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The Role of the Media, Perfectionism, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation in Prediction of Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms
Abbas Pourshahbaz, Saman Nonahal, Behrouz Dolatshahi, Mona Omidian,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (4-2014)
Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of the media, perfectionism, and difficulties in emotion regulation in prediction of muscle dysmorphia symptoms. 

Methods: In this research, 240 male body-builders were selected from five gyms in Gorgan (north of Iran). They were required to answer Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory (MDDI), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), The Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). The collected data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression. 
Results: All variables were correlated with muscle dysmorphia symptom (P<0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that all three variables, the media, perfectionism, and difficulties in emotional regulation can significantly predict muscle dysmorphia symptom (P<0.001). 
Conclusion: Importance and multi-aspect nature of social, cognitive, and emotional variables in formulation of muscle dysmorphia disorder were emphasized in this research.

Predictors of Tendency Toward Cosmetic Surgery: Media Influences, Appearance Perfectionism and Investment
Sepideh Minoosepehr, Mansooreh Nikoogoftar, Gholamreza Sarami Foroushani,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (10-2014)
Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to examine factors influencing attitudes toward cosmetic surgery among university students. Sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, physical appearance perfectionism, and appearance investment were considered as predictors of tendency toward cosmetic surgery.

Methods: This study was a descriptive-correlative research. One stage cluster sampling was utilized to collect data of 631 students (male and female), aged between 18 and 49 years (21.83 ± 4.09 y) of Islamic Azad university (from North, South, East, West, Medical Sciences and Dentistry branches) with different degrees and majors during the first semester of 2013-14 academic year. A 77-item questionnaire was utilized to measure sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, appearance perfectionism, appearance investment, attitudes toward cosmetic surgery, and demographic data. First a pilot study was conducted on 30 students with similar ability and background to the survey target population to obtain an assessment of the validity and reliability of the translated questionnaires in Persian. A stepwise regression analysis was utilized to address the prediction power of tendency toward cosmetic surgery.

Results: Media influences as sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, appearance investment, appearance perfectionism through two ways worry about imperfection and hope for perfection, which were significantly correlated to attitude toward cosmetic surgery. Variables were not identical for men and women apart from worry about imperfection subscale. Furthermore, media influences, appearance investment, and worry about imperfection accounted for 27% of variance of positive attitude toward cosmetic surgery. Hope for perfection as the second subscale of appearance perfectionism has no effect on predicting tendency toward cosmetic surgery.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that a greater perfectionist tendency and psychological investment in physical appearance (among sociocultural attitudes toward appearance) predict more favorable attitudes toward cosmetic surgery.


Mediating Effects of Cognitive Factors on Relation Between Behavioral Inhibition and Social Anxiety
Mahdi Amiri, Elham Taheri, Parvaneh Mohammadkhani, Behrooz Dolatshahi,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (7-2017)
Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the interactional relationship between behavioral inhibition and cognitive factors which lead to social anxiety. 
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 408 participants who were recruited using convenient sampling method. All participants completed four questionnaires namely Social Phobia Inventory, Behavioral Inhibition Scales, Focus Attention Questionnaire, and Consequences of Negative Social Events Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by path analysis using LISREL software.
Results: There was a significant correlation of cognitive factors with each other (P<0.05). Behavioral inhibition and cognitive factors had a significant effect on upgrading social anxiety. This confirms the casual model that social anxiety is caused by behavioral inhibition along with mediation by cognitive factors.
Conclusion: This study may serve as a tool for screening and predicting the occurrence of social anxiety in students. According to the mediating effect of cognitive factors on behavioral inhibition in rising social anxiety, this knowledge can be used for prevention and treatment of social anxiety. 


Predicting Body Image Concerns, Social Isolation, and Mood by the Amount of Social Media Addiction
Afsaneh Vosoughi Motlagh, Sara Kamjou, Jalil Etemaad,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (10-2023)
Abstract
Objective: Internet usage is widely increasing among the new generation, shaping a crucial aspect of people’s lives. Social media use can influence body image concerns, social isolation, and social mood. This study aims to assess body image concerns, social isolation, and mood based on the amount of social media use. 
Methods: This study was conducted using a descriptive and correlational method. The study population included all people aged between 20 and 40 years in Shiraz City, Iran, among which 311 people (191 women and 119 men) were selected by the convenience sampling method. The tools used in this study were the body image concerns inventory (BICI, 2005), the social isolation assessment standard questionnaire (SIASI, 2013), the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS, 1988), and the social media addiction scale (SMAS_AF, 2017). Correlation coefficients (using the SPSS software) and structural equation modeling analysis (using AMOS statistical software) were employed to investigate the variables of the social isolation prediction model.
Results: The results of the study showed that mood (β=0.15, P=0.007) and use of social media (β=0.19, P=0.0001) can predict social isolation with the mediating role of body image concerns (β=0.18, P=0.001). The results showed that the mood and use of social media can predict social isolation both directly and with the mediation of body image concerns. 
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, mood, and use of social media can predict social isolation with the mediating role of body image concerns. Negative moods can make people sensitive to their body image. People have a distorted perception of their body image and this concern leads to social isolation.

Coresponding author: Afsaneh Vosoughi Motlagh, E-mail: Afsanehvosoughi@gmail.com

The Impact of Modern Technology on Learning and Retention Outcomes in Elementary School Mathematics
Mrs Khadije Fadaei Moghadam, Dr Majid Reza Razavi,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (10-2024)
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to investigate the application of modern educational software (MES) in the mathematics classroom environment to the learning and retention process.
Methods: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population included 18794 fourth-grade female students in the elementary school in 2020-2021 in Mashhad City, Iran. Then the test group was taught using the creative technology program (CTP) in six sessions, and the control group was taught the traditional teaching method in six sessions. At the end of the training, math tests were performed in the test and control groups and the scores of the two groups were compared to measure learning. Then, two months later, to measure the amount of retention in the two groups, the math test was repeated and the results were compared with the pre-test results.
Results: Based on the results, the CTP has a significant effect on learning and teaching mathematics to fourth-grade elementary students in Mashhad City.
Conclusion: With the advancement of fundamentals of education, the implication of educational software has proved more favorable effects than traditional systems in education and has a higher success rate.
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