. (2002). Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a world wide perspective. World Psychiatry, 1(3), 181–85. ##Chang, B., Gitlin, D., & Patel, R. (2011). The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies. Emergency Medicine Practice, 13(9), 1–23. ##Chehil, S., & Kutcher, S. P. (2012). Suicide risk management: a manual for health professionals. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons. ##Chen, Y., & Dilsaver, S. (1996). Lifetime rates of suicide attempts among subjects with bipolar and unipolar disorders relative to subjects with other Axis I disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 39(10), 896–99.##Global Burden of Diseases. (2013). Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet, 385(9963), 117–71. ##Gujral, S., Dombrovski, A. Y., Butters, M., Clark, L., Reynolds, C. F., & Szanto, K. (2014). Impaired executive function in contemplated and attempted suicide in late life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(8), 811-19. ##Hawton, K., Comabella, C. C., Haw, C., & Saunders, K. (2013). Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 17–28.##Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009). Suicide. Lancet, 373(9672), 1372–381. ##Impey, M., & Heun, R. (2012). Completed suicide, ideation and attempt in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(2), 93–102.##Joiner, T. E., Brown., J. S., & Wingate, L. R. (2005). The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 287–314. ##Keilp, J. G., Gorlyn, M., Oquendo, M. A., Burke, A. K., & Mann, J. J. (2008). Attention deficit in depressed suicide attempters. Psychiatry Research, 159(1), 7-17.##Khayyer, M., Ostovar, S., Latifian, M., Taghavi, M. R., & Samani, S. (2008). [The study of mediating effects of self-focused attention and social self-efficacy on links between social anxiety and judgment biases (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14(1), 24-32.##Khodadadi, M., Mashhadi, A., & Amani, H. (2014). [Simple Stroop Sofware (Persian)]. Tehran: Institute for Behavioral & Cognitive Sciences.##Krug, E. G. (2002). World report on violence and health (Vol. 1). Genève: World Health Organization. ##Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press. ##MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163-203. ##Meier, M. B., & Clinard, R. F. (2008). Sociology of deviant behavior. Belmont, C.A.: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. ##Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns predict suicide risk. Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 252-56.##Paris, J. (2002). Chronic suicidality among patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Services, 53(6),738–42.##Richard-Devantoy, S., Olié, E., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2016). Decision-making in unipolar or bipolar suicide attempters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 128–36. ##Roscoät, E. D., Legleye, S., Guignard, R., Husky, M., & Beck, F. (2016). Risk factors for suicide attempts and hospitalizations in a sample of 39,542 French adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 517–21.##Sohlberg, M. M., & Mateer, C. A. (1989). Introduction to cognitive rehabilitation: therapy and practice. New York: Guilford Press. ##Sommerfeldt, S. L., Cullen, K. R., Han., G., Fryza, B. J., Houri, A. K., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2016). Executive attention impairment in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(1), 69-83. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1072823##Värnik, P. (2012). Suicide in the world. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(3), 760–71.##World Health Organization. (2012). Suicide Prevention [Internet]. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en##Woody, S. R., Chambless, D. L., & Glass, C. R. (1997). Self-focused attention in the treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(2), 117-29.##Yang, K. C., Wang, S. J., Hsieh, W. C., Lirng, J. F., Yang, C. C., Deng, J. F., et al. (2015). Longitudinal changes in the dopamine transporter and cognition in suicide attempters with charcoal burning. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 231(2), 160-67. ##

A Comparative Examination of Maladaptive Schemas in Sex Addicts and Normal Individuals 2 2 Objective: Sexual addiction is a psychiatric disorder with unpleasant personal, inter-personal, legal, social, and physical outcomes for the patients. The cycle of this disorder is based on a false belief system known as early maladaptive schemas. This study aimed to examine and compare maladaptive cognitive schemas in sex addicts and normal people. Methods: In the present study, a causal-comparative research method was undertaken. A total of 30 male sex addicts were selected using a snowball sampling method from the population of sex addicts in Tehran, Iran. Also, 30 normal men form the general population were selected as the control group. Control participants were matched with the patients with regard to demographic characteristics. Participants first completed the sexual addiction screening test-revised form and then the Young schema questionnaire (YSQ). The data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of variance and stepwise discriminant analysis. All analyses were conducted using SPSS. Results: The results indicated that sex addicts scored on the YSQ significantly higher than participants in the control group (P<0.001). Discriminant analysis revealed that 5 schemas, including dependency, mistrust, subjugation, vulnerability, and emotional deprivation were the best predictors of being a member of sexual addiction or non-sexual addiction groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: Sex addicts have more and stronger early maladaptive schemas than normal people, so they can be distinguished from normal people according to the schemas of dependency, mistrust, subjugation, vulnerability, and emotional deprivation. 159 166 2016/01/112016/03/12016/02/18 1394/11/29 2016/05/142016/06/22016/05/26 1395/3/6 Ebrahim Soltani Azemat Ebrahim Soltani Azemat Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Abolfazl Mohammadian Abolfazl Mohammadian Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Nasrin Heydari Dolat Abadi Nasrin Heydari Dolat Abadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Parvaneh Mohammadkhani Parvaneh Mohammadkhani Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran parmohamir@yahoo.com Sexual addiction Maladaptive schemas Discriminant analysis Ahi, G. (2006). [Standardization young schema questionnaire-short (Persian)] (MA thesis). Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University. ##Burn, M. F., & Brown, S. (2006). A review of the cognitive distortions in child sex offenders: an examination of the motivations and mechanisms that underlie the justification for abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(3), 225-36. ##Calvete, E. (2014). Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 735-46. ##Carnes, P., Green, B., & Carnes, S. (2010). The same yet different: Refocusing the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) to reflect orientation and gender. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 17(1), 30-37. ##Delattre, V., Servant, D., Rusinek, S., Lorette, C., Parquet, P., Goudemand, M., et al. (2003). The early maladaptive schemas: a study in adult patients with anxiety disorders. L’Encephale, 30(3), 255-58.##Dozois, D. J., Bieling, P. J., Evraire, L. E., Patelis-Siotis, I., Hoar, L., Chudzik, S., et al. (2014). Changes in core beliefs (early maladaptive schemas) and self-representation in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 7(3), 217-34.##Gomes, A. L., & Nobre, P. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas and sexual dysfunction in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 311-20.##Gunty, A. L., & Buri, J. R. (2008). Parental practices and the development of maladaptive schemas. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Psychological Science., Chicago, USA, 22-25 May 2008.##Haghighat Manesh, E., Aghamohammadian Shaerbaf, H. R., Ali Ghanbari Hashemabadi, B., & Mahram, B. (2010). [Early maladaptive schemas and schema domains in rapists (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 16(2), 145-53. ##Harding, H. G., Burns, E. E., & Jackson, J. L. (2012). Identification of child sexual abuse survivor subgroups based on early maladaptive schemas: implications for understanding differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 560-75. ##Harris, A. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(3), 405-16. ##Juhnke, G. A., & Hagedorn, W. B. (2013). Counseling addicted families: an integrated assessment and treatment model. New York: Routledge Publishing.##Kaplan, H. S., B. & Sadock, V. (2015). Synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/ clinical psychiatry [F. Rezaei (Persian trans.)]. Tehran: Arjmand Publications.##Levine, M. P., & Troiden, R. R. (1988). The myth of sexual compulsivity. Journal of Sex Research, 25(3), 347-63. ##Adams M., & Kenneth, D. W. (2001). Shame reduction, affect regulation, and sexual boundary development: Essential building blocks of sexual addiction treatment. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 8(1), 23-44. ##Manley, G. (1999). Treating chronic sexual dysfunction in couples recovering from sex addiction and sex coaddiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 6(2), 111-24. ##Mohammad Beigi, A. S., Eghlidi, J., & Arab Ahmadi, M. F. (2014). A comparison of early maladaptive schema and procrastination in medical and nonmedical students of Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 12(3), 455-65.##Noferesty, A. A. (2013). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas in sex offenders and non-of fenders. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 14(52), 120-29. ##Pinto-Gouveia, J., Castilho, P., Galhardo, A., & Cunha, M. (2006). Early maladaptive schemas and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(5), 571-84. ##Polaschek, D. L., & Ward, T. (2002). The implicit theories of potential rapists: what our questionnaires tell us. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(4), 385-406. ##Rector, N. A., Segal, Z. V., & Gemar, M. (1998). Schema research in depression: a Canadian perspective. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 30(4), 213-24. ##Rezaei, F. O., Abbasi, Q, Naziri, M. (2013). [Schema preliminary determination in women with addiction related species (Persian)]. Quarterly of Women and Society, 4(2), 83-95. ##Shahamat, F. S., & Rezvani, S. (2010). [Parenting Styles and early maladaptive schemas (Persian)]. Studies in Education and Psychology, 11(2), 239-54.##Stephens, E. (2001). Core beliefs in sexually addicted men: an investigation using the young schema questionnaire (MA thesis). South Glam: University of Wales. ##Switzer, L. (2006). Early maladaptive schemas predict risky sexual behaviors (MSc. thesis). Starkville: Mississippi State University. ##Torres, C. (2002). Early maladaptive schemas and cognitive distortions in psychopathy and narcissism (PhD thesis). Canberra: Australian National University. ##Young, J. E. (1998). The Young schema questionnare: short form [Internet]. Retrieved from: http://home.sprynet.com/sprynet/schema/ysqs.htm ##Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press.##Zahedian, F. M., & Samani, S. (2011). The role of attachment styles, between parental bonding and self-concept of sexual addiction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3(11), 75-90. ##Ahi, G. (2006). [Standardization young schema questionnaire-short (Persian)] (MA thesis). Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University. ##Burn, M. F., & Brown, S. (2006). A review of the cognitive distortions in child sex offenders: an examination of the motivations and mechanisms that underlie the justification for abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(3), 225-36. ##Calvete, E. (2014). Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 735-46. ##Carnes, P., Green, B., & Carnes, S. (2010). The same yet different: Refocusing the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) to reflect orientation and gender. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 17(1), 30-37. ##Delattre, V., Servant, D., Rusinek, S., Lorette, C., Parquet, P., Goudemand, M., et al. (2003). The early maladaptive schemas: a study in adult patients with anxiety disorders. L’Encephale, 30(3), 255-58.##Dozois, D. J., Bieling, P. J., Evraire, L. E., Patelis-Siotis, I., Hoar, L., Chudzik, S., et al. (2014). Changes in core beliefs (early maladaptive schemas) and self-representation in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 7(3), 217-34.##Gomes, A. L., & Nobre, P. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas and sexual dysfunction in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 311-20.##Gunty, A. L., & Buri, J. R. (2008). Parental practices and the development of maladaptive schemas. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Psychological Science., Chicago, USA, 22-25 May 2008.##Haghighat Manesh, E., Aghamohammadian Shaerbaf, H. R., Ali Ghanbari Hashemabadi, B., & Mahram, B. (2010). [Early maladaptive schemas and schema domains in rapists (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 16(2), 145-53. ##Harding, H. G., Burns, E. E., & Jackson, J. L. (2012). Identification of child sexual abuse survivor subgroups based on early maladaptive schemas: implications for understanding differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 560-75. ##Harris, A. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(3), 405-16. ##Juhnke, G. A., & Hagedorn, W. B. (2013). Counseling addicted families: an integrated assessment and treatment model. New York: Routledge Publishing.##Kaplan, H. S., B. & Sadock, V. (2015). Synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/ clinical psychiatry [F. Rezaei (Persian trans.)]. Tehran: Arjmand Publications.##Levine, M. P., & Troiden, R. R. (1988). The myth of sexual compulsivity. Journal of Sex Research, 25(3), 347-63. ##Adams M., & Kenneth, D. W. (2001). Shame reduction, affect regulation, and sexual boundary development: Essential building blocks of sexual addiction treatment. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 8(1), 23-44. ##Manley, G. (1999). Treating chronic sexual dysfunction in couples recovering from sex addiction and sex coaddiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 6(2), 111-24. ##Mohammad Beigi, A. S., Eghlidi, J., & Arab Ahmadi, M. F. (2014). A comparison of early maladaptive schema and procrastination in medical and nonmedical students of Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 12(3), 455-65.##Noferesty, A. A. (2013). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas in sex offenders and non-of fenders. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 14(52), 120-29. ##Pinto-Gouveia, J., Castilho, P., Galhardo, A., & Cunha, M. (2006). Early maladaptive schemas and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(5), 571-84. ##Polaschek, D. L., & Ward, T. (2002). The implicit theories of potential rapists: what our questionnaires tell us. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(4), 385-406. ##Rector, N. A., Segal, Z. V., & Gemar, M. (1998). Schema research in depression: a Canadian perspective. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 30(4), 213-24. ##Rezaei, F. O., Abbasi, Q, Naziri, M. (2013). [Schema preliminary determination in women with addiction related species (Persian)]. Quarterly of Women and Society, 4(2), 83-95. ##Shahamat, F. S., & Rezvani, S. (2010). [Parenting Styles and early maladaptive schemas (Persian)]. Studies in Education and Psychology, 11(2), 239-54.##Stephens, E. (2001). Core beliefs in sexually addicted men: an investigation using the young schema questionnaire (MA thesis). South Glam: University of Wales. ##Switzer, L. (2006). Early maladaptive schemas predict risky sexual behaviors (MSc. thesis). Starkville: Mississippi State University. ##Torres, C. (2002). Early maladaptive schemas and cognitive distortions in psychopathy and narcissism (PhD thesis). Canberra: Australian National University. ##Young, J. E. (1998). The Young schema questionnare: short form [Internet]. Retrieved from: http://home.sprynet.com/sprynet/schema/ysqs.htm ##Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press.##Zahedian, F. M., & Samani, S. (2011). The role of attachment styles, between parental bonding and self-concept of sexual addiction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3(11), 75-90. ##

The Relationship of Family Affective Climate, Self-effectiveness, Personal-Social Adjustment with Academic Achievement of University Students: A Study in Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran 2 2 Objective: This research aimed to investigate the relationship of family affective climate, self-effectiveness, and personal-social adjustment variables with academic achievement of university students in Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch, Ahvaz, Iran.  Methods: The research sample included 300 individuals (150 females and 150 males) who were selected through random stratified sampling method. California personal-social adjustment, Scherer and Adams self-effectiveness, and family’s affective climate questionnaires were administered to collect the data. Correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used for analyzing the data. Results: The results of the data analysis indicated that there is a significant relationship between variables of family’s affective climate, personal and social adjustment, and self-effectiveness with academic achievement of students (P<0.001). Furthermore, the results of linear regression analysis indicated that the variables of self-effectiveness, personal and social adjustment, and family’s affective climate were significant predictors of academic achievement. Conclusion: Improving student’s self-effectiveness, personal-social adjustment, and family’s affective climate may have positive influences on their academic achievement.  167 172 2016/01/112016/03/12016/02/182016/01/15 1394/10/25 2016/05/142016/06/22016/05/262016/03/29 1395/1/10 Sahar Safarzadeh Sahar Safarzadeh Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran safarzadeh1152@yahoo.com Family relations Self-efficacy Social adjustment Educational status Akanbi, S. T., & Ogundokun, M. O, (2006). Effectiveness of self-efficacy strategies as method of reducing test anxiety of student nurses in Ogbomosho north local government area, Oyo State, Nigeria, African. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Sport Facilitation, 18(1), 18-26.##Akomolafe, M. J., Ogunmakin, A. O., & Fasoota, G. M. (2013). The role of academic self-efficacy, academic motivation and academic self-concept in predicting secondary school students’ academic performance. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(2), 335-342.##Alison, R. (2005). The relationship of positive and negative perfectionism to academic achievement, Achievement motivation, and well-being in tertiary students. Canterbury: University of Canterbury.##Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: Freeman. ##Bandura, A. (2001). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Stanford, C.A.: Stanford University.##Bandura, A., & Schuk, D. H. (2004). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586-98.##Barati Bakhtiyari, S. (1996). [Simple and multiple relationships between self-efficacy, self-care, self-esteem and educational performance of students (Persian)] (MA thesis). Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University.##Brophy, J. (2002). Elementary teachers’ perfections and types of problem student. East Lansing, M.I.: Institute for Research on Teaching, Michigan State University. ##Brown, N. W., & Cross, J. E. (1997). Coping resources and family environment for female engineering students. College Student Journal, 31(2), 282-90.## Carroll, A. M., Houghton, S., Wood, R., Unsworth, K., Hattie, J., Gordon, L., et al. (2009). Self- efficacy and academic achievement in Australian high school student: the mediating effects of academic as operations and delinquency. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 797-817.##Cassaday, J. C. (2004). The influence of cognitive test anxiety across the learning–testing cycle. Learning and Instruction, 14(6), 569-92.##Chang, B. G., & Solomon, J. (2010). Stereotype threat test anxiety and specific self-efficacy as predictors of promotion exam performance. Group & Organization Management, 35(4), 77-107.##Chemers, M. M., Hu, L., & Garcia, B. F. (2011). Academic self-efficacy and first-year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 55-64.##Deman, A. F., Hall, V., & Stout, D. (1991). Neurotic nucleus and test anxiety. Journal of Psychology, 125(6), 671-75.##Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62-68.##Doostian, Y., Fattahi, S., Goudini, A. A., Azami, Y., Massah, O., & Daneshmand, R. (2014). The Effectiveness of self-regulation in students’ academic achievement motivation. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2(4), 261-70.##Emerson, L., Fear, J., Fox, S., & Sanders, E. (2012). Parental engagement in learning and schooling: lessons from research. Canberra: Family-School and Community Partnerships Bureau.##Gholami, Y. (2005). [Comparative investigation of the motive of progress and the self-concept of the eighth grade of students of different countries with academic (Persian)] (MA thesis). Ahvaz: Islamic Azad University.##Greene, B. A., Miller, R. B., Crowson, H. M., Duke, B. L., & Akey, K. L. (2004). Predicting high school students’ cognitive engagement and achievement: contributions of classroom perceptions and motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29(4), 462-82.##Hadsell, L. (2012). Achievement goals, locus of control, and academic success and effort in introductory and intermediacy microeconomics. New York: University of New York.##Hattie, A., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Education Research, 77(1), 81-112.##Hoy, W., Tarter, C., & Hoy, A. (2006). Academic optimism of schools: a force for student achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 425-46. ##Jex, S. M., & Bliese, P. D. (1999). Efficacy beliefs as moderator of the impact of work-related stress ors: Multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 359-61##Kinsfogel, M., & Grych, H. (2004). Inter-parental conflict and adolescent dating relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(3), 505-15.##Kouti, F., Rajabi, Gh., & Soudani, M. (2007). [Relationship between family’s affective climate, social support and general health among the first graders of the high schools located in Ahvaz city (Persian)]. Journal of Social Psychology (New Findings in Psychology), 2(5), 4-18.##Macneil, A. J., Prater, D. L., & Busch, S. (2009). The effect of school culture and climate on student achievement. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 12(1), 73-84. ##Mir Moshtaghi, Sh. (2005). [Investigation and comparison of self-effectiveness, self-regulation and academic achievement of third graders of high schools in the majors of mathematics and humanity (Persian)] (MA thesis). Tehran: Al-Zahra University. ##Mousavi Shoushtari, M., Haghighi, J., & Shokr Kon, H. (1997). [Relationship between family’s affective climate, personal-social adjustment and academic achievement of the third graders in the junior high schools of Ahvaz (Persian)] (MA thesis). Ahvaz: Islamic Azad University.##Nailing, X. (2010). Family factors and student outcomes. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation Publication. ##Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in achievement settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543-78.##Panaghi, L., Ahmadabadi, Z., Ghahari, S., & Mohammadi, S. (2013). Social support, coping mechanisms on mental health of women suffering from spouse abuse. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 9-15.##Rubin, K. H., & Mills, R. L. (2005). Maternal beliefs about adaptive and maladaptive social behaviors in normal, aggressive and withdrawn preschools. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 18(4), 419-35.## Seçer, Z., Çeliköz, N., Koçyiğit, S., Seçer, F., & Kayılı, G. (2010). Social skills and problem behaviours of children with different cognitive styles who attend preschool education. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20(1), 91-98. ##Sharm, D., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2007). Revisiting an era in Germany from the perspective of adolescents in mother-headed single-parent families. International Journal of Psychology, 42(1), 46-58. ##Smith, A. (2012). The organizational health of high schools and student proficiency in mathematics. International Journal of Educational Management, 16(2), 98-104. ##Sonnette M. B., Patrick T. D., & Melissa L. S. A., (2009). Children’s representation of family relationships, peer information, and school adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1740-751.##Ward, S. M. (2004). Our children’s social skills. New York: ERIC Document Reproduction Service.##Zadehmohammad, A., Abedi, A. R., & Moradi Panah, F. (2013). Group narrative therapy on self-esteem and self-efficacy of male orphan adolescents. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 55-60.##Zajacova, A., Lynch, S. M., & Espenshade, T. J. (2005). Self-efficacy, stress, and academic success in college. Research in Higher Education, 46(6), 677-706.##Akanbi, S. T., & Ogundokun, M. O, (2006). Effectiveness of self-efficacy strategies as method of reducing test anxiety of student nurses in Ogbomosho north local government area, Oyo State, Nigeria, African. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Sport Facilitation, 18(1), 18-26.##Akomolafe, M. J., Ogunmakin, A. O., & Fasoota, G. M. (2013). The role of academic self-efficacy, academic motivation and academic self-concept in predicting secondary school students’ academic performance. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(2), 335-342.##Alison, R. (2005). The relationship of positive and negative perfectionism to academic achievement, Achievement motivation, and well-being in tertiary students. Canterbury: University of Canterbury.##Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: Freeman. ##Bandura, A. (2001). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Stanford, C.A.: Stanford University.##Bandura, A., & Schuk, D. H. (2004). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586-98.##Barati Bakhtiyari, S. (1996). [Simple and multiple relationships between self-efficacy, self-care, self-esteem and educational performance of students (Persian)] (MA thesis). Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University.##Brophy, J. (2002). Elementary teachers’ perfections and types of problem student. East Lansing, M.I.: Institute for Research on Teaching, Michigan State University. ##Brown, N. W., & Cross, J. E. (1997). Coping resources and family environment for female engineering students. College Student Journal, 31(2), 282-90.## Carroll, A. M., Houghton, S., Wood, R., Unsworth, K., Hattie, J., Gordon, L., et al. (2009). Self- efficacy and academic achievement in Australian high school student: the mediating effects of academic as operations and delinquency. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 797-817.##Cassaday, J. C. (2004). The influence of cognitive test anxiety across the learning–testing cycle. Learning and Instruction, 14(6), 569-92.##Chang, B. G., & Solomon, J. (2010). Stereotype threat test anxiety and specific self-efficacy as predictors of promotion exam performance. Group & Organization Management, 35(4), 77-107.##Chemers, M. M., Hu, L., & Garcia, B. F. (2011). Academic self-efficacy and first-year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 55-64.##Deman, A. F., Hall, V., & Stout, D. (1991). Neurotic nucleus and test anxiety. Journal of Psychology, 125(6), 671-75.##Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62-68.##Doostian, Y., Fattahi, S., Goudini, A. A., Azami, Y., Massah, O., & Daneshmand, R. (2014). The Effectiveness of self-regulation in students’ academic achievement motivation. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2(4), 261-70.##Emerson, L., Fear, J., Fox, S., & Sanders, E. (2012). Parental engagement in learning and schooling: lessons from research. Canberra: Family-School and Community Partnerships Bureau.##Gholami, Y. (2005). [Comparative investigation of the motive of progress and the self-concept of the eighth grade of students of different countries with academic (Persian)] (MA thesis). Ahvaz: Islamic Azad University.##Greene, B. A., Miller, R. B., Crowson, H. M., Duke, B. L., & Akey, K. L. (2004). Predicting high school students’ cognitive engagement and achievement: contributions of classroom perceptions and motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29(4), 462-82.##Hadsell, L. (2012). Achievement goals, locus of control, and academic success and effort in introductory and intermediacy microeconomics. New York: University of New York.##Hattie, A., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Education Research, 77(1), 81-112.##Hoy, W., Tarter, C., & Hoy, A. (2006). Academic optimism of schools: a force for student achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 425-46. ##Jex, S. M., & Bliese, P. D. (1999). Efficacy beliefs as moderator of the impact of work-related stress ors: Multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 359-61##Kinsfogel, M., & Grych, H. (2004). Inter-parental conflict and adolescent dating relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(3), 505-15.##Kouti, F., Rajabi, Gh., & Soudani, M. (2007). [Relationship between family’s affective climate, social support and general health among the first graders of the high schools located in Ahvaz city (Persian)]. Journal of Social Psychology (New Findings in Psychology), 2(5), 4-18.##Macneil, A. J., Prater, D. L., & Busch, S. (2009). The effect of school culture and climate on student achievement. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 12(1), 73-84. ##Mir Moshtaghi, Sh. (2005). [Investigation and comparison of self-effectiveness, self-regulation and academic achievement of third graders of high schools in the majors of mathematics and humanity (Persian)] (MA thesis). Tehran: Al-Zahra University. ##Mousavi Shoushtari, M., Haghighi, J., & Shokr Kon, H. (1997). [Relationship between family’s affective climate, personal-social adjustment and academic achievement of the third graders in the junior high schools of Ahvaz (Persian)] (MA thesis). Ahvaz: Islamic Azad University.##Nailing, X. (2010). Family factors and student outcomes. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation Publication. ##Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in achievement settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543-78.##Panaghi, L., Ahmadabadi, Z., Ghahari, S., & Mohammadi, S. (2013). Social support, coping mechanisms on mental health of women suffering from spouse abuse. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 9-15.##Rubin, K. H., & Mills, R. L. (2005). Maternal beliefs about adaptive and maladaptive social behaviors in normal, aggressive and withdrawn preschools. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 18(4), 419-35.## Seçer, Z., Çeliköz, N., Koçyiğit, S., Seçer, F., & Kayılı, G. (2010). Social skills and problem behaviours of children with different cognitive styles who attend preschool education. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20(1), 91-98. ##Sharm, D., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2007). Revisiting an era in Germany from the perspective of adolescents in mother-headed single-parent families. International Journal of Psychology, 42(1), 46-58. ##Smith, A. (2012). The organizational health of high schools and student proficiency in mathematics. International Journal of Educational Management, 16(2), 98-104. ##Sonnette M. B., Patrick T. D., & Melissa L. S. A., (2009). Children’s representation of family relationships, peer information, and school adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1740-751.##Ward, S. M. (2004). Our children’s social skills. New York: ERIC Document Reproduction Service.##Zadehmohammad, A., Abedi, A. R., & Moradi Panah, F. (2013). Group narrative therapy on self-esteem and self-efficacy of male orphan adolescents. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 55-60.##Zajacova, A., Lynch, S. M., & Espenshade, T. J. (2005). Self-efficacy, stress, and academic success in college. Research in Higher Education, 46(6), 677-706. ##

Group Positive Psychotherapy Effect on Increasing the Happiness of Mothers of Children with Cochlear Implant 2 2 Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of group positive psychotherapy on increasing the happiness of mothers of children with cochlear implants.  Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest, a control group, and a 75-day follow-up design. A total of 20 mothers of children with cochlear implants treated in Baqiyatallah Hospital of Tehran City were randomly assigned to 2 groups (10 participants in the experimental and 10 participants in the control group). The experimental group received positive psychotherapy training during 10 sessions, 120 minutes in each session, one session per week and the control group received no interventions. Results: Research tool was Oxford Happiness Inventory, which was administered in 2 pretest and posttest steps and then the obtained data were analyzed using analysis of covariance method (ANCOVA). The results of ANCOVA showed that group positive psychotherapy was effective on happiness of mothers of children with cochlear implant (F1, 17=31.13, P<0.01). Conclusion: Group positive psychotherapy is an appropriate treatment approach to increase the happiness of mothers of children with cochlear implant.  173 182 2016/01/112016/03/12016/02/182016/01/152016/01/13 1394/10/23 2016/05/142016/06/22016/05/262016/03/292016/04/9 1395/1/21 Sima Falakaflaki Sima Falakaflaki Department of Counseling, New Hearing Technologies Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mahmoud Malekitabar Mahmoud Malekitabar Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. Iran mahmoud3659@yahoo.com Cochlear implant Happiness Mothers Clinical psychotherapy Alberto, J., & Joyner, B. (2008). Hope, optimism, and self-care among better breathers support group members with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Applied Nursing Research, 21(4), 212-17. ##Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425-29. ##Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds.), Recent Advances in Social Psychology: An International Perspective (pp. 189-203). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. ##Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Lu, L. (1995). Testing for stress and happiness: the role of social and cognitive factors. Stress and emotion, 15, 173-87. ##Arnaud, C., White-Koning, M., Michelsen, S. I., Parkes, J., Parkinson, K., Thyen, U., et al. (2008). Parent-reported quality of life of children with cerebral palsy in Europe. Pediatrics, 121(1), 54-64. ##Aspinwall, L., & Staudinger, U. (2003). A psychology of human strengths: fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. ##Bannink, F. P. (2008). Posttraumatic success: solution-focused brief therapy. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 8(3), 215-25. ##Biswas-Diener, R., & Dean, B. (2010). Positive psychology coaching: Putting the science of happiness to work for your clients. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.##Chu, J., & Richdale, A. L. (2009). Sleep quality and psychological wellbeing in mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1512-522. ##Dabrowska, A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre‐school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-80. ##Dadsetan, P., Ahmadi Azghandi, A., & Hassanabadi, H. R. (2006). [Parenting stress and genral health: a research on the relation between parenting stress and general health among housewife-mothers and nurse-mothers with young children (Persian)]. Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 7, 171-84. ##Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1278-291. ##Dempsey, I., Keen, D., Pennell, D., O’Reilly, J., & Neilands, J. (2009). Parent stress, parenting competence and family-centered support to young children with an intellectual or developmental disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(3), 558-66. ##Dockray, S., & Steptoe, A. (2010). Positive affect and psychobiological processes. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 69-75. ##Donaldson, S. I., Dollwet, M., & Rao, M. A. (2015). Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning revisited: examining the peer-reviewed literature linked to positive psychology. Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 185-95. ##Ebadi, N., Soudani, M., Faghihi, A. N., & Hosseinpour, M. (2009). [Investigation of positive attitude effectiveness on increasing life hope of Ahvaz city widows focusing on Quran (Persian)]. Journal of Social Pychology (New Findings in Pychology), 4(2), 61-47. ##Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-89. ##Hariri, M., & Khodami, N. (2011). A study of the efficacy of teaching happiness Based on the Fordyce method to elderly people on their life expectancy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1412-415. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.275##Hassanzadeh, S., Farhadi, M., Daneshi, A., & Emamdjomeh, H. (2002). The effects of age on auditory speech perception development in cochlear-implanted prelingually deaf children. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 126(5), 524-27. ##Hintermair, M. (2006). Parental resources, parental stress, and socioemotional development of deaf and hard of hearing children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 11(4), 493-513. ##Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 658-63. ##Keshavarz, S. (2012). [Family and children with special needs (Persian)]. Exceptional Education, 12(2), 57-70. ##Khamis, V. (2007). Psychological distress among parents of children with mental retardation in the United Arab Emirates. Social Science & Medicine, 64(4), 850-57. ##Khodadadi Sangdeh, J., Toulaian, S. A., & Balqanabadi, M. (2014). [The effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy on enhancing the happiness of mothers of children with special needs (Persian)]. Family Psychology, 1(1), 53-62. ##Kouhsali, M. S., Mirzamani, S. M., Mohammadkhani, P., & Karimlou, M. (2007). [Comparison of social adjustment between mothers of educable mentally retarded girls and mothers of normal girls in Kashan (Persian)]. Journal of Rehabilitation, 8, 40-47. ##Lee, V., Cohen, S. R., Edgar, L., Laizner, A. M., & Gagnon, A. J. (2006). Meaning-making intervention during breast or colorectal cancer treatment improves self-esteem, optimism, and self-efficacy. Social Science & Medicine, 62(12), 3133-145. ##Liaghatdar, M. J., Jafari, E., Abedi, M. R., & Samiee, F. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among university students in Iran. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 310-13. ##Marks, N. F. (1998). Does it hurt to care? Caregiving, work-family conflict, and midlife well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(4), 951-66. ##Meirsschaut, M., Roeyers, H., & Warreyn, P. (2010). Parenting in families with a child with autism spectrum disorder and a typically developing child: mothers’ experiences and cognitions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(4), 661-69. ##Neshatdoust, H. T., Mehrabi, H. A., Kalantari, M., Palahang, H., & Soltani, I. (2007). [Determining the factors influencing the happiness of employees’ spouses of Foulad Mobarake Company (Persian)]. Journal of Family Studies, 3(11), 669-81. ##Otarinia, M. A. (2008). [The role of extracurricular group activities on the socio-psychosocial adaptation of students with special needs in Gilan Province (Persian)]. Journal of Education, 4(14), 83-87.##Rashid, T. (2015). Positive psychotherapy: a strength-based approach. Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 25-40. ##Rostami, M., Younesi, S. J., Movaleli, G., Farhoud, D., & Biglarian, A. (2014). [The effectiveness of positive psychotherapy training on increasing the happiness of adolescents with hearing loss (Persian)]. Auditory and Vesitibular Research, 23(3), 39-45. ##Saloviita, T., Itälinna, M., & Leinonen, E. (2003). Explaining the parental stress of fathers and mothers caring for a child with intellectual disability: a double ABCX model. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4‐5), 300-12. ##Schieve, L. A., Blumberg, S. J., Rice, C., Visser, S. N., & Boyle, C. (2007). The relationship between autism and parenting stress. Pediatrics, 119(1), 114-21. ##Seligman, M. E. (2002). Authemtic happiness. New Yourk: Frec Press. ##Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: an introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. ##Seligman, M. E., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774-88. ##Alberto, J., & Joyner, B. (2008). Hope, optimism, and self-care among better breathers support group members with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Applied Nursing Research, 21(4), 212-17. ##Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425-29. ##Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds.), Recent Advances in Social Psychology: An International Perspective (pp. 189-203). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. ##Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Lu, L. (1995). Testing for stress and happiness: the role of social and cognitive factors. Stress and emotion, 15, 173-87. ##Arnaud, C., White-Koning, M., Michelsen, S. I., Parkes, J., Parkinson, K., Thyen, U., et al. (2008). Parent-reported quality of life of children with cerebral palsy in Europe. Pediatrics, 121(1), 54-64. ##Aspinwall, L., & Staudinger, U. (2003). A psychology of human strengths: fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. ##Bannink, F. P. (2008). Posttraumatic success: solution-focused brief therapy. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 8(3), 215-25. ##Biswas-Diener, R., & Dean, B. (2010). Positive psychology coaching: Putting the science of happiness to work for your clients. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.##Chu, J., & Richdale, A. L. (2009). Sleep quality and psychological wellbeing in mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1512-522. ##Dabrowska, A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre‐school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-80. ##Dadsetan, P., Ahmadi Azghandi, A., & Hassanabadi, H. R. (2006). [Parenting stress and genral health: a research on the relation between parenting stress and general health among housewife-mothers and nurse-mothers with young children (Persian)]. Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 7, 171-84. ##Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1278-291. ##Dempsey, I., Keen, D., Pennell, D., O’Reilly, J., & Neilands, J. (2009). Parent stress, parenting competence and family-centered support to young children with an intellectual or developmental disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(3), 558-66. ##Dockray, S., & Steptoe, A. (2010). Positive affect and psychobiological processes. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 69-75. ##Donaldson, S. I., Dollwet, M., & Rao, M. A. (2015). Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning revisited: examining the peer-reviewed literature linked to positive psychology. Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 185-95. ##Ebadi, N., Soudani, M., Faghihi, A. N., & Hosseinpour, M. (2009). [Investigation of positive attitude effectiveness on increasing life hope of Ahvaz city widows focusing on Quran (Persian)]. Journal of Social Pychology (New Findings in Pychology), 4(2), 61-47. ##Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-89. ##Hariri, M., & Khodami, N. (2011). A study of the efficacy of teaching happiness Based on the Fordyce method to elderly people on their life expectancy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1412-415. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.275##Hassanzadeh, S., Farhadi, M., Daneshi, A., & Emamdjomeh, H. (2002). The effects of age on auditory speech perception development in cochlear-implanted prelingually deaf children. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 126(5), 524-27. ##Hintermair, M. (2006). Parental resources, parental stress, and socioemotional development of deaf and hard of hearing children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 11(4), 493-513. ##Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 658-63. ##Keshavarz, S. (2012). [Family and children with special needs (Persian)]. Exceptional Education, 12(2), 57-70. ##Khamis, V. (2007). Psychological distress among parents of children with mental retardation in the United Arab Emirates. Social Science & Medicine, 64(4), 850-57. ##Khodadadi Sangdeh, J., Toulaian, S. A., & Balqanabadi, M. (2014). [The effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy on enhancing the happiness of mothers of children with special needs (Persian)]. Family Psychology, 1(1), 53-62. ##Kouhsali, M. S., Mirzamani, S. M., Mohammadkhani, P., & Karimlou, M. (2007). [Comparison of social adjustment between mothers of educable mentally retarded girls and mothers of normal girls in Kashan (Persian)]. Journal of Rehabilitation, 8, 40-47. ##Lee, V., Cohen, S. R., Edgar, L., Laizner, A. M., & Gagnon, A. J. (2006). Meaning-making intervention during breast or colorectal cancer treatment improves self-esteem, optimism, and self-efficacy. Social Science & Medicine, 62(12), 3133-145. ##Liaghatdar, M. J., Jafari, E., Abedi, M. R., & Samiee, F. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among university students in Iran. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 310-13. ##Marks, N. F. (1998). Does it hurt to care? Caregiving, work-family conflict, and midlife well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(4), 951-66. ##Meirsschaut, M., Roeyers, H., & Warreyn, P. (2010). Parenting in families with a child with autism spectrum disorder and a typically developing child: mothers’ experiences and cognitions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(4), 661-69. ##Neshatdoust, H. T., Mehrabi, H. A., Kalantari, M., Palahang, H., & Soltani, I. (2007). [Determining the factors influencing the happiness of employees’ spouses of Foulad Mobarake Company (Persian)]. Journal of Family Studies, 3(11), 669-81. ##Otarinia, M. A. (2008). [The role of extracurricular group activities on the socio-psychosocial adaptation of students with special needs in Gilan Province (Persian)]. Journal of Education, 4(14), 83-87.##Rashid, T. (2015). Positive psychotherapy: a strength-based approach. Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 25-40. ##Rostami, M., Younesi, S. J., Movaleli, G., Farhoud, D., & Biglarian, A. (2014). [The effectiveness of positive psychotherapy training on increasing the happiness of adolescents with hearing loss (Persian)]. Auditory and Vesitibular Research, 23(3), 39-45. ##Saloviita, T., Itälinna, M., & Leinonen, E. (2003). Explaining the parental stress of fathers and mothers caring for a child with intellectual disability: a double ABCX model. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4‐5), 300-12. ##Schieve, L. A., Blumberg, S. J., Rice, C., Visser, S. N., & Boyle, C. (2007). The relationship between autism and parenting stress. Pediatrics, 119(1), 114-21. ##Seligman, M. E. (2002). Authemtic happiness. New Yourk: Frec Press. ##Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: an introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. ##Seligman, M. E., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774-88. ##

The Relationship between Subjective Evaluation of Stressors and Depression in Menopausal Women: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction 2 2 Objective: Previous studies have shown that menopausal women are more likely to experience depression. However, there are few studies that investigated the cognitive mechanism that may have a role in developing depression in menopausal women. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of life satisfaction in the relation between subjective evaluation of stressors and depression in the middle-aged menopausal women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 107 female staff were selected by available sampling method from women aged 47 to 58 years, who were working at Shaid Beheshti University. The participants completed the Beck depression inventory (BDI-II), Kern lifestyle scale (KLS), and the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS). The data were analyzed by path analysis using hierarchical regression analysis. All statistics were done by SPSS 16.  Results: The results indicated that subjective evaluation of stressors of control, self-esteem, and perfectionism that measured by KLS in menopausal women was associated with depression and mediated through their life satisfaction (P<0.01). The control, self-esteem, and perfectionism styles are indirect predictors of depression through life satisfaction. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that subjective evaluation of stressors contributed to depression in menopausal women through affecting their life satisfaction. Objective sources of menopausal women stress (stressors) can be considered only as the potential sources of stress. These sources can lead to the real stress if the menopausal women perceives them as the threats to satisfaction of fundamental needs presented through their lifestyle. 183 190 2016/01/112016/03/12016/02/182016/01/152016/01/132016/12/4 1395/9/14 2016/05/142016/06/22016/05/262016/03/292016/04/92016/05/19 1395/2/30 Fatemeh Akbari Fatemeh Akbari Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Shirin Farazmand Shirin Farazmand Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran farazmand.sn@gmail.com Bahman Bahmani Bahman Bahmani Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Life style Stress Menopause Life satisfaction Depression Adler, A. (1946). The practice and theory of individual psychology. New York: Paul & Trubner Ltd.##Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: a systematic presentation in selections from his writings. New York: Basic Books Publication.##Aldwin, M., & Levenson, M. (2001). Stress, coping, and health at midlife: A developmental perspective. In M. E. Lachman (Ed.), Handbook of Midlife Development (pp. 188–213). New York: John Wiley & Sons.##Bayani, A. A., Goodarzi, H., & Koocheki, A. (2007). The reliability and validity of the satisfaction with life scale. Developmental Psychology, 3(11), 259-65.##Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personal Socio Psychology, 51(6), 1173–182.##Beck, A. T., Steer R. A., & Garbin M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77-100.##Becker, D., Lomranz, J., Pines, A., Shmotkin, D., Nitza, E., Bennamitay, G., et al. (2001). Psychological distress around menopause. Psychosomatics, 42(3), 252-57.##Bromberger, J. T., Harlow, S., Avis, N., Kravitz, H. M., & Cordal, A. (2004). Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of depressive symptoms among middle-aged women: the study of women’s health across the nation. American Journal of Public Health, 94(8), 1378–385.##Bonnet, F., Irving, K., Terra, J., Nony, P., & Moulin, P. (2005). Anxiety and depression are associated with unhealthy lifestyle. Journal of Atherosclerosis, 178(2), 339-44.##Bromberger, J. T., Schott, L. L., Kravitz, H. M., Sowers, M., Avis, N. E., Gold, E. B., et al. (2010). Longitudinal change in reproductive hormones and depressive symptoms across the menopausal transition: results from the study of women’s health across the nation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(6), 598–607. ##Chandler, C. K. (1986). Validation of the Adlerian construct of perceived early childhood family influences (PhD thesis). Texas: Texas Technology University.##Chang, E. C. (2000). Perfectionism as a predictor of positive and negative psychological outcomes: examining a mediation model in younger and older adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 18-26.##Chen, S. X., Cheung, F. M., Bond, M. H., & Leung, J. P. (2006). Going beyond self‐esteem to predict life satisfaction: the Chinese case. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9(1), 24-35.##Cohen, L. S., Soares, C. N., Poitras, J. R., Prouty, J., Alexander, A. B., & Shifren, J. L. (2003). Short-term use of estradiol for depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(8), 1519-522.##Curlette, W. L., Kern, R. M., & Wheeler, M. S. (1993). BASIS-an inventory interpretive manual: a psychological theory. North Carolina, USA: TRT Associates Publication.##Demura, S., & Sato, S. (2003). Relationships between depression, lifestyle and quality of life in the community dwelling elderly: a comparison between gender and age groups. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 22(3), 159-66.##Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-75.##Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.##Dreikurs, R. (1953). Fundamentals of Adlerian psychology. Chicago, I.L.: Alfred Adler Institute.##Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (1999). Perfectionism and depression symptoms severity in major depressive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37(8), 783-94.##Extremera, N., & Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2002). Relation of perceived emotional intelligence and health-related quality of life of middle-aged women. Psychological Reports, 91(1), 47-59.##Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K., & O’Brien, S. (1991). Perfectionism and learned resourcefulness in depression and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(1), 61–68. ##Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-I-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety, 21(4), 185-92.##Greendale, G. A, Lee, N. P., & Arriola, E. R. (1999). The menopause. Lancet, 353(9152), 571-80.##Guney, S., Kalafat, T., & Boysan, M. (2010). Dimensions of mental health: life satisfaction, anxiety and depression: a preventive mental health Study in Ankara University. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1210-213. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.174##Hamarat, E., Thompson, D., Karen, M., Zabrucky D., & Kenneth, B. (2001). Perceived stress and coping resource availability as predictors of life satisfaction in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 27(2), 181-96.##Hay, A. G., Bancroft, J., & Johnstone, E. C. (1994). Affective symptoms in women attending a menopause clinic. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(4), 513-16.##Huffman, S. B., & Myers, J. E. (1999). Counseling women in midlife: an integrative approach to menopause. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77(3), 258-65.##Hunter, M., Battersby, R., & Whitehead, M. (1986). Relationships between psychological symptoms, somatic complaints and menopausal status. Maturitas, 8(3), 217-28.##Hunter, M. S. (1990). Psychological and somatic experience of the menopause: a prospective study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52(3), 357-367.##Ingeborg, A. (2008) Life satisfaction in late life (PhD thesis). Sweden: University of Guthenburg. ##Kern, R. M. (2008). Lifestyle assessment on tenderness and aggression. Paper presented at International Congress of Individual Psychology, Vilnius, Lithuania, 31 July–3 August 2008.##Li, C., Borgfeldt, C., Samsioe, G., Lidfeldt, J., & Nerbrand, C. (2005). Background factors influencing somatic and psychological symptoms in middle-age women with different hormonal status: a population-based study of Swedish women. Maturitas, 52(3), 306-18.##Lippert, L. (1997). Women at midlife: implications for theories of women’s adult development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76(1), 16-22.##Wang-Cheng, R., Neuner, J. M., & Barnabei, V. M. (2007). Menopause. Philadelphia: ACP Press. ##Meyer, R. G., & Deitsch, S. E. (1996). Clinician’s handbook: integrated diagnostics, assessment, and intervention in adult and adolescent psychopathology (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.##Moilanen, J., Aalto, A. M., Hemminki, E., Aro, A. R., Raitanen, J., & Luoto, R. (2010). Prevalence of menopause symptoms and their association with lifestyle among Finnish middle-aged women. Maturitas, 67(4), 368-74.##Ozpolat, A. R., Isgor, I. Y., & Sezer, F. (2012). Investigating psychological well being of university students according to lifestyles. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 256-62.##Pearlstein, T., Rosen, K., & Stone, A. B. (1997). Mood disorders and menopause. Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America, 26(2), 279-94.##Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: explanation and prediction (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.##Perz, J., & Ussher, J. M. (2008). The horror of this living decay: Women’s negotiation and resistance of medical discourses around menopause and midlife. Women’s Studies International Forum, 31(4), 293-99.##Rosenfeld, J. A. (1997). Women’s health in midlife. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.##Ross, R., Zeller, R., Srisaeng, P., Yimmee, S., Somchid, S., & Sawatphanit, W. (2005). Depression, stress, emotional support, and self-esteem among baccalaureate nursing students in Thailand. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 2(1), 11-24.##Sadock, J. B., & Sadock, A. V. (2007). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (7th ed). New York: Lippinocott Williams & Wilkins.##Sarrel, P. M. (2012). Women, work, and menopause. Menopause, 19(3), 250-52.##Saunders, S. A., & Roy, C. (1999). The relationship between depression, satisfaction with life, and social interest. South Pacific Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 9-15.##Santamaria, N. (2001). The relationship between nurses’ personality and stress levels reported when caring for interpersonally difficult patients. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(2), 20-26.##Strack, F., Argyle, M., & Schwarz, N. (1991). Subjective well-being: an interdisciplinary perspective. Oxford: Pergamon Press.##Stoeber, J., & Stoeber, F. S. (2009). Domains of perfectionism: prevalence and relationships with perfectionism, gender, age, and satisfaction with life. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 530-35. ##Talaei, A., Fayyazi, M., & Rezaei, A. (2009). Depression and its correlation with self-esteem and social support. Iran Journal of Psychiatry, 4(1), 17-22.##Van Gool, C. H., Kempen, G. I., Penninx, B. W., Deeg, D. J., Beekman, A. T., & Van Eijk, J. T. (2003). Relationship between changes in depressive symptoms and unhealthy lifestyles in late middle aged and older persons: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Age and Ageing, 32(1), 81-87.##Van Gool, C. H., Kempen, G. I., Bosma, H., van Boxtel, M. P., Jolles, J., & Van Eijk, J. T. (2007). Associations between lifestyle and depressed mood: longitudinal results from the Maastricht aging study. American Journal of Public Health, 97(5), 887-94.##Walsh, R. (2011). Lifestyle and mental health. American Psychologist, 66(7), 579–92. doi: 0.1037/a0021769##Wattis, J., & Curran, S. (2009). Lifesyle and depression. In N. Cooper, K. Forrest & G. Mulley (Eds.), ABC of Geriatric Medicine (pp. 570-73). Oxford: BMJ Books.##Wilson, C. (2016). Menopause? I think I’ll pass. New Scientist, 229(3054), 8-9.## ##

Localized Parent-Child Play Therapy Interaction and Decreasing Clinical Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Affected Preschool Children 2 2 Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in preschoolers usually decreases their academic performance and disrupts parent-child interactions. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of localized play therapy on preschoolers with ADHD. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and control group. Using a multi-stage random sampling method, and considering the inclusion criteria, a total of 24 mothers of preschoolers with ADHD were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 10 sessions of localized play therapy (LPT) while the control group received no training. The instruments for data collection were Vanderbilt ADHD diagnosis parents rating scale (VADPRS) and clinical interviews. Data analysis was conducted using ANCOVA (analysis of covariance). Results: The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the performance of the experimental and control groups at posttest, and upon the follow-up (P=<0.05). Conclusion: LPT has positive effects on clinical symptoms of ADHD in preschool children. Hence, this method can be used to improve the mental health of children with ADHD and their parents.  191 198 2016/01/112016/03/12016/02/182016/01/152016/01/132016/12/42016/02/5 1394/11/16 2016/05/142016/06/22016/05/262016/03/292016/04/92016/05/192016/06/1 1395/3/12 Saeid Rahimi Pordanjani Saeid Rahimi Pordanjani Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Bagher Ghobari Bonab Bagher Ghobari Bonab Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran bghobari@ut.ac.ir Gholam Ali Afrooz Gholam Ali Afrooz Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iran Salar Faramrzi Salar Faramrzi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Play therapy Impulsivity Hyperactivity Adler, A. (1946). The practice and theory of individual psychology. New York: Paul & Trubner Ltd.##Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: a systematic presentation in selections from his writings. New York: Basic Books Publication.##Aldwin, M., & Levenson, M. (2001). Stress, coping, and health at midlife: A developmental perspective. In M. E. Lachman (Ed.), Handbook of Midlife Development (pp. 188–213). New York: John Wiley & Sons.##Bayani, A. A., Goodarzi, H., & Koocheki, A. (2007). The reliability and validity of the satisfaction with life scale. Developmental Psychology, 3(11), 259-65.##Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personal Socio Psychology, 51(6), 1173–182.##Beck, A. T., Steer R. A., & Garbin M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77-100.##Becker, D., Lomranz, J., Pines, A., Shmotkin, D., Nitza, E., Bennamitay, G., et al. (2001). Psychological distress around menopause. Psychosomatics, 42(3), 252-57.##Bromberger, J. T., Harlow, S., Avis, N., Kravitz, H. M., & Cordal, A. (2004). Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of depressive symptoms among middle-aged women: the study of women’s health across the nation. American Journal of Public Health, 94(8), 1378–385.##Bonnet, F., Irving, K., Terra, J., Nony, P., & Moulin, P. (2005). Anxiety and depression are associated with unhealthy lifestyle. Journal of Atherosclerosis, 178(2), 339-44.##Bromberger, J. T., Schott, L. L., Kravitz, H. M., Sowers, M., Avis, N. E., Gold, E. B., et al. (2010). Longitudinal change in reproductive hormones and depressive symptoms across the menopausal transition: results from the study of women’s health across the nation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(6), 598–607. ##Chandler, C. K. (1986). Validation of the Adlerian construct of perceived early childhood family influences (PhD thesis). Texas: Texas Technology University.##Chang, E. C. (2000). Perfectionism as a predictor of positive and negative psychological outcomes: examining a mediation model in younger and older adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 18-26.##Chen, S. X., Cheung, F. M., Bond, M. H., & Leung, J. P. (2006). Going beyond self‐esteem to predict life satisfaction: the Chinese case. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9(1), 24-35.##Cohen, L. S., Soares, C. N., Poitras, J. R., Prouty, J., Alexander, A. B., & Shifren, J. L. (2003). Short-term use of estradiol for depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(8), 1519-522.##Curlette, W. L., Kern, R. M., & Wheeler, M. S. (1993). BASIS-an inventory interpretive manual: a psychological theory. North Carolina, USA: TRT Associates Publication.##Demura, S., & Sato, S. (2003). Relationships between depression, lifestyle and quality of life in the community dwelling elderly: a comparison between gender and age groups. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 22(3), 159-66.##Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-75.##Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.##Dreikurs, R. (1953). Fundamentals of Adlerian psychology. Chicago, I.L.: Alfred Adler Institute.##Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (1999). Perfectionism and depression symptoms severity in major depressive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37(8), 783-94.##Extremera, N., & Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2002). Relation of perceived emotional intelligence and health-related quality of life of middle-aged women. Psychological Reports, 91(1), 47-59.##Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K., & O’Brien, S. (1991). Perfectionism and learned resourcefulness in depression and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(1), 61–68. ##Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-I-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety, 21(4), 185-92.##Greendale, G. A, Lee, N. P., & Arriola, E. R. (1999). The menopause. Lancet, 353(9152), 571-80.##Guney, S., Kalafat, T., & Boysan, M. (2010). Dimensions of mental health: life satisfaction, anxiety and depression: a preventive mental health Study in Ankara University. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1210-213. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.174##Hamarat, E., Thompson, D., Karen, M., Zabrucky D., & Kenneth, B. (2001). Perceived stress and coping resource availability as predictors of life satisfaction in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 27(2), 181-96.##Hay, A. G., Bancroft, J., & Johnstone, E. C. (1994). Affective symptoms in women attending a menopause clinic. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(4), 513-16.##Huffman, S. B., & Myers, J. E. (1999). Counseling women in midlife: an integrative approach to menopause. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77(3), 258-65.##Hunter, M., Battersby, R., & Whitehead, M. (1986). Relationships between psychological symptoms, somatic complaints and menopausal status. Maturitas, 8(3), 217-28.##Hunter, M. S. (1990). Psychological and somatic experience of the menopause: a prospective study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52(3), 357-367.##Ingeborg, A. (2008) Life satisfaction in late life (PhD thesis). Sweden: University of Guthenburg. ##Kern, R. M. (2008). Lifestyle assessment on tenderness and aggression. Paper presented at International Congress of Individual Psychology, Vilnius, Lithuania, 31 July–3 August 2008.##Li, C., Borgfeldt, C., Samsioe, G., Lidfeldt, J., & Nerbrand, C. (2005). Background factors influencing somatic and psychological symptoms in middle-age women with different hormonal status: a population-based study of Swedish women. Maturitas, 52(3), 306-18.##Lippert, L. (1997). Women at midlife: implications for theories of women’s adult development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76(1), 16-22.##Wang-Cheng, R., Neuner, J. M., & Barnabei, V. M. (2007). Menopause. Philadelphia: ACP Press. ##Meyer, R. G., & Deitsch, S. E. (1996). Clinician’s handbook: integrated diagnostics, assessment, and intervention in adult and adolescent psychopathology (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.##Moilanen, J., Aalto, A. M., Hemminki, E., Aro, A. R., Raitanen, J., & Luoto, R. (2010). Prevalence of menopause symptoms and their association with lifestyle among Finnish middle-aged women. Maturitas, 67(4), 368-74.##Ozpolat, A. R., Isgor, I. Y., & Sezer, F. (2012). Investigating psychological well being of university students according to lifestyles. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 256-62.##Pearlstein, T., Rosen, K., & Stone, A. B. (1997). Mood disorders and menopause. Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America, 26(2), 279-94.##Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: explanation and prediction (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.##Perz, J., & Ussher, J. M. (2008). The horror of this living decay: Women’s negotiation and resistance of medical discourses around menopause and midlife. Women’s Studies International Forum, 31(4), 293-99.##Rosenfeld, J. A. (1997). Women’s health in midlife. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.##Ross, R., Zeller, R., Srisaeng, P., Yimmee, S., Somchid, S., & Sawatphanit, W. (2005). Depression, stress, emotional support, and self-esteem among baccalaureate nursing students in Thailand. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 2(1), 11-24.##Sadock, J. B., & Sadock, A. V. (2007). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (7th ed). New York: Lippinocott Williams & Wilkins.##Sarrel, P. M. (2012). Women, work, and menopause. Menopause, 19(3), 250-52.##Saunders, S. A., & Roy, C. (1999). The relationship between depression, satisfaction with life, and social interest. South Pacific Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 9-15.##Santamaria, N. (2001). The relationship between nurses’ personality and stress levels reported when caring for interpersonally difficult patients. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(2), 20-26.##Strack, F., Argyle, M., & Schwarz, N. (1991). Subjective well-being: an interdisciplinary perspective. Oxford: Pergamon Press.##Stoeber, J., & Stoeber, F. S. (2009). Domains of perfectionism: prevalence and relationships with perfectionism, gender, age, and satisfaction with life. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 530-35. ##Talaei, A., Fayyazi, M., & Rezaei, A. (2009). Depression and its correlation with self-esteem and social support. Iran Journal of Psychiatry, 4(1), 17-22.##Van Gool, C. H., Kempen, G. I., Penninx, B. W., Deeg, D. J., Beekman, A. T., & Van Eijk, J. T. (2003). Relationship between changes in depressive symptoms and unhealthy lifestyles in late middle aged and older persons: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Age and Ageing, 32(1), 81-87.##Van Gool, C. H., Kempen, G. I., Bosma, H., van Boxtel, M. P., Jolles, J., & Van Eijk, J. T. (2007). Associations between lifestyle and depressed mood: longitudinal results from the Maastricht aging study. American Journal of Public Health, 97(5), 887-94.##Walsh, R. (2011). Lifestyle and mental health. American Psychologist, 66(7), 579–92. doi: 0.1037/a0021769##Wattis, J., & Curran, S. (2009). Lifesyle and depression. In N. Cooper, K. Forrest & G. Mulley (Eds.), ABC of Geriatric Medicine (pp. 570-73). Oxford: BMJ Books.##Wilson, C. (2016). Menopause? I think I’ll pass. New Scientist, 229(3054), 8-9.##Adler, A. (1946). The practice and theory of individual psychology. New York: Paul & Trubner Ltd.##Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: a systematic presentation in selections from his writings. New York: Basic Books Publication.##Aldwin, M., & Levenson, M. (2001). Stress, coping, and health at midlife: A developmental perspective. In M. E. Lachman (Ed.), Handbook of Midlife Development (pp. 188–213). New York: John Wiley & Sons.##Bayani, A. A., Goodarzi, H., & Koocheki, A. (2007). The reliability and validity of the satisfaction with life scale. Developmental Psychology, 3(11), 259-65.##Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personal Socio Psychology, 51(6), 1173–182.##Beck, A. T., Steer R. A., & Garbin M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77-100.##Becker, D., Lomranz, J., Pines, A., Shmotkin, D., Nitza, E., Bennamitay, G., et al. (2001). Psychological distress around menopause. Psychosomatics, 42(3), 252-57.##Bromberger, J. T., Harlow, S., Avis, N., Kravitz, H. M., & Cordal, A. (2004). Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of depressive symptoms among middle-aged women: the study of women’s health across the nation. American Journal of Public Health, 94(8), 1378–385.##Bonnet, F., Irving, K., Terra, J., Nony, P., & Moulin, P. (2005). Anxiety and depression are associated with unhealthy lifestyle. Journal of Atherosclerosis, 178(2), 339-44.##Bromberger, J. T., Schott, L. L., Kravitz, H. M., Sowers, M., Avis, N. E., Gold, E. B., et al. (2010). Longitudinal change in reproductive hormones and depressive symptoms across the menopausal transition: results from the study of women’s health across the nation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(6), 598–607. ##Chandler, C. K. (1986). Validation of the Adlerian construct of perceived early childhood family influences (PhD thesis). Texas: Texas Technology University.##Chang, E. C. (2000). Perfectionism as a predictor of positive and negative psychological outcomes: examining a mediation model in younger and older adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 18-26.##Chen, S. X., Cheung, F. M., Bond, M. H., & Leung, J. P. (2006). Going beyond self‐esteem to predict life satisfaction: the Chinese case. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9(1), 24-35.##Cohen, L. S., Soares, C. N., Poitras, J. R., Prouty, J., Alexander, A. B., & Shifren, J. L. (2003). Short-term use of estradiol for depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(8), 1519-522.##Curlette, W. L., Kern, R. M., & Wheeler, M. S. (1993). BASIS-an inventory interpretive manual: a psychological theory. North Carolina, USA: TRT Associates Publication.##Demura, S., & Sato, S. (2003). Relationships between depression, lifestyle and quality of life in the community dwelling elderly: a comparison between gender and age groups. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 22(3), 159-66.##Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-75.##Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.##Dreikurs, R. (1953). Fundamentals of Adlerian psychology. Chicago, I.L.: Alfred Adler Institute.##Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (1999). Perfectionism and depression symptoms severity in major depressive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37(8), 783-94.##Extremera, N., & Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2002). Relation of perceived emotional intelligence and health-related quality of life of middle-aged women. Psychological Reports, 91(1), 47-59.##Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K., & O’Brien, S. (1991). Perfectionism and learned resourcefulness in depression and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(1), 61–68. ##Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-I-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety, 21(4), 185-92.##Greendale, G. A, Lee, N. P., & Arriola, E. R. (1999). The menopause. Lancet, 353(9152), 571-80.##Guney, S., Kalafat, T., & Boysan, M. (2010). Dimensions of mental health: life satisfaction, anxiety and depression: a preventive mental health Study in Ankara University. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1210-213. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.174##Hamarat, E., Thompson, D., Karen, M., Zabrucky D., & Kenneth, B. (2001). Perceived stress and coping resource availability as predictors of life satisfaction in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 27(2), 181-96.##Hay, A. G., Bancroft, J., & Johnstone, E. C. (1994). Affective symptoms in women attending a menopause clinic. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(4), 513-16.##Huffman, S. B., & Myers, J. E. (1999). Counseling women in midlife: an integrative approach to menopause. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77(3), 258-65.##Hunter, M., Battersby, R., & Whitehead, M. (1986). Relationships between psychological symptoms, somatic complaints and menopausal status. Maturitas, 8(3), 217-28.##Hunter, M. S. (1990). Psychological and somatic experience of the menopause: a prospective study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52(3), 357-367.##Ingeborg, A. (2008) Life satisfaction in late life (PhD thesis). Sweden: University of Guthenburg. ##Kern, R. M. (2008). Lifestyle assessment on tenderness and aggression. Paper presented at International Congress of Individual Psychology, Vilnius, Lithuania, 31 July–3 August 2008.##Li, C., Borgfeldt, C., Samsioe, G., Lidfeldt, J., & Nerbrand, C. (2005). Background factors influencing somatic and psychological symptoms in middle-age women with different hormonal status: a population-based study of Swedish women. Maturitas, 52(3), 306-18.##Lippert, L. (1997). Women at midlife: implications for theories of women’s adult development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76(1), 16-22.##Wang-Cheng, R., Neuner, J. M., & Barnabei, V. M. (2007). Menopause. Philadelphia: ACP Press. ##Meyer, R. G., & Deitsch, S. E. (1996). Clinician’s handbook: integrated diagnostics, assessment, and intervention in adult and adolescent psychopathology (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.##Moilanen, J., Aalto, A. M., Hemminki, E., Aro, A. R., Raitanen, J., & Luoto, R. (2010). Prevalence of menopause symptoms and their association with lifestyle among Finnish middle-aged women. Maturitas, 67(4), 368-74.##Ozpolat, A. R., Isgor, I. Y., & Sezer, F. (2012). Investigating psychological well being of university students according to lifestyles. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 256-62.##Pearlstein, T., Rosen, K., & Stone, A. B. (1997). Mood disorders and menopause. Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America, 26(2), 279-94.##Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: explanation and prediction (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.##Perz, J., & Ussher, J. M. (2008). The horror of this living decay: Women’s negotiation and resistance of medical discourses around menopause and midlife. Women’s Studies International Forum, 31(4), 293-99.##Rosenfeld, J. A. (1997). Women’s health in midlife. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.##Ross, R., Zeller, R., Srisaeng, P., Yimmee, S., Somchid, S., & Sawatphanit, W. (2005). Depression, stress, emotional support, and self-esteem among baccalaureate nursing students in Thailand. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 2(1), 11-24.##Sadock, J. B., & Sadock, A. V. (2007). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (7th ed). New York: Lippinocott Williams & Wilkins.##Sarrel, P. M. (2012). Women, work, and menopause. Menopause, 19(3), 250-52.##Saunders, S. A., & Roy, C. (1999). The relationship between depression, satisfaction with life, and social interest. South Pacific Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 9-15.##Santamaria, N. (2001). The relationship between nurses’ personality and stress levels reported when caring for interpersonally difficult patients. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(2), 20-26.##Strack, F., Argyle, M., & Schwarz, N. (1991). Subjective well-being: an interdisciplinary perspective. Oxford: Pergamon Press.##Stoeber, J., & Stoeber, F. S. (2009). Domains of perfectionism: prevalence and relationships with perfectionism, gender, age, and satisfaction with life. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 530-35. ##Talaei, A., Fayyazi, M., & Rezaei, A. (2009). Depression and its correlation with self-esteem and social support. Iran Journal of Psychiatry, 4(1), 17-22.##Van Gool, C. H., Kempen, G. I., Penninx, B. W., Deeg, D. J., Beekman, A. T., & Van Eijk, J. T. (2003). Relationship between changes in depressive symptoms and unhealthy lifestyles in late middle aged and older persons: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Age and Ageing, 32(1), 81-87.##Van Gool, C. H., Kempen, G. I., Bosma, H., van Boxtel, M. P., Jolles, J., & Van Eijk, J. T. (2007). Associations between lifestyle and depressed mood: longitudinal results from the Maastricht aging study. American Journal of Public Health, 97(5), 887-94.##Walsh, R. (2011). Lifestyle and mental health. American Psychologist, 66(7), 579–92. doi: 0.1037/a0021769##Wattis, J., & Curran, S. (2009). Lifesyle and depression. In N. Cooper, K. Forrest & G. Mulley (Eds.), ABC of Geriatric Medicine (pp. 570-73). Oxford: BMJ Books.##Wilson, C. (2016). Menopause? I think I’ll pass. New Scientist, 229(3054), 8-9. ##

The Effect of Transdiagnostic Treatment on Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder 2 2 Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of transdiagnostic treatments on worry and rumination of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).  Methods: The study population included all mothers of children with ASD in Isfahan City. Among mothers of children with ASD, 40 individuals were selected from those who obtained the highest scores in worry and rumination (At least one SD higher than the mean scores of the group) and were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. To collect data, the Rumination Response Scale (RRS) and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) were used. The data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) using SPSS-21.  Results: The results indicated that the transdiagnostic treatment is effective on the rumination (F=26.91, df=1 and 36, P<0.001) and worry (F=10.86, df=1 and 36, P<0.002).  Conclusion: Transdiagnostic treatment method can be an effective educational program for reducing emotional problems in mothers of children with ASD.  199 207 2016/01/112016/03/12016/02/182016/01/152016/01/132016/12/42016/02/52015/12/26 1394/10/5 2016/05/142016/06/22016/05/262016/03/292016/04/92016/05/192016/06/12016/04/2 1395/1/14 Alireza Mohseni-Ezhiyeh Alireza Mohseni-Ezhiyeh Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Iran armohseni1368@gmail.com Mokhtar Malekpour Mokhtar Malekpour Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Amir Ghamarani Amir Ghamarani Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Transdiagnostic treatment Rumination Worry Autism spectrum disorder Abdi, R., Bakhshipour, A,. Mahmood-Alilou, M., & Farnam, A. (2014). Efficacy evaluation of unified transdiagnostic treatment in Patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 11(5), 245-51.##Allen, L. B., Tsao, J. C., Seidman, L. C., Ehrenreich-May, J., & Zeltzer, L. K. (2012). A unified, transdiagnostic treatment for adolescents with chronic pain and comorbid anxiety and depression. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(1), 56-67. ##American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, V.A.: American Psychiatric Publishing.##Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C. (2003). Pre‐school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4‐5), 217-30. ##Bakhshipour, A., Mahmood-Alilou, M., Farnam, A., & Abdi, R. (2013). Efficacy evaluation of unified transdiagnostic treatment in symptoms reduction of patients with generalized anxiety disorder and a comorbid emotional disorder. Modern Psychological Research, 8(22), 41-74.##Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T. J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Boisseau, C. L., Allen, L. B., et al. (2011). Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Therapist guide. New York: Oxford University Press.##Berjis, M., Hakim, J. M., Taher, M., Gh., & Hossein, K. A. (2013). A comparison of the amount of worry, hope and meaning of life in the mothers of deaf children, children with autism, and children with learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 3(1), 6-27. ##Bullis, J. R., Fortune, M. R., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). A preliminary investigation of the long-term outcome of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(8), 1920-927.##Campbell-Sills, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating emotion regulation into onceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In J. J. Gross, (Ed.). Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 542-59). New York: Guilford Press.##Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2005). Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: confirmation of high prevalence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1133–141.##Chen, J., Liu, X., Rapee, R. M., & Pillay, P. (2013). Behavioural activation: A pilot trial of transdiagnostic treatment for excessive worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(9), 533-39.##Ellard, K. K., Fairholme, C. P., Boisseau, C. L., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: protocol development and initial outcome data. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(1), 88-101.##Farchione, T. J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Boisseau, C. L., Thompson-Hollands, J., Carl, J. R., et al. (2012). Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 666-78.##Forsyth, J. P., Barrios, V., Acheson, D. T. (2007). Exposure therapy and cognitive interventions for the anxiety disorders: overview and newer third-generation perspectives. Handbook of Exposure Therapies. New York: Elsevier. ##Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629-42.##Heiman, T. (2002). Parents of children with disabilities: resilience, coping, and future expectations. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 14(2), 159-171.##Jong-Meyer, R. D., Beck, B., & Riede, K. (2009). Relationships between rumination, worry, intolerance of uncertainty and meta-cognitive beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 547-51.##Khaje Mansoori, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Mazidi, M., Kami, M., Bakhshi Nodooshan, M., & Shahidi, S. (2016). The role of metacognition and intolerance of uncertainty in differentiating illness anxiety and generalized anxiety. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 57-65.##Lecavalier, S., Leone, S., & Wiltz, J. (2006). The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 172–83.##Lopez, M. E., Stoddard, J. A., Noorollah, A., Zerbi, G., Payne, L. A., Hitchcock, C. A., et al. (2014). Examining the efficacy of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in the treatment of individuals with borderline personality disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 43(3), 666–78.##Lotfi, M., Bakhtiyari, M., Asgharnezhad Farid, A. S., & Amini, M. (2013). The effectiveness of transdiagnostic therapy on emotion regulation strategies of patients with emotional disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 26-30.##Machado Jr., S. B., Celestino, M. I. O., Serra, J. P. C., Caron, J., & Pondé, M. P. (2014). Risk and protective factors for symptoms of anxiety and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 19(3), 1-8.##Mandell, D., & Lecavalier, L. (2014). Should we believe the centers for disease control and prevention’s autism spectrum disorder prevalence estimates? Autism, 18(5), 482-84.##Mathews, A. & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Reviews in Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 167-95.##Mehrabi, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Dolatshahi, B., Pourshahbaz, A., & Mohammadi, A. (2014). Emotion regulation in depression: an integrative review. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2(3), 207-19.##Mohammadi, A., Birashk, B., & Gharraee, B. (2014). [Comparison of the effect of group transdiagnostic treatment and group cognitive therapy on emotion regulation (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 19(3), 187-94. ##Moses, E. B., & Barlow, D. H. (2006). A new unified treatment approach for emotional disorders based on emotion science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(3), 146-50.##Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Stice, E., Wade, E., & Bohon, C. (2007). Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in female adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 198-207.##Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-24. ##Papageorgiou, C., & Wells., A. (2001) Positive beliefs about depressive rumination: development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale. Behavior Therapy, 32(1), 13-26.##Riahi, F., & Izadi–Mazidi, S. (2012). Comparison between the mental health of mothers of children with autism and control group. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 6(2), 91-95.##Ruscio, A. M., Seitchik, A. E., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., & Hallion, L. S. (2011). Perseverative thought: A robust predictor of response to emotional challenge in generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(12), 867-74.##Samadi, S. A., & McConkey, R. (2015). Screening for Autism in Iranian preschoolers: contrasting M-CHAT and a scale developed in Iran. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(4), 1-9.##Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Schwencke, G., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Craske, M. G., et al. (2011). Transdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety and depression: a randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(8), 441-52.##Wells, A. (2011). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford Press.##Yook, K., Kim, K. H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(6), 623-28.##Zargar, F., Mohammadi, A., Omidi, A., Bagherian Sararoudi, R. (2013). The third wave of behavior therapy with emphasis on acceptance-based behavior therapy. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 10(5), 383-90.##Zebrack, B., Chesler, M., Orbuch, T. L., & Parry, C. (2002). Mothers of survivors of childhood cancer: their worries and concerns. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 20(2), 1-25.##Zhang, W., Yan, T. T., Du, Y. S., & Liu, X. H. (2013). Relationship between coping, rumination and posttraumatic growth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(10), 1204-210.##Abdi, R., Bakhshipour, A,. Mahmood-Alilou, M., & Farnam, A. (2014). Efficacy evaluation of unified transdiagnostic treatment in Patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 11(5), 245-51.##Allen, L. B., Tsao, J. C., Seidman, L. C., Ehrenreich-May, J., & Zeltzer, L. K. (2012). A unified, transdiagnostic treatment for adolescents with chronic pain and comorbid anxiety and depression. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(1), 56-67. ##American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, V.A.: American Psychiatric Publishing.##Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C. (2003). Pre‐school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4‐5), 217-30. ##Bakhshipour, A., Mahmood-Alilou, M., Farnam, A., & Abdi, R. (2013). Efficacy evaluation of unified transdiagnostic treatment in symptoms reduction of patients with generalized anxiety disorder and a comorbid emotional disorder. Modern Psychological Research, 8(22), 41-74.##Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T. J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Boisseau, C. L., Allen, L. B., et al. (2011). Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Therapist guide. New York: Oxford University Press.##Berjis, M., Hakim, J. M., Taher, M., Gh., & Hossein, K. A. (2013). A comparison of the amount of worry, hope and meaning of life in the mothers of deaf children, children with autism, and children with learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 3(1), 6-27. ##Bullis, J. R., Fortune, M. R., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). A preliminary investigation of the long-term outcome of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(8), 1920-927.##Campbell-Sills, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating emotion regulation into onceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In J. J. Gross, (Ed.). Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 542-59). New York: Guilford Press.##Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2005). Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: confirmation of high prevalence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1133–141.##Chen, J., Liu, X., Rapee, R. M., & Pillay, P. (2013). Behavioural activation: A pilot trial of transdiagnostic treatment for excessive worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(9), 533-39.##Ellard, K. K., Fairholme, C. P., Boisseau, C. L., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: protocol development and initial outcome data. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(1), 88-101.##Farchione, T. J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Boisseau, C. L., Thompson-Hollands, J., Carl, J. R., et al. (2012). Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 666-78.##Forsyth, J. P., Barrios, V., Acheson, D. T. (2007). Exposure therapy and cognitive interventions for the anxiety disorders: overview and newer third-generation perspectives. Handbook of Exposure Therapies. New York: Elsevier. ##Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629-42.##Heiman, T. (2002). Parents of children with disabilities: resilience, coping, and future expectations. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 14(2), 159-171.##Jong-Meyer, R. D., Beck, B., & Riede, K. (2009). Relationships between rumination, worry, intolerance of uncertainty and meta-cognitive beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 547-51.##Khaje Mansoori, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Mazidi, M., Kami, M., Bakhshi Nodooshan, M., & Shahidi, S. (2016). The role of metacognition and intolerance of uncertainty in differentiating illness anxiety and generalized anxiety. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 57-65.##Lecavalier, S., Leone, S., & Wiltz, J. (2006). The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 172–83.##Lopez, M. E., Stoddard, J. A., Noorollah, A., Zerbi, G., Payne, L. A., Hitchcock, C. A., et al. (2014). Examining the efficacy of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in the treatment of individuals with borderline personality disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 43(3), 666–78.##Lotfi, M., Bakhtiyari, M., Asgharnezhad Farid, A. S., & Amini, M. (2013). The effectiveness of transdiagnostic therapy on emotion regulation strategies of patients with emotional disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 26-30.##Machado Jr., S. B., Celestino, M. I. O., Serra, J. P. C., Caron, J., & Pondé, M. P. (2014). Risk and protective factors for symptoms of anxiety and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 19(3), 1-8.##Mandell, D., & Lecavalier, L. (2014). Should we believe the centers for disease control and prevention’s autism spectrum disorder prevalence estimates? Autism, 18(5), 482-84.##Mathews, A. & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Reviews in Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 167-95.##Mehrabi, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Dolatshahi, B., Pourshahbaz, A., & Mohammadi, A. (2014). Emotion regulation in depression: an integrative review. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2(3), 207-19.##Mohammadi, A., Birashk, B., & Gharraee, B. (2014). [Comparison of the effect of group transdiagnostic treatment and group cognitive therapy on emotion regulation (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 19(3), 187-94. ##Moses, E. B., & Barlow, D. H. (2006). A new unified treatment approach for emotional disorders based on emotion science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(3), 146-50.##Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Stice, E., Wade, E., & Bohon, C. (2007). Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in female adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 198-207.##Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-24. ##Papageorgiou, C., & Wells., A. (2001) Positive beliefs about depressive rumination: development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale. Behavior Therapy, 32(1), 13-26.##Riahi, F., & Izadi–Mazidi, S. (2012). Comparison between the mental health of mothers of children with autism and control group. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 6(2), 91-95.##Ruscio, A. M., Seitchik, A. E., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., & Hallion, L. S. (2011). Perseverative thought: A robust predictor of response to emotional challenge in generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(12), 867-74.##Samadi, S. A., & McConkey, R. (2015). Screening for Autism in Iranian preschoolers: contrasting M-CHAT and a scale developed in Iran. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(4), 1-9.##Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Schwencke, G., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Craske, M. G., et al. (2011). Transdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety and depression: a randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(8), 441-52.##Wells, A. (2011). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford Press.##Yook, K., Kim, K. H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(6), 623-28.##Zargar, F., Mohammadi, A., Omidi, A., Bagherian Sararoudi, R. (2013). The third wave of behavior therapy with emphasis on acceptance-based behavior therapy. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 10(5), 383-90.##Zebrack, B., Chesler, M., Orbuch, T. L., & Parry, C. (2002). Mothers of survivors of childhood cancer: their worries and concerns. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 20(2), 1-25.##Zhang, W., Yan, T. T., Du, Y. S., & Liu, X. H. (2013). Relationship between coping, rumination and posttraumatic growth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(10), 1204-210. ##